We report a flexible all-optical gain controlled bidirectional optical amplifier. The device achieves constant gain and low noise figure over a large input power range. Moreover, the device removes Rayleigh backscatte...We report a flexible all-optical gain controlled bidirectional optical amplifier. The device achieves constant gain and low noise figure over a large input power range. Moreover, the device removes Rayleigh backscattered light and amplifier noise.展开更多
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a reconsideration of our traditional teaching modalities and develop newer, dynamic methods. Both high and low fidelity bronchoscopy simulators are costly. The objec...Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a reconsideration of our traditional teaching modalities and develop newer, dynamic methods. Both high and low fidelity bronchoscopy simulators are costly. The objective was to assess whether a combination of a low-cost bio-simulator made of recyclable materials (ALFIE<sup>TM</sup> Airway Low Fidelity including EBUS (endobronchial ultrasound)) and single use flexible bronchoscopy (SUFB) has the capability of differentiating novices from experts and the ability to train novices in bronchoscopy. Materials and Methods: Trainees were evaluated individually before and after training using a modified validated Bronchoscopy Skills and Tasks Assessment Tool (B-STAT) and SUFB. Results: 18 trainees were included (14 residents and 4 fellows). Pre-training assessment of scope handling differentiated novices from experienced bronchoscopists (p = 0.0025, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.12 - 12.17). Training of novices was associated with an improvement in scope handling and sampling (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 4.73 - 10.27). Conclusion: ALFIE<sup>TM</sup> and SUFB have the potential to create a low-cost platform to teach bronchoscopy remotely.展开更多
文摘We report a flexible all-optical gain controlled bidirectional optical amplifier. The device achieves constant gain and low noise figure over a large input power range. Moreover, the device removes Rayleigh backscattered light and amplifier noise.
文摘Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a reconsideration of our traditional teaching modalities and develop newer, dynamic methods. Both high and low fidelity bronchoscopy simulators are costly. The objective was to assess whether a combination of a low-cost bio-simulator made of recyclable materials (ALFIE<sup>TM</sup> Airway Low Fidelity including EBUS (endobronchial ultrasound)) and single use flexible bronchoscopy (SUFB) has the capability of differentiating novices from experts and the ability to train novices in bronchoscopy. Materials and Methods: Trainees were evaluated individually before and after training using a modified validated Bronchoscopy Skills and Tasks Assessment Tool (B-STAT) and SUFB. Results: 18 trainees were included (14 residents and 4 fellows). Pre-training assessment of scope handling differentiated novices from experienced bronchoscopists (p = 0.0025, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.12 - 12.17). Training of novices was associated with an improvement in scope handling and sampling (p = 0.0001, 95% CI 4.73 - 10.27). Conclusion: ALFIE<sup>TM</sup> and SUFB have the potential to create a low-cost platform to teach bronchoscopy remotely.
