BACKGROUND Closed rupture of the little and ring finger flexor tendons caused by the hamate is mostly associated with a fracture or nonunion of the hamate hook.Only one case of a closed rupture of the finger flexor te...BACKGROUND Closed rupture of the little and ring finger flexor tendons caused by the hamate is mostly associated with a fracture or nonunion of the hamate hook.Only one case of a closed rupture of the finger flexor tendon caused by osteochondroma in the hamate has been reported.Here,we present a case study to highlight the possibility of hamate osteochondroma as a rare cause of finger closed flexor tendon rupture based on our clinical experience and literature review.CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old man who had been a rice-field farmer for 7–8 h a day for the past 30 years visited our clinic due to the loss of right little finger and ring finger flexion involving both the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints.The patient was diagnosed with a complete rupture of the ring and little finger flexors because of the hamate and was pathologically diagnosed with an osteochondroma.Exploratory surgery was performed,and a complete rupture of the ring and little finger flexors due to an osteophyte-like lesion of the hamate was observed,which was pathologically diagnosed as an osteochondroma.CONCLUSION One should consider that osteochondroma in the hamate may be the cause of closed tendon ruptures.展开更多
Although the flexor pollicis longus is known to show the additional head of the origin, the occurrence of its additional tendons in the carpal tunnel are seldom reported. The presence of such additional tendons in the...Although the flexor pollicis longus is known to show the additional head of the origin, the occurrence of its additional tendons in the carpal tunnel are seldom reported. The presence of such additional tendons in the carpal tunnel cannot be overlooked during the radiological and surgical procedures in this region. Herein, we report a rare case of additional muscle belly of flexor pollicis longus. The additional muscle belly after a short course divided into three tendons. All three tendons entered the carpal tunnel along with flexor pollicis longus, passing deep to the flexor retinaculum. Within the carpal tunnel, two of these tendons fused and terminated by merging with the undersurface of the flexor retinaculum. The third tendon terminated by joining the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon for the index finger, in the palm. An additional slip of the first lumbrical muscle took origin from the third tendon of the additional muscle belly of flexor pollicis longus. Further, the embryological basis and clinical significance of current case is discussed.展开更多
Acute calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is a well-known condition, but it is rare in the hand or finger. It is often misdiagnosed when it occurs outside the shoulder. We report an unusual case of acute calcific tend...Acute calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is a well-known condition, but it is rare in the hand or finger. It is often misdiagnosed when it occurs outside the shoulder. We report an unusual case of acute calcific tendinitis of the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion of the 4th finger in a young female martial art athlete after minor trauma history, and discuss with a review of the literature.展开更多
Flexor tendon repair has conventionally been done by suturing techniques. However, in recent times, there have been attempts of using fibrous braided structures for the repair of ruptured tendons. In this regard, the ...Flexor tendon repair has conventionally been done by suturing techniques. However, in recent times, there have been attempts of using fibrous braided structures for the repair of ruptured tendons. In this regard, the numerical analysis of the flexural stiffness of a braided structure under bending moments is vital for understanding its capabilities in the repair of flexor tendons. In this paper, the bending deflection, curvature, contact stresses and flexural bending stiffness in the braided structure due to bending moments are simulated using Finite Element (FE) techniques. Three dimensional geometry and FE models of five sets of biaxial braided structures were developed using a python programming script. The FE models of the hybrid biaxial braids were imported into ABAQUS (v17) for post-processing and analysis. It was established that the braided fabric with largest braid angle, <em>θ</em> = 52.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> had the highest flexural deflection while the lowest deflection was seen in the results of the braided structure with the least braid angle, <em>θ</em> = 38.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>. The results in this study also portrayed that the curvature in biaxial braids will increase with a decrease in the angle between the braided yarns. This was also consistent with the change of bending angle of the biaxial structures under a bending moment. The deformation of the structures increased with increase in the braid angles. This implies that the flexural bending stiffness decreased with increase in braid angle. The stress limits during bending of the braided structures were established to be within the range that could be handled by flexor tendons during finger bending.展开更多
