Dynamic Analysis of A Pontoon-Separated Floating Bridge Subjected to A Moving Load

For the design and operation of a floating bridge, the understanding of its dynamic behavior under a moving load is of great importance. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the dynamic performances of a new type floating bridge, the pontoon-separated floating bridge, under the effect of a moving load. In the paper, a brief summary of the dynamic analysis of the floating bridge is first introduced. The motion equations for a pontoon-separated floating bridge, considering the nonlinear properties of connectors and vehicles＇ inertia effects, are proposed. The super-element method is applied to reduce the numerical analysis scale to solve the reduced equations. Based on the static analysis, the dynamic features of the new type floating bridge subjected to a moving load are investigated. It is found that the dynamie behavior of the pontoon-separated floating bridge is superior to that of the ribbon bridge by taking the nonlinearity of eonneetors into account.

An Improved Time Domain Approach for Analysis of Floating Bridges Based on Dynamic Finite Element Method and State-Space Model

The floating bridge bears the dead weight and live load with buoyancy,and has wide application prospect in deep-water transportation infrastructure.The structural analysis of floating bridge is challenging due to the complicated fluid-solid coupling effects of wind and wave.In this research,a novel time domain approach combining dynamic finite element method and state-space model(SSM)is established for the refined analysis of floating bridges.The dynamic coupled effects induced by wave excitation load,radiation load and buffeting load are carefully simulated.High-precision fitted SSMs for pontoons are established to enhance the calculation efficiency of hydrodynamic radiation forces in time domain.The dispersion relation is also introduced in the analysis model to appropriately consider the phase differences of wave loads on pontoons.The proposed approach is then employed to simulate the dynamic responses of a scaled floating bridge model which has been tested under real wind and wave loads in laboratory.The numerical results are found to agree well with the test data regarding the structural responses of floating bridge under the considered environmental conditions.The proposed time domain approach is considered to be accurate and effective in simulating the structural behaviors of floating bridge under typical environmental conditions.

Inelastic UV Scattering in a Floating Water Bridge

When high voltage is applied to distilled water filled into two beakers close to each other, a watery connection forms spontaneously, giving the impression of a floating water bridge [1-8]. In this work we present the first inelastic ultraviolet scattering data of such an electrohydrodynamic bridge revealing radial gradients of Stokes- and Anti-Stokes shifts and their intensity profiles. Interpretations including density and temperature changes within the bridge are discussed. The obtained data can be satisfactorily explained by the introduction of a second phase consisting of nano bubbles. Results and interpretation are discussed in relation to similar phenomena.

Simulink Based Simulation of the Behavior of a Ribbon Pontoon Bridge

A mathematical model of a ribbon pontoon bridge subjected to moving loads was formulated using the theory of simply supported beams.Two types of moving load models were used, the first a moving-constant-force model and the second a moving-mass model.Using both types of loads, the dynamic behavior of a ribbon pontoon bridge was simulated while subjected to a single moving load and then multiple moving loads.Modeling was done with the Simulink package in MATLAB software.Results indicated that the model is correct.The two types of moving load models made little difference to the response ranges when loads moved on the bridge, but made some difference to the response phases.When loads left, the amplitude of the dynamic responses induced by the moving-constant-force model load were larger than those induced by the moving-mass model.There was a great deal more difference when there were more loads.

Durability of Stress Ribbon Bridge Checked during Loading Test

Stress ribbon bridges have many advantages and became recently more popular mostly because of their versatile form, slender decks giving a light aesthetic impression and durability assured by post tensioned concrete. The paper presents the first in Poland stress Ribbon Bridge constructed last year. A static and dynamic analyse of the model is presented as well as construction solutions which were used to achieve the highest durability. The bridge was checked during static and dynamic load test. The results of this prove test were compared with results obtained from examination and study of other different bridge structures. It confirmed that the bridge has good dynamic resistance and greater stiffness than assumed in the design.

