Evaluation of Mid-Depth Currents of NCEP Reanalysis Data in the Tropical Pacific Using ARGO Float Position Information

The global project of the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography （ARGO） provides a unique opportunity to observe the absolute velocity in mid-depths of the world oceans. A total of 1597 velocity vectors at 1000 （2000） db in the tropical Pacific derived from the ARGO float position information during the period November 2001 to October 2004 are used to evaluate the intermediate currents of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis. To derive reliable velocity information from ARGO float trajectory points, a rigorous quality control scheme is applied, and by virtue of a correction method for reducing the drift error on the surface in obtaining the velocity vectors, their relative errors are less than 25%. Based on the comparisons from the quantitative velocity vectors and from the space-time average currents, some substantial discrepancies are revealed. The first is that the velocities of the reanalysis at mid-depths except near the equator are underestimated relative to the observed velocities by the floats. The average speed difference between NCEP and ARGO values ranges from about -2.3cm s^-1 to -1.8 cm s^-1. The second is that the velocity difference between the ocean model and the observations at 2000 dB seems smaller than that at 1000 dB. The third is that the zonal flow in the reanalysis is too dominant so that some eddies could not be simulated, such as the cyclonic eddy to the east of 160°E between 20°N and 30°N at 2000 dB. In addition, it is noticeable that many floats parking at 1000 dB cannot acquire credible mid-depth velocities due to the time information of their end of ascent （start of descent） on the surface in the trajectory files. Thus, relying on default times of parking, descent and ascent in the metadata files gravely confines their application to measuring mid-depth currents.

Fatigue Life Prediction of Mooring Chains for a Floating Tidal Current Power Station

As a kind of clean and renewable energy,tidal current energy is becoming increasingly popular all over the world with the shortage of energy and environmental problems becoming more and more severe.A floating tidal current power station is a typical type of tidal current power transformers which can sustain the loads of wind,waves,and current,and even the extreme situation of a typhoon.Therefore,the mooring system must be reliable enough to keep the station operating normally and to survive in extreme situations.The power station examined in this paper was installed at a depth of 40 m.A 44 mm-diameter R4-RQ4 chain was chosen,with a 2 147 kN minimum break strength and 50 kN pretension.Common studless link chain was used in this paper.Based on the Miner fatigue cumulative damage rule,S-N curves of chains,and MOSES software,a highly reliable mooring system was designed and analyzed.The calculation results show that the mooring system designed is reliable throughout a 10-year period.It can completely meet the design requirements of American Petroleum institution（API）.Therefore,the presented research is significant for advancing the design of this kind of power station.

Mechanical Behaviors of Submerged Floating Tunnel under Current Effect

In order to provide a technical reference and guidance for the safety and stability analysis of the submerged floating tunnel （SFT） in the future, the mechanical behaviors of SFT under the action of water current with different velocities were studied by experiments on an SFT tube model made of rubber. Then, a numerical simulation on the coupling interaction between SFT and water current was conducted by finite element method （FEM）. The comparison .between the results obtained from experiment and those derived from the numerical simulation shows that the experimental results approximately tally with the simulational ones. As a result, the relationships between water current velocities and the mechanical behaviors of tube, such as the annular and axial strains, internal forces （ axial force and bending moment）, and deformations of the tube structure and the forces borne by the tension cables, were concluded.

一种拥有增量和减量的高频率浮动忆阻器电路

提出了一种可在高频下工作的浮动型忆阻器电路,该电路由交叉耦合的运算跨导放大器、浮动电流源、接地电容与接地电阻组成,通过使用带交叉耦合的OTA来提高工作频率范围;浮动忆阻器通过翻转输入端口实现在增量和减量的两种状态中进行切换。所提电路基于SMIC 180 nm CMOS工艺设计实现,采用±0.9 V的双电源供电,忆阻器的最大工作频率可达到100 MHz,功耗仅为0.496 m W。

风浪流单独及耦合作用下15 MW级浮式基础动力特性研究

了解风浪流等环境荷载效应对浮式基础设计及优化至关重要,为此,以15 MW级漂浮式基础为研究对象,系统性定量分析风浪流环境荷载单独及耦合作用下对浮式基础运动及系泊系统受力的影响。首先,以INOWINDMOOR 12 MW和TaiDa 15 MW浮式基础为原型设计新的15 MW级浮式基础,并在ANSYS-AQWA建立水动力分析模型,风力荷载及海流荷载通过风力系数、流力系数添加;其次,针对风浪流等环境荷载单独及耦合作用下浮式基础运动和系泊受力等特征开展分析。结果表明:浮式基础运动及系泊受力主要受风力和流力的影响,波浪会加剧浮式基础运动及系泊受力的往复性,并加大运动幅度及系泊受力;流荷载对浮式基础运动及系泊受力影响较大,特别是风、浪与流耦合作用时会导致系泊受力明显增加,实际工程设计时,流荷载应给与重点关注。