Despite early cautions against the primary repair of zone II flexor tendon injuries, recent advances in surgical technique and suture materials have allowed such repairs to become commonplace. The 6-strand repair tech...Despite early cautions against the primary repair of zone II flexor tendon injuries, recent advances in surgical technique and suture materials have allowed such repairs to become commonplace. The 6-strand repair technique is rarely applied to the young pediatric population, however, to our knowledge, no English-language articles have described this method of primary repair in zone II of children less than 2 years old. A 13-month-old male presented flexor digitorum profundus repair after lacerating it in zone II on a sharp aluminum can. The tendon was repaired with a 6-strand technique, using a 4.0 Fiberloop for the core suture and 6.0 Prolene for the epitendinous suture. Approximately four months after surgery, the patient developed a palmar collection at the level of his middle phalanx and a serosanguinous sinus tract at the distal interphalangeal crease. During the revision surgery, the inspection of the repaired tendon revealed a small gap filled with scar tissue. There was no evidence of new fistula formation at his final visit one month after the second procedure. After the revision, the patient could move his digit with minimal loss of range of motion at the distal interphalangeal joints. Unfortunately, he was subsequently lost to follow up. This surgical technique was selected to provide a strong repair that would allow the early postoperative movement. In retrospect, a 6-strand repair with braided suture is not ideal in young children as the bulky suture can cause a foreign-body reaction and possibly extrude through the skin. Additionally, the immobilization with a long-arm cast remains a valuable tool after tendon repair in infants who cannot voluntarily restrict their movements.展开更多
Normal tendon substance is strong and is unlikely to break before the muscle origin, muscle, musculotendinous junction or the insertion yield. In almost all the cases, closed ruptures of the flexor tendon within the t...Normal tendon substance is strong and is unlikely to break before the muscle origin, muscle, musculotendinous junction or the insertion yield. In almost all the cases, closed ruptures of the flexor tendon within the tendinous portion have been described in association with distinct underlying pathologies. We report a case of flexor tendon rupture of the index finger which seems to be associated with previous trauma occurred more than 40 years ago and abnormal healing.展开更多
In the present paper, the authors treated 26 cases of tenovaginitis of flexor di gitorum with acupunctomy (needle-knife technique). After 1～3 treatments , 2 0 cases were cured, 5 experienced improvement and one faile...In the present paper, the authors treated 26 cases of tenovaginitis of flexor di gitorum with acupunctomy (needle-knife technique). After 1～3 treatments , 2 0 cases were cured, 5 experienced improvement and one failed, the total cure ra te was 76.92%, improvement rate 96.15%, and the failure rate 0.04%.展开更多
Objective:To explore the application effect and clinical value of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the rehabilitation of hand function after flexor tendon rupture repair.Methods:In this study,72 patients were selected fr...Objective:To explore the application effect and clinical value of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the rehabilitation of hand function after flexor tendon rupture repair.Methods:In this study,72 patients were selected from among patients who underwent flexor tendon rupture repair of the hand in Yancheng Third People’s Hospital from May 2018 to May 2020;the patients were randomly divided into the control group(routine hand rehabilitation training)and the experimental group(musculoskeletal ultrasound and targeted hand rehabilitation training based on examination results)by die roll,with 34 cases in each group;the hand rehabilitation of the two groups were compared.Results:The excellent and good rate of the total active motion(TAM)of the experimental group(94.44%)was significantly higher than that of the control group(69.44%)(P<0.05);before treatment,there was no significant difference in the diameter and degree of stenosis of the artery in the finger between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the degree of stenosis and the diameter of the artery of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:For patients treated with flexor tendon rupture repair of the hand,the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the rehabilitation process can significantly improve the functional recovery of the hand;therefore,it is worthy of in-depth research,promotion,and application in clinical rehabilitation.展开更多
