Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency.Accurately and efficiently pred...Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency.Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings.In this research,we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack.The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective,which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%.We then implement a simplified e^(N) transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory.We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified eN method with an adjointbased method,using the automatic differentiation technique(ADjoint).The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information.Through the sensitivity analysis,we find that:favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers;there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution,and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases.The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.展开更多
Turboprop engine has the advantages of high efficiency and high thrust, but it has not been widely used in the civil field because of the noise excited by the low speed propellers. Propeller synchrophasing control is ...Turboprop engine has the advantages of high efficiency and high thrust, but it has not been widely used in the civil field because of the noise excited by the low speed propellers. Propeller synchrophasing control is an active noise control method without increasing the weight of the airframe, which can attenuate the noise level in the cabin by controlling the relative phase among multiple propellers. It is generally accepted that altitude and airspeed have a great influence on the noise reduction effect of propeller synchrophasing, but there is no theoretical research about how these two factors affect the noise level. Therefore, flight experiment is considered to be a credible way. However, flight experiments of propeller synchrophasing control in turboprop aircraft have been accomplished in few countries due to enormous cost and inconvenience. An experimental platform of synchrophasing control based on a two-propeller small unmanned air vehicle(UAV) is proposed which can carry out the flight experiment research in a low-cost way. The phase angle sensor, the FOC-based scheme of motor driving, the all-slave synchrophasing control and the coordination between speed and phase difference control are presented in the UAV platform to meet its synchrophasing control precision requirement, experimental results prove that all of them can significantly enhance the performance of synchrophasing control. Noise characteristics of propellers are studied in the flight experiments, the noise predicted by the noise model is highly consistent with the actual measured noise, which verifies that the noise characteristics of small UAV accord with propeller signature theory. Based on the noise model, propeller synchrophasing has a steady effect to minimizing noise in the UAV platform. These show that the UAV platform is a feasible solution for propeller synchrophasing research.展开更多
Wireless communication involving unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is expected to play an important role in future wireless networks.However,different from conventional terrestrial communication systems,UAVs typically hav...Wireless communication involving unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is expected to play an important role in future wireless networks.However,different from conventional terrestrial communication systems,UAVs typically have rather limited onboard energy on one hand,and require additional flying energy consumption on the other hand.This renders energy-efficient UAV communication with smart energy expenditure of paramount importance.In this paper,via extensive flight experiments,we aim to firstly validate the recently derived theoretical energy model for rotary-wing UAVs,and then develop a general model for those complicated flight scenarios where rigorous theoretical model derivation is quite challenging,if not impossible.Specifically,we first investigate how UAV power consumption varies with its flying speed for the simplest straight-and-level flight.With about 12,000 valid power-speed data points collected,we first apply the model-based curve fitting to obtain the modelling parameters based on the theoretical closed-form energy model in the existing literature.In addition,in order to exclude the potential bias caused by the theoretical energy model,the obtained measurement data is also trained using a model-free deep neural network.It is found that the obtained curve from both methods can match quite well with the theoretical energy model.Next,we further extend the study to arbitrary 2-dimensional(2-D)flight,where,to our best knowledge,no rigorous theoretical derivation is available for the closed-form energy model as a function of its flying speed,direction,and acceleration.To fill the gap,we first propose a heuristic energy model for these more complicated cases,and then provide experimental validation based on the measurement results for circular level flight.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12002284)。
