基于Flood Area模型的邢台市小马河流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险分布特征

利用邢台市小马河流域26个区域站2014—2019年及周边7个国家站1980—2019年的逐日降水资料,基于泰森多边形法和MuDFiT软件计算不同重现期面雨量。运行Flood Area模型对该流域不同重现期下的淹没范围进行模拟,基于此叠加承灾体数据,得到各承灾体受损率。为验证模拟结果的准确性,选取2016年7月19—20日强降雨过程对百年一遇暴雨洪涝灾害风险分布特征进行验证,结果与模拟淹没范围基本一致。研究表明随着重现期不断增大,洪水逐渐向中下游地区推进,淹没范围不断扩大加深。当淹没深度在0.1~0.3 m及1.0 m以上时,林地受损率最高,淹没深度小于0.1 m时,林地受损率最低。人口、GDP、城镇用地、耕地、草地等其他承灾体淹没深度在0.1 m以下时受损率最高,在0.1~0.3 m时受损率次之,在1.0 m以上时受损率居中,在0.3~0.5 m时受损率较低,淹没深度位于0.5~1.0 m时受损率最低。

A new multi-source remote sensing image sample dataset with high resolution for flood area extraction:GF-FloodNet

Deep learning algorithms show good prospects for remote sensingflood monitoring.They mostly rely on huge amounts of labeled data.However,there is a lack of available labeled data in actual needs.In this paper,we propose a high-resolution multi-source remote sensing dataset forflood area extraction:GF-FloodNet.GF-FloodNet contains 13388 samples from Gaofen-3(GF-3)and Gaofen-2(GF-2)images.We use a multi-level sample selection and interactive annotation strategy based on active learning to construct it.Compare with otherflood-related datasets,GF-FloodNet not only has a spatial resolution of up to 1.5 m and provides pixel-level labels,but also consists of multi-source remote sensing data.We thoroughly validate and evaluate the dataset using several deep learning models,including quantitative analysis,qualitative analysis,and validation on large-scale remote sensing data in real scenes.Experimental results reveal that GF-FloodNet has significant advantages by multi-source data.It can support different deep learning models for training to extractflood areas.There should be a potential optimal boundary for model training in any deep learning dataset.The boundary seems close to 4824 samples in GF-FloodNet.We provide GF-FloodNet at https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/pengliuair/gf-floodnet and https://pan.baidu.com/s/1vdUCGNAfFwG5UjZ9RLLFMQ?pwd=8v6o.

基于FloodArea模型的山西山谷地区暴雨洪涝灾害风险特征分析

基于1992—2021年降水观测数据和气象灾情数据,采用FloodArea模型对沁水经济技术开发区所在山谷地区不同重现期下的暴雨洪涝淹没范围进行模拟评估.结果表明:研究区所在地区不同重现期小时雨型呈多峰分布,山谷效应导致雨水汇流,淹没水深和面积增加,具有一定的暴雨洪涝风险;区内大部分淹没面积在10cm^(2)以下;内涝等级为一般性内涝风险(10~25cm)的淹没面积为0.48km^(2),主要呈散点状分布于研究区各片区;中度内涝风险(25~50cm)的淹没面积为0.41km^(2),主要呈散点状分布在端氏综合服务中心周围;严重内涝风险(50~80cm)的淹没面积较少,为0.32km^(2);特别严重内涝风险(>80cm)的淹没面积为4.74km^(2),主要集中分布于北部产业片区和南部产业片区的偏西地区.各重现期淹没风险较大的区域主要分布在各个片区内低洼地区,与实际灾情相符.

Prediction of the flooding area of the northeastern Caspian Sea from satellite images

Studying the dynamic changes in the coastline of the northeastern Caspian Sea is significant since the level of the Caspian is unstable,and the coastline change can cause enormous damage to the ecology,economy,and population of the coastal part of Kazakhstan.In this work,we use remote sensing and Geographic Information System(GIS)technologies to study the changes in the coastline of the northeastern Caspian Sea and predict the extent of flooding with increasing water levels.The proposed methodology for creating dynamic maps can be used to monitor the coastline and forecast the extent of flooding in the area.As a result of this work,the main factors affecting changes in the coastline were identified.After analyzing the water level data from 1988 to 2019,it was revealed that the rise in water level was observed from 1980 to 1995.The maximum sea level rise was recorded at-26.04 m.After that,the sea level began to fall,and between 1996 and 2009,there were no significant changes;the water level fluctuated with an average of-27.18 m.Then,a map of the water level dynamics in the Caspian Sea from 1988 to 2019 was compiled.According to the dynamics map,water level rise and significant coastal retreat were revealed,especially in the northern part of the Caspian Sea and the northern and southern parts of Sora Kaydak.The method for predicting the estimated flooding area was described.As a result,based on a single map,the flooding area of the northeast coast was predicted.A comparative analysis of Landsat and SRTM data is presented.