Analytical investigation of bidirectional ductile diaphragms in multi-span bridges

In the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Seismic Bridge Design Provisions,ductile diaphragms are identified as Permissible Earthquake-Resisting Elements（EREs）,designed to help resist seismic loads applied in the transverse direction of bridges.When adding longitudinal ductile diaphragms,a bidirectional ductile diaphragm system is created that can address seismic excitations acting along both the bridge’s longitudinal and transverse axes.This paper investigates bidirectional ductile diaphragms with Buckling Restrained Braces（BRBs）in straight multi-span bridge with simply supported floating spans.The flexibility of the substructures in the transverse and longitudinal direction of the bridge is considered.Design procedures for the bidirectional ductile diaphragms are first proposed.An analytical model of the example bridge with bidirectional ductile diaphragms,designed based on the proposed methodology,is then built in SAP2000.Pushover and nonlinear time history analyses are performed on the bridge model,and corresponding results are presented.The effect of changing the longitudinal stiffness of the bidirectional ductile diaphragms in the end spans connecting to the abutment is also investigated,in order to better understand the impact on the bridge’s dynamic performance.

A Method Based on Multi-Body Dynamic Analysis for A Floating Two-Stage Buffer Collision-Prevention System Under Ship Collision Loads

The collision of ships poses a great threat to the piers in navigable waters.The kinetic energy of the moving ship can be consumed not only with the structural deformation,but also with tensile force from the proposed Floating Two-stage Buffer Collision-Prevention System(FTBCPS).The actual anti-collision effect of the current designed FTBCPS can be evaluated by the dynamic simulation.The construction method of 3D model is introduced,and the system initial state is defined.The transformation matrix and the basic kinematics vector are given,and the system basic dynamics equation is then created.The mechanical analysis on each component is carried out,and the detailed process of numerical simulation is also given.The simulation results indicate that collision direction and collision position have a great influence on the system kinematic response.Bridge pier faces the greatest threat when a ship hits the floater on the front beam in a nearly vertical direction,or on the side beam in a larger course angle.The study shows that the current designed FTBCPS can make full use of the fracture tensile property of polyester ropes and keep the tensile force acted on pier within its bearable range at the same time.The collision direction has a significant effect on the dynamic response of the colliding bodies,but no failure appeared in the simulations,which indicates that the current designed FTBCPS can protect bridge piers of all cases for the 5000-t ship with a velocity smaller than 5 m/s in navigable waters.

Pontoon Bridge Hydrodynamic Computations by Multi-block Grid Generation Technique

To investigate the hydrodynamic characteristic of pontoon bridge, the multi-block grid generation technique with numerical methods for viscous fluid dynamics is applied to numerical simulations on the hydrodynamic characteristic of a ribbon ferrying raft model at a series of towing speeds. Comparison of the simulated results with the experimental data indicates that the simulated results are acceptable. It shows that the multi-block grid generation technique is effective in the computation on pontoon bridge hydrodynamics.

Realization of an 850V High Voltage Half Bridge Gate Drive IC with a New NFFP HVI Structure

A NFFP HVI structure which implements high breakdown voltage without using additional FFP and process steps is proposed in this paper. An 850 V high voltage half bridge gate drive IC with the NFFP HVI structure is experimentally realized using a thin epitaxial BCD process. Compared with the MFFP HVI structure, the proposed NFFP HVI structure shows simpler process and lower cost. The high side offset voltage in the half bridge gate drive IC with the NFFP HVI structure is almost as same as that with the self-shielding structure.

ANALYTICAL MODELS OF FLOATING BRIDGES SUBJECTED BY MOVING LOADS FOR DIFFERENT WATER DEPTHS

There are two types of floating bridge such as discrete-pontoon floating bridges and continuous-pontoon floating bridges. Analytical models of both floating bridges subjected by raoving loads are presented to study the dynamic responses with hydrodynamic influence coefficients for different water depths. The beam theory and potential theory are introduced to produce the models. The hydrodynamic coefficients and dynamic responses of bridges are evaluated by the boundary element method and by the Galerkin method of weighted residuals, respectively. Considering causal relationship between the frequencies of the oscillation of floating bridges and the added mass coefficients, an iteration method is introduced to compute hydrodynamic frequencies. The results indicate that water depth has little influence upon the dynamic responses of both types of floating bridges, so that the effect of water depth can be neglected during the course of designing floating bridges.