一种浮式梳式防波堤的消浪性能试验研究

针对一种新型的浮式梳式防波堤的消浪性能进行模型试验研究,试验模型采用固定结构形式,分析相对宽度、相对波高、水流速度和不规则波等因素对透射系数、反射系数和耗散系数的影响。研究结果表明:浮式梳式防波堤的消浪性能较为稳定,在波长较大的情况下,该型防波堤的消浪性能优于相同尺寸的方箱式防波堤;当相对宽度为0.20~0.27时,透射系数能达到最小值;在波与流共同作用下,同向水流会削弱波浪的消浪性能;在相同波浪参数下,不规则波的透射系数要略高于规则波的透射系数。

外海潮流能总成平台施工关键技术研究及应用

潮流能作为可再生清洁能源的一种,有储量大、变化有规律、对环境影响小等优势,且潮流能发电装置更容易实现独立发电和并网,是海洋能发电方式的首选。我国在潮流能转换与发电系统的设计与关键施工技术方面取得了长足进步,尤其大力开发清洁新能源的提出,给海上潮流能的关键施工技术带来了巨大的机遇与挑战。而大型潮流能发电机组总成平台的顺利施工与否是实现潮流能发电的关键与前提。针对大型海洋潮流能发电机组总成平台外海运输系泊条件复杂、平台自浮困难等问题,采用多点系缆配合、增设临时浮箱等方法,实现大型海洋潮流能发电机组总成平台顺利安装,为今后类似工程施工提供借鉴。

半潜漂浮式风机载荷及运动响应敏感性分析

为研究漂浮式风机在海洋环境作用下载荷及运动响应的参数敏感性,对OC4-5MW半潜漂浮式风机模型进行了气动-水动-系泊一体化时域动态仿真,对比分析了风机位移、倾角、加速度及塔筒载荷在关键极限停机工况下受到风、浪、流载荷及偏航等多个因素影响的响应规律。结果表明:采用中心式风机设计的机头朝向变化对结构不平衡影响可忽略,但基础安装方位应避开纵荡与风浪主频方向夹角60°~120°范围,开启偏航对风或背风控制有利于降低整体倾角、机舱加速度和塔底载荷;风浪方向夹角的影响缺乏明显规律性,设计时应充分考虑0°~90°夹角范围。波浪高度对所有观察变量的影响均较明显,风机上部对波浪高频区更敏感,但基础对低频区更敏感。机舱加速度受浪流影响较大,受风载影响较小;基础加速度对参数相对不敏感。

具有多晶阻挡层的浮空P区IGBT开关特性研究

为了减少浮空P区IGBT结构的栅极空穴积累,改善结构的电磁干扰(EMI)噪声问题,从而提高结构电磁干扰噪声与开启损耗(Eon)之间的折中关系,研究提出了一种具有多晶硅阻挡层的FD-IGBT结构。新结构在传统结构的浮空P区上方引入一块多晶硅阻挡层,阻挡层接栅极,形成与N型漂移区的电势差。新结构在器件开启过程中,多晶硅阻挡层下方会积累空穴,导致栅极附近积累的空穴数量减少,从而降低浮空P区对栅极的反向充电电流。通过TCAD软件仿真结果表明,相比于传统FD-IGBT,新结构开启瞬态的过冲电流(I_(CE))和过冲电压(V_(GE))的峰值分别下降26.5%和8.6%,且在栅极电阻(R_(g))增加时有更好的电流电压可控性;相同开启损耗下,新结构的dI_(CE)/dt、dV_(CE)/dt和dV_(KA)/dt最大值分别降低26.5%,15.1%和26.1%。

具有低EMI和低开启损耗的浮空P区IGBT研究

为了优化浮空P区IGBT结构的电磁干扰噪声(EMI)与开启损耗(E_(on))的折中关系,提出一种假栅沟槽连接多晶硅阻挡层的浮空P区IGBT结构。新结构在浮空P区内引入对称的两个假栅沟槽,并通过多晶硅层连接。假栅沟槽将浮空P区分为三部分,减少了栅极沟槽附近的空穴积累,降低了栅极的固有位移电流。二维结构仿真表明,在小电流开启时,该结构与传统结构相比,栅极沟槽空穴电流密度减小90%,明显降低了集电极电流(I_(CE))过冲峰值和栅极电压(V_(GE))过冲峰值,提高了栅极电阻对dI_(CE)/dt和dV_(KA)/dt的控制能力。在相同的开启损耗下,新结构的dI_(CE)/dt、dV_(CE)/dt和dV_(KA)/dt最大值分别降低32.22%、38.41%和12.92%,降低了器件的EMI噪声,并改善了器件EMI噪声与开启损耗的折中关系。