Background:Impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology have been associated with altered knee biomechanics,pain,and function.Determining the presence of these impairments in individuals with gradual-o...Background:Impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology have been associated with altered knee biomechanics,pain,and function.Determining the presence of these impairments in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders is important and may indicate targets for assessment and rehabilitation.This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature to determine the presence of impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders.Methods:Five databases(MEDLINE,Embase,CINAHL,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science)were searched from inception to September 2022.Only studies comparing hamstring outcomes(e.g.,strength,flexibility,and/or morphology)between individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders and their unaffected limbs or pain-free controls were included.Meta-analyses for each knee disorder were performed.Outcome-level certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,and evidence gap maps were created.Results:Seventy-nine studies across 4 different gradual-onset knee disorders(i.e.,knee osteoarthritis(OA),patellofemoral pain(PFP),chondromalacia patellae,and patellar tendinopathy)were included.Individuals with knee OA presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to pain-free controls during isometric(standard mean difference(SMD)=-0.76,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-1.32 to-0.21)and concentric contractions(SMD=-0.97,95%CI:-1.49 to-0.45).Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to painfree controls during isometric(SMD=-0.48,95%CI:-0.82 to-0.14),concentric(SMD=-1.07,95%CI:-2.08 to-0.06),and eccentric contractions(SMD=-0.59,95%CI:-0.97 to-0.21).No differences were observed in individuals with patellar tendinopathy.Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring flexibility when compared to pain-free controls(SMD=-0.76,95%CI:-1.15 to-0.36).Evidence gap maps identified insufficient evidence for chondromalacia patellae and hamstring morphology across all gradual-onset knee disorders.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that assessing and targeting impairments in hamstring strength and flexibility during rehabilitation may be recommended for individuals with knee OA or PFP.展开更多
BACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)in the assessment of hand infections that present to the emergency department(ED)and its impact on medical decision making and patient mana...BACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)in the assessment of hand infections that present to the emergency department(ED)and its impact on medical decision making and patient management.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective review of patients who presented to two urban academic EDs with clinical presentations concerning for skin and soft tissue infections(SSTI)of the hand between December 2015 and December 2021.Two trained POCUS fellowship physicians reviewed an ED POCUS database for POCUS examinations of the hand.We then reviewed patients’electronic health records(EHR)for demographic characteristics,history,physical examination findings,ED course,additional imaging studies,consultations,impact of POCUS on patient care and final disposition.RESULTS:We included a total of 50 cases(28 male,22 female)in the final analysis.The most common presenting symptoms and exam findings were pain(100%),swelling(90%),and erythema(74%).The most common sonographic findings were edema(76%),soft tissue swelling(78%),and fluid surrounding the tendon(57%).POCUS was used in medical decision making 68%of the time(n=34),with the use of POCUS leading to changes in management 38%of the time(n=19).POCUS use led to early antibiotic use(11/19),early consultation(10/19),and led to the performance of a required procedure(8/19).The POCUS diagnosis was consistent with the discharge diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis 8/12 times,abscess 12/16 times,and cellulitis 14/20 times.CONCLUSION:POCUS is beneficial for evaluating of hand infections that present to the ED and can be used as an important part of medical decision making to expedite patient care.展开更多
BACKGROUND Thumb replantation following complete traumatic avulsion requires complex techniques to restore function,especially in cases of avulsion at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint(MCP I)and avulsion of t...BACKGROUND Thumb replantation following complete traumatic avulsion requires complex techniques to restore function,especially in cases of avulsion at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint(MCP I)and avulsion of the flexor pollicis longus(FPL)at the musculotendinous junction.Possible treatments include direct tendon suture or tendon transfer,most commonly from the ring finger.To optimize function and avoid donor finger complications,we performed thumb replantation with flexion restoration using brachioradialis(BR)tendon transfer with palmaris longus(PL)tendon graft.