西十高铁汉江特大桥主桥设计

西十高铁汉江特大桥主桥为主跨420 m的梁桁组合结构双塔斜拉桥,采用半飘浮体系。主梁采用钢桁加劲PC箱梁,梁高3.0 m,桥面全宽17 m。PC箱梁采用C55混凝土,单箱四室等高截面,加劲桁采用渐变三角桁式,材质为Q370qE钢,桁高9.4 m。斜拉索采用标准抗拉强度1770 MPa的镀锌平行钢丝,双索面扇形布置。桥塔采用花瓶式钢筋混凝土框架结构,塔高186.5 m,基础采用∅3 m的钻孔灌注桩,按长短桩设计。结构受力分析结果表明:该桥力学性能指标均满足相关规范要求,整体刚度性能优越,具有良好的颤振稳定性,设置的风嘴能有效抑制涡激振动,采取加劲钢桁上弦杆灌注混凝土、延迟铺轨时间等措施能有效控制主梁的收缩徐变,桥面线形满足铺设无砟轨道的要求。

跨水域下承式钢箱拱肋系杆拱桥多机械协同施工技术

新建湄池大桥主桥上部结构为188 m单跨简支体系的下承式钢箱拱肋系杆拱桥,跨越浦阳江Ⅳ级航道。结合新建湄池大桥主桥上部结构的建造过程,对跨水域下承式钢箱拱肋系杆拱桥的施工技术进行了介绍。总结了钢箱拱肋系杆拱施工过程中采用水中浮吊+上桥履带吊+新型多功能滑移装置的多机械协同施工方法,并对基于滑移装置的构件运输、履带吊上桥措施、临时支架设计和验算等关键技术进行分析,为后续该类型桥梁的施工积累了经验。

赤壁长江公路大桥主桥4号桥塔墩结合梁墩顶节段施工技术

赤壁长江公路大桥主桥为(90+240+720+240+90)m钢-混结合梁斜拉桥,主梁分为121个节段,由双边箱截面钢主梁、横梁、小纵梁等组成,4号桥塔墩墩顶钢梁共3个节段,考虑枯水期施工边跨侧滩地外露,采用浮吊拼装+墩顶拖拉法施工。桥塔墩设置墩旁支架辅助钢梁架设,墩旁支架采用简易支架,设计为分离直立柱结构,避免了传统斜立柱支架体系结构复杂且受限于围堰尺寸的影响;墩旁支架设置钢梁拖拉系统及钢梁姿态调节装置,以实现钢梁的拼装、纵移和姿态调整。墩顶钢梁利用浮吊在中跨侧依次拼装单节段钢梁杆件后向边跨侧分次拖拉,墩顶钢梁全部就位后,采用竖向调节装置通过“顶落梁”工艺精调钢梁高程和横向调节装置对钢梁横向偏位进行纠偏,保证墩顶节段姿态满足设计要求。借助主梁永久结构简化塔区临时约束设计,抵抗风荷载、施工不平衡荷载和不平衡索力造成的钢梁平动和转动,确保主梁悬臂节段施工安全。

复杂海域深水栈桥施工关键技术

甬舟铁路西堠门公铁两用大桥主桥为(70+112+406+1 488+406+112+70)m斜拉-悬索协作体系桥,是世界上最大跨度的公铁两用大桥。其中5#、6#墩水深近60 m,20年一遇最大流速为3.18 m/s,20年一遇设计基本风速39.5 m/s,20年一遇平均波高为3.48 m,5#墩附近无覆盖层。针对水深、流急、风大、浪高、裸岩等复杂海域特点,采用导管架基础+大桥Ⅰ号梁上部结构组成的深水栈桥,解决了普通“钓鱼法”施工难度大、整体刚度较低,无法抵抗较大的水流力及波浪力作用的问题。本文以5#、6#墩栈桥为例,详细阐述了导管架法施工过程中导管架制作、运输、安装及上部结构施工等关键技术。结果表明,导管架基础+大桥Ⅰ号梁上部结构的深水栈桥整体刚度大、稳定性好,抵抗波浪力作用效果显著,且安装时间短,定位精度高,可减少海上作业,提高工效,降低安全风险。

全漂浮空间框架塔斜拉桥参数敏感性分析

为明确设计参数对漂浮体系斜拉桥力学行为影响,该文以某全漂浮体系空间框架式独塔双索面钢-混凝土组合梁斜拉桥为依托,利用有限元分析软件MIDAS/Civil建立大桥有限元模型,针对成桥状态下温度效应、二期恒载、支承体系等参数敏感性开展分析,并与该桥半漂浮体系进行对比。结果表明:温度、二期恒载对主梁挠度和应力影响较为显著;整体而言,全漂浮体系主梁变形和应力对各参数敏感度低于半漂浮体系;结构体系由全漂浮转换为半漂浮后,1阶自振频率由0.38 Hz增至1.09 Hz,结构整体刚度显著提高;地震激励下,全漂浮体系较半漂浮体系整体位移大,但塔根部结构弯矩减小。