文摘Natural laminar flow technology can significantly reduce aircraft aerodynamic drag and has excellent technical appeal for transport aircraft development with high aerodynamic efficiency.Accurately and efficiently predicting the laminar-to-turbulent transition and revealing the maintenance mechanism of laminar flow in a transport aircraft’s flight environment are significant for developing natural laminar flow wings.In this research,we carry out natural laminar flow flight experiments with different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack.The critical N-factor is calibrated as 9.0 using flight experimental data and linear stability theory from a statistical perspective,which makes sure that the relative error of transition location is within 5%.We then implement a simplified e^(N) transition prediction method with a similar accuracy compared with linear stability theory.We compute the sensitivity information for the simplified eN method with an adjointbased method,using the automatic differentiation technique(ADjoint).The impact of Reynolds numbers and pressure distributions on TS waves is analyzed using the sensitivity information.Through the sensitivity analysis,we find that:favorable pressure gradients not only suppress the development of TS waves but also decrease their sensitivity to Reynolds numbers;there exist three special regions which are very sensitive to the pressure distribution,and the sensitivity decreases as the local favorable pressure gradient increases.The proposed sensitivity analysis method enables robust natural laminar flow wings design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51576097)
文摘Turboprop engine has the advantages of high efficiency and high thrust, but it has not been widely used in the civil field because of the noise excited by the low speed propellers. Propeller synchrophasing control is an active noise control method without increasing the weight of the airframe, which can attenuate the noise level in the cabin by controlling the relative phase among multiple propellers. It is generally accepted that altitude and airspeed have a great influence on the noise reduction effect of propeller synchrophasing, but there is no theoretical research about how these two factors affect the noise level. Therefore, flight experiment is considered to be a credible way. However, flight experiments of propeller synchrophasing control in turboprop aircraft have been accomplished in few countries due to enormous cost and inconvenience. An experimental platform of synchrophasing control based on a two-propeller small unmanned air vehicle(UAV) is proposed which can carry out the flight experiment research in a low-cost way. The phase angle sensor, the FOC-based scheme of motor driving, the all-slave synchrophasing control and the coordination between speed and phase difference control are presented in the UAV platform to meet its synchrophasing control precision requirement, experimental results prove that all of them can significantly enhance the performance of synchrophasing control. Noise characteristics of propellers are studied in the flight experiments, the noise predicted by the noise model is highly consistent with the actual measured noise, which verifies that the noise characteristics of small UAV accord with propeller signature theory. Based on the noise model, propeller synchrophasing has a steady effect to minimizing noise in the UAV platform. These show that the UAV platform is a feasible solution for propeller synchrophasing research.
基金This work was supported in part by the Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneur in Jiangsu Province under Grant 1104000402in part by the Research Fund by Nanjing Government under Grant 1104000396+4 种基金in part by the National Science Foundation of China under Grants 62001109&61921004in part by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grants BX20200083&2020M681456in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under Grants 3204002004A2&2242020R20011in part by the open research fund of the National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of RF Integration and Micro-Assembly Technology under Grant No.KFJJ20180205in part by the NUPTSF Grants No.NY218113&No.NY219077.
文摘Wireless communication involving unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)is expected to play an important role in future wireless networks.However,different from conventional terrestrial communication systems,UAVs typically have rather limited onboard energy on one hand,and require additional flying energy consumption on the other hand.This renders energy-efficient UAV communication with smart energy expenditure of paramount importance.In this paper,via extensive flight experiments,we aim to firstly validate the recently derived theoretical energy model for rotary-wing UAVs,and then develop a general model for those complicated flight scenarios where rigorous theoretical model derivation is quite challenging,if not impossible.Specifically,we first investigate how UAV power consumption varies with its flying speed for the simplest straight-and-level flight.With about 12,000 valid power-speed data points collected,we first apply the model-based curve fitting to obtain the modelling parameters based on the theoretical closed-form energy model in the existing literature.In addition,in order to exclude the potential bias caused by the theoretical energy model,the obtained measurement data is also trained using a model-free deep neural network.It is found that the obtained curve from both methods can match quite well with the theoretical energy model.Next,we further extend the study to arbitrary 2-dimensional(2-D)flight,where,to our best knowledge,no rigorous theoretical derivation is available for the closed-form energy model as a function of its flying speed,direction,and acceleration.To fill the gap,we first propose a heuristic energy model for these more complicated cases,and then provide experimental validation based on the measurement results for circular level flight.