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old left-handed male was admitted for a complete traumatic left thumb amputation following an accident while sliding from the top of a handrail.The patient presented with skin and bone avulsion at the MCP I,avulsion of the FPL tendon at the musculotendinous junction(zone 5),avulsion of the extensor pollicis longus tendon(zone T3),and avulsion of the thumb’s collateral arteries and nerves.The patient was treated with two stage thumb repair.The first intervention consisted of thumb replantation with MCP I arthrodesis,resection of avulsed FPL tendon and implantation of a silicone tendon prosthesis.The second intervention consisted of PL tendon graft and BR tendon transfer.Follow-up at 10 months showed good outcomes with active interphalangeal flexion of 70°,grip strength of 45 kg,key pinch strength of 15 kg and two-point discrimination threshold of 4 mm.CONCLUSION Flexion restoration after complete thumb amputation with FPL avulsion at the musculotendinous junction can be achieved using BR tendon transfer with PL tendon graft.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Closed rupture of the little and ring finger flexor tendons caused by the hamate is mostly associated with a fracture or nonunion of the hamate hook.Only one case of a closed rupture of the finger flexor tendon caused by osteochondroma in the hamate has been reported.Here,we present a case study to highlight the possibility of hamate osteochondroma as a rare cause of finger closed flexor tendon rupture based on our clinical experience and literature review.CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old man who had been a rice-field farmer for 7–8 h a day for the past 30 years visited our clinic due to the loss of right little finger and ring finger flexion involving both the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints.The patient was diagnosed with a complete rupture of the ring and little finger flexors because of the hamate and was pathologically diagnosed with an osteochondroma.Exploratory surgery was performed,and a complete rupture of the ring and little finger flexors due to an osteophyte-like lesion of the hamate was observed,which was pathologically diagnosed as an osteochondroma.CONCLUSION One should consider that osteochondroma in the hamate may be the cause of closed tendon ruptures.
文摘Although the flexor pollicis longus is known to show the additional head of the origin, the occurrence of its additional tendons in the carpal tunnel are seldom reported. The presence of such additional tendons in the carpal tunnel cannot be overlooked during the radiological and surgical procedures in this region. Herein, we report a rare case of additional muscle belly of flexor pollicis longus. The additional muscle belly after a short course divided into three tendons. All three tendons entered the carpal tunnel along with flexor pollicis longus, passing deep to the flexor retinaculum. Within the carpal tunnel, two of these tendons fused and terminated by merging with the undersurface of the flexor retinaculum. The third tendon terminated by joining the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon for the index finger, in the palm. An additional slip of the first lumbrical muscle took origin from the third tendon of the additional muscle belly of flexor pollicis longus. Further, the embryological basis and clinical significance of current case is discussed.
文摘Acute calcific tendinitis of the shoulder is a well-known condition, but it is rare in the hand or finger. It is often misdiagnosed when it occurs outside the shoulder. We report an unusual case of acute calcific tendinitis of the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion of the 4th finger in a young female martial art athlete after minor trauma history, and discuss with a review of the literature.
文摘Flexor tendon repair has conventionally been done by suturing techniques. However, in recent times, there have been attempts of using fibrous braided structures for the repair of ruptured tendons. In this regard, the numerical analysis of the flexural stiffness of a braided structure under bending moments is vital for understanding its capabilities in the repair of flexor tendons. In this paper, the bending deflection, curvature, contact stresses and flexural bending stiffness in the braided structure due to bending moments are simulated using Finite Element (FE) techniques. Three dimensional geometry and FE models of five sets of biaxial braided structures were developed using a python programming script. The FE models of the hybrid biaxial braids were imported into ABAQUS (v17) for post-processing and analysis. It was established that the braided fabric with largest braid angle, <em>θ</em> = 52.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> had the highest flexural deflection while the lowest deflection was seen in the results of the braided structure with the least braid angle, <em>θ</em> = 38.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>. The results in this study also portrayed that the curvature in biaxial braids will increase with a decrease in the angle between the braided yarns. This was also consistent with the change of bending angle of the biaxial structures under a bending moment. The deformation of the structures increased with increase in the braid angles. This implies that the flexural bending stiffness decreased with increase in braid angle. The stress limits during bending of the braided structures were established to be within the range that could be handled by flexor tendons during finger bending.