Ribbon bridge in waves based on hydroelasticity theory

For the design and operation of a floating bridge,the understanding of its hydroelastic behavior in waves is of great importance.This paper investigated the hydroelastic performances of a ribbon bridge under wave action.A brief introduction on the estimation of dynamic responses of the floating bridge and the comparisons between the experiments and estimation were presented.Based on the 3D hydroelasticity theory,the hydroelastic behavior of the ribbon bridge modeled by finite element method(FEM)was analyzed by employing the mode superposition method.And the relevant comparisons between the numerical results and experimental data obtained from one tenth scale elastic model test in the ocean basin were made.It is found that the present method is applicable and adaptable for predicting the hydroelastic response of the floating bridge in waves.

超大型双壁钢套箱围堰整节段吊装施工关键技术

新建G3铜陵长江公铁两用大桥主跨为988 m的斜拉-悬索协作体系桥梁,主桥3#墩采用整体式圆端哑铃型承台、群桩基础。围堰采用竖向分节制作、整节段运输、现场双浮吊整节段吊装施工工艺。通过将双浮吊由常规的并行站位调整为正交站位,解决了浮吊在长江高水位、快流速、窄航道、忙航运下的抛锚定位难题,降低了吊装风险;同时辅以缜密的竖向分节,使首节围堰在自浮稳定后,围堰后续节段以“蒸笼”方式一节节接高,从而将超大型双壁钢套箱围堰在长江洪汛期间以最短的时间、最省的材料和最安全的方式拼装完成。

基于伸臂-负刚度阻尼原理的应力带桥减振控制研究

随着城市建设水平的提高和旅游业的发展,对大跨人行景观桥建设需求不断增加。应力带桥因具有简洁的结构形式和优美的建筑外观,被逐渐应用于人行景观桥中,但其固有频率低、模态间隔紧密,在风、行人等动荷载作用下易发生振动。因此,为控制应力带桥振动,提出了基于伸臂-负刚度阻尼原理的应力带桥减振控制策略。首先,基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论建立了系统广义运动方程,并提出了基于复模态的系统动力特性计算方法。其次,系统地研究了应力带桥负刚度控制系统关键参数对系统动力行为的影响规律,并确定了关键参数设计准则。最后,基于案例分析对比验证了所提控制策略对应力带桥人致振动控制的有效性。提出的应力带桥减振控制方法与相应参数确定准则可为实际工程中应力带桥的建设提供参考。

水下悬浮隧道的技术现状和未来展望

阐述了水下悬浮隧道(又称水下悬浮管桥)的概念;探讨了悬浮隧道结构的4种支撑形式,即岸锚式、桥墩支撑式、浮筒固定式和锚索固定式,并对4种支撑形式的适用性进行了对比;对悬浮隧道的跨海形式及主隧道结构断面形式进行了讨论,分析了多管系统+横通道连通形式在火灾及事故发生时的安全性。介绍了国际上悬浮隧道的相关标准:国际结构混凝土联合会(fib)在2020年发布了《水下悬浮管桥(SFTB)设计指南》(fib公告第96号),旨在为技术界提供水下悬浮管桥方案设计指南;国际隧道和地下空间协会(ITA)在2023年发布了《水下悬浮隧道(SFT)业主指南》,旨在向基础设施业主说明,水下悬浮隧道相比传统隧道的适用性;另外,挪威国家标准已率先将悬浮隧道结构纳入国家桥梁手册(2020)。梳理了悬浮隧道已有的理论研究,介绍了目前水下悬浮隧道比较热门的研究课题,比如流体-结构相互作用和冲击等。分析了水下悬浮隧道的优势,不仅能够减小主要的海洋荷载对结构的影响,而且可以降低隧道和相连结构的坡度,缩短穿越距离,保护海底地形以及减少对周围区域的噪声影响。随着人们对环境问题的日益重视,以及新材料和新技术为减少气候影响带来的机遇,悬浮隧道有望获得进一步的推广。