基于FloodArea模型的云南山洪淹没模拟研究

致灾临界雨量法被普遍用于山洪预警,结合Flood Area模型动态模拟山洪灾害淹没是获取临界雨量的新方法。对2012年云南宣威"7.12"山洪灾害进行实地调查,获取山洪沟基本参数及隐患点淹没高度,利用周边气象站逐时降雨量进行淹没模拟。结果表明:当临界雨量分别为42 mm、85 mm、136 mm和180 mm时,达到各山洪灾害等级淹没高度,即得出各等级致灾临界雨量。对比实测值和模拟值后得出,此模型具有一定的参考价值,但需更精确的地理信息数据支撑。

基于Flood Area模型的模袋混凝土衬砌渠道糙率系数改进技术研究

以河套灌区建设一分干模袋混凝土衬砌渠道为研究对象,利用Flood Area模型,将糙率系数的设置做区分化处理;对渠道区域与坡面区域进行划分和赋值,在经验参数的基础上,结合建设一分干模袋混凝土衬砌渠道实际情况,设置栅格糙率系数,增加糙率系数的精度。结果表明改进后的方法提高了流速,简化了率定流程,解决了模拟流速普遍偏低的问题。利用高程与糙率系数的函数关系,较全面、真实地仿真模拟模袋混凝土衬砌渠道的流场。

A GIS-based method for flooded area calculation and damage evaluation

Using geographic information system to study flooded area and damage evaluation has been a hotspot in environmental disaster research for years. In this paper, a model for flooded area calculation and damage evaluation is presented. Flooding is divided into two types: ‘soruce flood’ and ‘non-source flood’. The source-flood area calculation is based on seed spread algorithm. The flood damage evaluation is calculated by overlaying the flooded ara range with thematic maps and relating the results to other social and economic data. To raise the operational efficiency of the model, a skipping approach is used to speed seed spread algorithm and all thematic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. The accuracy of flooded area calculation and damage evaluation is mainly dependent upon the resolution and precision of the digital elevation model (DEM) data, upon the accuracy of registering all raster layers, and upon the quality of economic information. This model has been successfully used in the Zhejiang Province Comprehensive Water Management Information System developed by the authors. The applications show that this model is especially useful for most counties of China and other developing countries.

High resolution records of flood deposition in the mud area off the Changjiang River mouth during the past century

This paper presents a paleoflood study to determine the flood frequency of the Changjiang River, based on core cj0702, taken from the Changjiang River subaqueous delta. We identified flood deposits by means of high-resolution grain-size variation, sensitive population, geochemical indexes and magnetic susceptibility. The core covers a time span of 120 years by 210 Pb dating and was sampled at 1–2 cm intervals. Grain size, geochemical elements, and physical parameters were analyzed. The results indicate that the sediment of the core is mainly composed of silt and clay, as well as groups of interbedded silt, clay silt, and clay. Vertically, the grain size pattern was controlled by seasonal variations in water discharge and by the sediment input in winter from the abandoned Huanghe River delta. River flooding caused extreme values in all our measured parameters. We identified more than 20 flood events that occurred since 1887 using the physical parameter analysis method. The environmentally sensitive component of sediment grain size(14.32–96.39 μm) contribution>30%, Zr/Rb ratio>1.5, and magnetic susceptibility>16 were selected as the criteria for flood identification generally. We also found that floods that had taken place in the upstream, midstream, or downstream parts of the river were clearly identified by these indexes while the large-scale floods that covered the whole drainage area did not leave clear indications in the sediment record. This study for identification of flood events is of great significance for understanding hyperpycnal current sedimentation as well as for forecasting of floods.