文摘Despite early cautions against the primary repair of zone II flexor tendon injuries, recent advances in surgical technique and suture materials have allowed such repairs to become commonplace. The 6-strand repair technique is rarely applied to the young pediatric population, however, to our knowledge, no English-language articles have described this method of primary repair in zone II of children less than 2 years old. A 13-month-old male presented flexor digitorum profundus repair after lacerating it in zone II on a sharp aluminum can. The tendon was repaired with a 6-strand technique, using a 4.0 Fiberloop for the core suture and 6.0 Prolene for the epitendinous suture. Approximately four months after surgery, the patient developed a palmar collection at the level of his middle phalanx and a serosanguinous sinus tract at the distal interphalangeal crease. During the revision surgery, the inspection of the repaired tendon revealed a small gap filled with scar tissue. There was no evidence of new fistula formation at his final visit one month after the second procedure. After the revision, the patient could move his digit with minimal loss of range of motion at the distal interphalangeal joints. Unfortunately, he was subsequently lost to follow up. This surgical technique was selected to provide a strong repair that would allow the early postoperative movement. In retrospect, a 6-strand repair with braided suture is not ideal in young children as the bulky suture can cause a foreign-body reaction and possibly extrude through the skin. Additionally, the immobilization with a long-arm cast remains a valuable tool after tendon repair in infants who cannot voluntarily restrict their movements.
文摘Normal tendon substance is strong and is unlikely to break before the muscle origin, muscle, musculotendinous junction or the insertion yield. In almost all the cases, closed ruptures of the flexor tendon within the tendinous portion have been described in association with distinct underlying pathologies. We report a case of flexor tendon rupture of the index finger which seems to be associated with previous trauma occurred more than 40 years ago and abnormal healing.
文摘In the present paper, the authors treated 26 cases of tenovaginitis of flexor di gitorum with acupunctomy (needle-knife technique). After 1～3 treatments , 2 0 cases were cured, 5 experienced improvement and one failed, the total cure ra te was 76.92%, improvement rate 96.15%, and the failure rate 0.04%.
文摘Objective:To explore the application effect and clinical value of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the rehabilitation of hand function after flexor tendon rupture repair.Methods:In this study,72 patients were selected from among patients who underwent flexor tendon rupture repair of the hand in Yancheng Third People’s Hospital from May 2018 to May 2020;the patients were randomly divided into the control group(routine hand rehabilitation training)and the experimental group(musculoskeletal ultrasound and targeted hand rehabilitation training based on examination results)by die roll,with 34 cases in each group;the hand rehabilitation of the two groups were compared.Results:The excellent and good rate of the total active motion(TAM)of the experimental group(94.44%)was significantly higher than that of the control group(69.44%)(P<0.05);before treatment,there was no significant difference in the diameter and degree of stenosis of the artery in the finger between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the degree of stenosis and the diameter of the artery of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:For patients treated with flexor tendon rupture repair of the hand,the use of musculoskeletal ultrasound in the rehabilitation process can significantly improve the functional recovery of the hand;therefore,it is worthy of in-depth research,promotion,and application in clinical rehabilitation.