Particle-in-Cell Simulation Study on the Floating Potential of Spacecraft in the Low Earth Orbit

In order to further understand the characteristics of the floating potential of low earth orbit spacecraft,the effects of the electron current collection area,background electron temperature,photocurrent emission,spacecraft wake,and the shape of spacecraft on spacecraft floating potential were studied here by particle-in-cell simulation in the low earth orbit.The simulation results show that the electron current collection area and background electron temperature impact on the floating potential by changing the electron current collection of spacecraft.By increasing the electron current collection area or background electron temperature,the spacecraft will float at a lower electric potential with respect to the surrounding plasma.However,the spacecraft wake affects the floating potential by increasing the ion current collected by spacecraft.The emission of the photocurrent from the spacecraft surface,which compensates for the electrons collected from background plasma,causes the floating potential to increase.The shape of the spacecraft is also an important factor influencing the floating potential.

Designing a Full Adder Circuit Based on Quasi-Floating Gate

Since in designing the full adder circuits, full adders have been generally taken into account, so as in this paper it has been attempted to represent a full adder cell with a significant efficiency of power, speed and leakage current levels. For this objective, a comparison between five full adder circuits has been provided. Applying floating gate technology and refresh circuits in the full adder cell lead to the reduction of leakage current on the gate node. The simulations were accomplished in this paper, through HSPICE software and 65 nm CMOS technology. The simulation results indicate the considerable efficiency of power consumption, speed and leakage current in the full adder cell rather than other cells.

LOW TEMPERATURE ALUMINUM FLOATING ELECTROLYSIS IN HEAVY ELECTROLYTE Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl BATH SYSTEM

Multiple regression equations of liquidus temperature, electrical conductivity and bath density of the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl system were obtained from experiments by using orthogonal regression method. The experiments were carried out in 100A cell with low melting point electrolyte, the influences of cathodic current density, electrolytic temperature, density differences of bath and liquid aluminum on current efficiency (CE) were studied; when the electrolyte cryolite ratio was 2.5, w(BaC1_2) and w(NaCl) were 48% and 10%, respectively, CE reached 90% and specific energy consumption was 10.97k Wb/kg/kg. Because of the fact that aluminum metal obtained floated on the surface of molten electrolyte, this electrolysis method was then defined as low temperature aluminum floating electrolysis. The results showed that the new low temperature aluminum electrolysis process in the Na_3AlF_6-AlF_3-BaC1_2-NaCl bath system was practical and promising.

新型半潜式浮式风机在不同流速下的动力响应特性研究

本文提出一种适用于50~120 m水深的新型半潜式浮式风机,用频域法研究浮式平台的水动力特性,通过建立风机-塔筒-浮式平台-系泊系统全耦合分析模型,考虑二阶差频波浪力作用,对其开展风、浪、流联合作用下的时域分析,重点分析不同流速条件下新型半潜式浮式风机耦合动力响应特性。分析结果表明:新型半潜式浮式风机结构设计合理,其固有周期能较好地避开波浪能量密集的周期范围,有效避免了共振发生;风浪条件一定的情况下,流速增大将使新型半潜式浮式风机的最大纵荡响应和锚链拉力显著增大,但对纵摇和艏摇响应有一定程度的抑制作用。流速变化对基础垂荡运动和发电功率影响较小。

Feasibility study on buoyancy-weight ratios of a submerged floating tunnel prototype subjected to hydrodynamic loads

The research progress of a novel traffic solution,a submerged floating tunnel（SFT）,is reviewed in terms of a study approach and loading scenario.Among existing publications,the buoyancy-weight ratio（BWR） is usually predefined.However,BWR is a critical structural parameter that tremendously affects the dynamic behaviour of not only the tunnel tube itself but also the cable system.In the context of a SFT prototype（SFTP） project in Qiandao Lake（Zhejiang Province,China）,the importance of BWR is illustrated by finite element analysis and subsequently,an optimized BWR is proposed within a reasonable range in the present study.In the numerical model,structural damping is identified to be of importance.Rayleigh damping and the corresponding Rayleigh coefficients are attained through a sensitivity study,which shows that the adopted damping ratios are fairly suitable for SFTP.Lastly,the human sense of security is considered by quantifying the comfort index,which helps further optimize BWR in the SFTP structural parameter design.