基于FloodArea的三峡库区小流域山洪面雨量分析

以三峡库区普里河下游流域作为山洪灾害淹没模拟的研究区域,通过泰森多边形方法和算术平均方法分别计算流域面雨量,采用FloodArea模型对两种方法下的同一降水过程进行模拟,结合实地考察流域内淹没时间和淹没水深资料对比分析两者的模拟结果。结论表明:泰森多边形方法下的山洪灾害淹没模拟能较好地反映普里河下游流域内的因降水导致的山洪推进路线、淹没范围及淹没水深,且该方法下推算的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量更具有实际应用价值。该方法可用于推算流域内的山洪灾害致灾临界面雨量。

FLOOD SIMULATION IN DONGTING LAKE DRAINAGE AREA AND ITS FLOOD CONTROL

On the basis of water-balance equation in Dongting Lake and Xiang Zi Yuan-Li River drainage areas, a possib1e flood height relating to the rainfall precipitation in these areas has been inferred. According to the flood simulation, some synthetic maintenance strategies to prevent future catastrophic f1oods in Dongting Lake drainage area have been also presented.

Visualization and Damage Assessment for Flooded Area

A practical method for visualizing flood area and evaluating damage is presented, which consists of two technical approaches: self\|programming and adapting commercial GIS platforms. The low\|cost and easy\|to\|use GIS\|Based model developed by self\|programming can meet current requirements of most local authorities, especially in developing countries. In this model, two cases, non\|source flood and source flood, are distinguished and the Seed\|spread algorithm suitable for source\|flood is discussed; The flood damage is assessed by overlaying the flood area range with thematic maps and other related social and economic data. and all thematic maps are converted to raster format before overlay analysis. Two measures are taken to improve the operation efficiency of speed seed\|spread algorithm. The accuracy of the model mainly depends on the resolution and precision of the DEM data, and the accuracy of registering all raster layers and the quality of attribute data.

Impacts of water surface area of watershed on design flood

In order to analyze the impact of the water surface area of a watershed on the design flood, the watershed was classified into a land watershed and a water surface watershed for flood flow calculation at the same time interval. Then, the design flood of the whole watershed was obtained by adding the two flood flows together. Using this method, we calculated design floods with different water surface areas of three reservoirs and analyzed the impact of water surface area on the flood volume and peak flow. The results indicate that larger water surface areas lead to greater impacts on the flood volume and peak flow. For the same watershed area, the impact of water surface area on the flood volume and peak flow is positively proportional to the flood frequency, i.e., the higher the frequency, the greater the impact becomes.

Assessment of Flood Hazard of Jeddah Area 2009, Saudi Arabia

Due climatic variability and anthropogenic changes, floods have been raised lately in several regions worldwide. The resulting impact from floods is often harmful. This can be applied to Saudi Arabia, the country which is known by dry climatic conditions, and it became lately a typical region for such natural hazard. Hence, floods are observed as a yearly disaster with high magnitude of influence. Jeddah, a coastal Saudi city on the Red Sea to the west, has witnessed severe event in November 2009, when flooded water and sediments (torrents) invaded the urban areas and resulted decease of many people and destroyed the infrastructure and civilized zones. The lack of mitigation implements exacerbated the problem. This study implies an assessment of flood hazard risk in Jeddah region. It aims to identify the zones subjected to flood and then inducing the influencing factors at different levels of effect. For this purpose space techniques were utilized, with a focus on IKONOS satellite images, which are characterized by high resolution in identifying terrain features. In addition Geographic Information System (GIS) was also used to support space techniques. Thus, damaged areas and the mechanism of flooding process were recognized. This helps avoiding further urban expansion in areas under flood risk and will aid decision maker to put new strategies for hazard management.

The Bivalve Mollusc <i>Abra ovata</i>: Role in Succession of Soft Bottom Communities on Newly Flooded Area of the Caspian Sea

The succession of an Abra ovata community that had formed at the flooded area in Sulaksky Bay (the Caspian Sea) since the mid-1980s was investigated. The resident species Abra ovata and Cerastoderma glaucum, the pioneer settlers, were found remaining dominant in the community structure and driving the course of its succession, despite some decrease in settlement density and in the rate of occurrence. It was the tolerance of the Sulaksky pioneer settlers for later colonists (macrophytes, mytilids, crustaceans and other organisms) that determined the development of the first succession stage. The next succession stage in Abra ovata communities of Sulaksky Bay does not quite agree with the pattern typical of solid substrates. On the one hand, the community development supports the tolerance model: the pioneer Abra, in spite of being dominant through all the succession stages, does not oppose the settling of other multiple colonists;on the other hand, it agrees with a facilitation model where the abundance of the original settlers, the grazing species, provokes appearance of sturgeon.