基金This work was supported by the Sao Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP),which provided scholarships to HSL(Grant No.2021/09393-1)RVB(Grant No.2021/08644-0)and a research grant to FMA(Grant No.2020/14715-5).The financial sponsors played no role in the design,execution,analysis and interpretation of data,or the writing of the study。
文摘Background:Impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology have been associated with altered knee biomechanics,pain,and function.Determining the presence of these impairments in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders is important and may indicate targets for assessment and rehabilitation.This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature to determine the presence of impairments in hamstring strength,flexibility,and morphology in individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders.Methods:Five databases(MEDLINE,Embase,CINAHL,SPORTDiscus,and Web of Science)were searched from inception to September 2022.Only studies comparing hamstring outcomes(e.g.,strength,flexibility,and/or morphology)between individuals with gradual-onset knee disorders and their unaffected limbs or pain-free controls were included.Meta-analyses for each knee disorder were performed.Outcome-level certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation,and evidence gap maps were created.Results:Seventy-nine studies across 4 different gradual-onset knee disorders(i.e.,knee osteoarthritis(OA),patellofemoral pain(PFP),chondromalacia patellae,and patellar tendinopathy)were included.Individuals with knee OA presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to pain-free controls during isometric(standard mean difference(SMD)=-0.76,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-1.32 to-0.21)and concentric contractions(SMD=-0.97,95%CI:-1.49 to-0.45).Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring strength compared to painfree controls during isometric(SMD=-0.48,95%CI:-0.82 to-0.14),concentric(SMD=-1.07,95%CI:-2.08 to-0.06),and eccentric contractions(SMD=-0.59,95%CI:-0.97 to-0.21).No differences were observed in individuals with patellar tendinopathy.Individuals with PFP presented with reduced hamstring flexibility when compared to pain-free controls(SMD=-0.76,95%CI:-1.15 to-0.36).Evidence gap maps identified insufficient evidence for chondromalacia patellae and hamstring morphology across all gradual-onset knee disorders.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that assessing and targeting impairments in hamstring strength and flexibility during rehabilitation may be recommended for individuals with knee OA or PFP.
文摘BACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)in the assessment of hand infections that present to the emergency department(ED)and its impact on medical decision making and patient management.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective review of patients who presented to two urban academic EDs with clinical presentations concerning for skin and soft tissue infections(SSTI)of the hand between December 2015 and December 2021.Two trained POCUS fellowship physicians reviewed an ED POCUS database for POCUS examinations of the hand.We then reviewed patients’electronic health records(EHR)for demographic characteristics,history,physical examination findings,ED course,additional imaging studies,consultations,impact of POCUS on patient care and final disposition.RESULTS:We included a total of 50 cases(28 male,22 female)in the final analysis.The most common presenting symptoms and exam findings were pain(100%),swelling(90%),and erythema(74%).The most common sonographic findings were edema(76%),soft tissue swelling(78%),and fluid surrounding the tendon(57%).POCUS was used in medical decision making 68%of the time(n=34),with the use of POCUS leading to changes in management 38%of the time(n=19).POCUS use led to early antibiotic use(11/19),early consultation(10/19),and led to the performance of a required procedure(8/19).The POCUS diagnosis was consistent with the discharge diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis 8/12 times,abscess 12/16 times,and cellulitis 14/20 times.CONCLUSION:POCUS is beneficial for evaluating of hand infections that present to the ED and can be used as an important part of medical decision making to expedite patient care.
文摘BACKGROUND Thumb replantation following complete traumatic avulsion requires complex techniques to restore function,especially in cases of avulsion at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint(MCP I)and avulsion of the flexor pollicis longus(FPL)at the musculotendinous junction.Possible treatments include direct tendon suture or tendon transfer,most commonly from the ring finger.To optimize function and avoid donor finger complications,we performed thumb replantation with flexion restoration using brachioradialis(BR)tendon transfer with palmaris longus(PL)tendon graft.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old left-handed male was admitted for a complete traumatic left thumb amputation following an accident while sliding from the top of a handrail.The patient presented with skin and bone avulsion at the MCP I,avulsion of the FPL tendon at the musculotendinous junction(zone 5),avulsion of the extensor pollicis longus tendon(zone T3),and avulsion of the thumb’s collateral arteries and nerves.The patient was treated with two stage thumb repair.The first intervention consisted of thumb replantation with MCP I arthrodesis,resection of avulsed FPL tendon and implantation of a silicone tendon prosthesis.The second intervention consisted of PL tendon graft and BR tendon transfer.Follow-up at 10 months showed good outcomes with active interphalangeal flexion of 70°,grip strength of 45 kg,key pinch strength of 15 kg and two-point discrimination threshold of 4 mm.CONCLUSION Flexion restoration after complete thumb amputation with FPL avulsion at the musculotendinous junction can be achieved using BR tendon transfer with PL tendon graft.