Mooring Tension and Motion Characteristics of A Submerged Fish Reef with Net in Waves and Currents Using Numerical Analysis

A numerical model was used to analyze the motion response and mooring tension of a submerged fish reef system. The system included a net attached to a rigid structure suspended up from the bottom with a single, high tension mooring by fixed flotation. The analysis was performed by using a Morison equation type finite element model configured with truss elements. Input forcing parameters into the model consisted of both regular and irregular waves, with and without a steady current. Heave, surge and pitch dynamic calculations of the reef structure were made. Tension response results of the attached mooring line were also computed. Results were analyzed in both the time and frequency domain in which appropriate, linear transfer functions were calculated. The influence of the current was more evident in the tension and heave motion response data. This is most likely the result of the large buoyancy characteristics of the reef structure and the length of the mooting cable. Maximum mooting component tension was found to be 13.9 kN and occurred when the reef was subjected to irregular waves with a co-linear current of 1.0 m/s velocity. The results also showed that the system had little damping （in heave） with damped natural periods of 2.8 s. This combination of system characteristics promotes a possible resonating situation in typical open sea conditions with similar wave periods.

Canonic Realizations of Voltage-Controlled Floating Inductors Using CFOAs and Analog Multipliers

New voltage-controlled floating inductors employing CFOAs and an analog multiplier have been presented which have the attractive features of using a canonic number of passive components (only two resistors and a capacitor) and not requiring any component-matching conditions and design constraints for the intended type of inductance realization. The workability and applications of the new circuits have been demonstrated by SPICE simulation and hardware experimental results based upon AD844-type CFOAs and AD633-type/MPY534 type analog multipliers.

水面光伏产业的发展趋势分析

当前,在全球倡导能源转型和推广使用清洁能源的背景下,继水力发电后,光伏发电已成为全球各国电力的重要来源。随着近年来光伏产业的迅猛发展,地面光伏电站的建设开始逐渐趋于饱和,并出现诸多问题和缺点,而水面光伏电站凭借其诸多优势正在被各国开发与应用。与日本、美国等国家的水面光伏产业相比,中国的水面光伏产业起步较晚,但发展速度较快,已成为全球水面光伏发电装机容量最高的国家。在介绍中国水面光伏发电应用前景的基础上,介绍了水面光伏电站相较于地面光伏电站的主要优势,以及其他亚洲国家水面光伏产业的发展现状,并针对未来水面光伏产业的发展趋势提出建议。分析结果表明:水面光伏发电凭借能够改善水质、减少水体蒸发、提高光伏发电系统的发电效率、不占用陆地土地资源,以及建设和运行维护便捷等优势,正在被越来越多的国家大规模推广。

海流海浪耦合作用对台风浪影响的数值研究

漂浮式海上风电工程设计对波浪参数等必要环境参数提出了更高的要求。本文针对福建南日漂浮式海上风电场海域建立了高分辨率的海浪-海流耦合数值模型,研究海上风电场区水位和海流对海浪的影响。模拟结果显示,耦合模式所得有效波高更加准确,可以体现水位和流速变化对波高的影响。通过分析台风过程中的浪流耦合作用对海浪模拟结果的影响发现,浪流耦合作用对最大有效波高的影响空间分布差异明显,1307号、1319号、0908号和1617号四次台风过程中,耦合作用对工程区域最大有效波高的影响可达−1.0~1.0 m。对单点的模拟结果分析发现,流向和浪向同向时对浪高有削弱作用,反向时对浪高有增强作用。此外,浪流耦合作用对波向和谱峰周期也有明显的影响,在1319号台风过程中,波向变化可达20°,谱峰周期变化可达2 s。本文论证了采用海浪-海流耦合模式在重现海浪极值中的重要性,对海上工程设计具有参考价值。

双管悬浮隧道水动力性能试验

利用波流水槽构建双管悬浮隧道(SFT)节段模型,对其水动力性能进行试验研究,详细研究其在波流环境下的水动力性能,并将所得结果与传统单管SFT的水动力性能进行对比。结果表明:随着波浪周期的增加,双管SFT没有出现明显的峰值,运动曲线保持平稳状态,原因可能是双管SFT结构的基频得到提升,有效避开了常规波流载荷共振的能量密集区;与传统的单管SFT相比,无论是波流联合作用,还是波流单独作用,双管SFT在横荡、垂荡和横摇方向上的运动响应和锚索缆力幅值均更小,安全平稳性更好,且随着波高的增加,该效果越明显。研究结果可为SFT和其他类似工程的开展提供参考。