Effect of Flood Peak Discharge Control by a Small Reservoir in an Urbanized Area—Case Study in the Kurabe River Basin, Japan

Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.

我国沿海地区城市洪(潮)涝成因及应对策略——以深圳市为例

沿海地区受地理位置、全球气候变化和城市化快速发展等影响,城市洪(潮)涝灾害频发,已成为影响我国沿海地区城市公共安全的突出问题,严重制约经济社会可持续健康发展。根据城市水文循环过程,综合考虑致灾因子、孕灾环境和承灾体等,将沿海地区城市洪(潮)涝成因概括为“先天不足—后天变化”两个方面,并以深圳市为例进行了深入分析。在此基础上,从提高防洪(潮)和排涝能力,协调防洪、除涝、排水标准,科学规划城市发展,充分考虑地下空间竖向设计,全面加强流域统一管理5个方面提出沿海地区城市洪(潮)涝应对策略,为沿海地区城市防洪(潮)、除涝工程体系建设和城市洪(潮)涝风险管理提供支撑。

基于MIKE FLOOD的蓄滞洪区分洪能力研究

本文基于蓄滞洪区一、二维耦合模型,通过计算不同典型年洪水的蓄滞洪区分洪能力,得到蓄滞洪区最优运用方案。研究结果可为制定科学、合理、可行的蓄滞洪区启用条件提供技术及理论支撑,保障蓄滞洪区的分洪能力,使防洪效果最大化。

Socio-Economic Implications of Recurrent Flooding on Women Development in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, Niger Delta Area of Nigeria

The main purpose of this study is to identify the socio-economic implications of re-current flooding on women development in southern Ijaw Local Government Area. Generally, flooding may result in socio-economic, ecological and health problems. This study assumes that on flood days the movement of customers and sellers tends to be hindered, thus resulting in the retardation of transactions and the reduction of daily income earned. The study compared the situation of female traders with that of male traders. Both primary and secondary data were used in this study. Primary data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire. A total of 83 questionnaires were randomly distributed to members of four communities, which were selected through stratified random sampling procedures. Also 33 randomly selected women and men respectively, engaged in marketing activities from open and locked-up shops, were sampled to observe the level of their personal income (in Naira), from customers patronage during 3 flood days and 3 non-flood days. Other data and information were obtained through Key Informants Interview (KII), and observations. Hypotheses I and II were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical model. Null hypothesis I (H0), which states that “There is no statistically significant difference in the income earned by men and women traders from marketing activities on flood days and non-flood days in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State”, is accepted (F-value: 3.8723939, P-value: 2.494E-05), whereas null hypothesis II (H0), which states that “There is no statistically significant difference in the income earned by women traders from marketing activities on flood and non-flood days in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State, is rejected (F-value: 2.524902, P-value: 0.030069). Thus while there is no significant difference in the earnings of male and female traders on flood and non-flood days, there are significant differences in sales earning among women traders on those days. Factors affecting trading income on flood and non-flood days include accessibility to business premises by customers, ability of male marketers to afford non-easily flooded business premises;and women traders with limited resources often have less suitably drained premises. Reduced total household income can detrimentally affect food affordability, availability, household nutrition, family health and wellbeing. Recommendations highlighting the roles of communities, government and stakeholders in flood management are proffered.

河北省涿州市“23.7”洪水模拟反演分析及思考

河北涿州“23.7”洪水影响大、损失重。为分析其原因,以及为灾后的恢复重建与今后的防洪治理等提供参考思路,建立了涿州市相关区域二维洪水数值仿真模型,对涿州市“23.7”洪水进行模拟反演及淹没影响对比分析。结果表明:除极端暴雨引发的洪水量级大外,涿州市特殊的地理位置,防洪工程薄弱,蓄滞洪区内建设用地大量增加,是本次洪水影响大、损失重的主要原因。涿州市今后的防洪治理及其蓄滞洪区内的土地开发建设,除参考相关区域的开发经验外,更应加强防洪工程建设、完善洪水防御体系、加强蓄滞洪区的建设与管理,强化洪水风险分析及实时预报预警,提高公众的洪水风险防范意识等。