Evaluation of GSMaP Daily Rainfall Satellite Data for Flood Monitoring: Case Study—Kyushu Japan

In this paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Moving Vector with Kalman filter (GSMaP_MVK) was evaluated and corrected at daily time scales with a spatial resolution of 0.1°;latitude/longitude. The reference data came from thirty-four rain gauges on Kyushu Island, Japan. This study focused on the GSMaP_MVK’s ability to detect heavy rainfall patterns that may lead to flooding. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the GSMaP_MVK data both quantitatively and qualitatively. The statistical analysis included the relative bias (B), the mean error (E), the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (CNS), the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (r). In addition, Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were used to conduct GSMaP_MVK data correction. The results of these analyses indicate that GSMaP_MVK data have lower values than observed data and may be significantly underestimated during heavy rainfall. By applying GAM to bias correction, GSMaP_MVK’s ability to detect heavy rainfall was improved. In addition, GAM for bias correction could effectively be applied for significant underestimates of GSMaP_ MVK (i.e., bias of more than 55%). GAM is a new approach to predict rainfall amount for flood and landslide monitoring of satellite base precipitation, especially in areas where rain gauge data are limited.

Application of MOS-1b/MESSR data to flood monitoring of Dongting Lake

Taking Dongting Lake district as the studying area and utilizing multi-temporal MOS-lb/MESSR data as remote sensing info source, by the combination operation and ratio transform processing and the image, spectrum and histogram comparison of the MESSR image data of all bands for the flood season and dry season with the ER-DAS IMAGINE system, a classification model was established, which can be used to acquire the spatial distributing information of water bodies. Meanwhile a water depth index model was derived and built, and then a model for detecting the depth of water body based on the non-linear recursive analysis was presented. By the overlay analysis of the classification thematic images based on the model for extracting flood information, the flooding area and distributing information were acquired.

Research on Model of Flood Disaster's Monitoring and Its Application Based on DEM

In order to assess the flood damage rapidly and accurately,this paper proposed a practical method of flood disaster monitoring based on meso-scale automatic weather stations rainfall data and 1:5 million high-precision DEM (digital elevation model) data.It can predict roughly areas by the automatic weather station rainfall analysis and processing when the floods happen.Using partitions 'horizontal' approximation methods,the model of DEM flooding disaster's monitoring has been constructed based on 1:5 million high-precision DEM.And the technical methods applied to the analysis of experimental area.The result of flood disaster's monitoring is carried on comparison and the analysis through the verification by CBERS-02B.It finds that the area of floods is very consistent by the model of DEM and CBERS-02B flooding disaster's monitoring.So the method of flood disaster's motoring based on DEM can be real-time,dynamic,and can monitor the flood zone accurately and effectively.It also can provide the decision making department with present and assisting scheme of policy making.

SAR image water extraction using the attention U-net and multi-scale level set method:flood monitoring in South China in 2020 as a test case

Level set method has been extensively used for image segmentation,which is a key technology of water extraction.However,one of the problems of the level-set method is how to find the appropriate initial surface parameters,which will affect the accuracy and speed of level set evolution.Recently,the semantic segmentation based on deep learning has opened the exciting research possibilities.In addition,the Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)has shown a strong feature representation capability.Therefore,in this paper,the CNN method is used to obtain the initial SAR image segmentation map to provide deep a priori information for the zero-level set curve,which only needs to describe the general outline of the water body,rather than the accurate edges.Compared with the traditional circular and rectangular zero-level set initialization method,this method can converge to the edge of the water body faster and more precisely;it will not fall into the local minimum value and be able to obtain accurate segmentation results.The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results of flood disaster monitoring in South China in 2020.

Flood disaster monitoring based on Sentinel-1 data:A case study of Sihu Basin and Huaibei Plain,China

Summer floods occur frequently in many regions of China,affecting economic development and social stability.Remote sensing is a new technique in disaster monitoring.In this study,the Sihu Basin in Hubei Province of China and the Huaibei Plain in Anhui Province of China were selected as the study areas.Thresholds of backscattering coefficients in the decision tree method were calculated with the histogram analysis method,and flood disaster monitoring in the two study areas was conducted with the threshold method using Sentinel-1 satellite images.Through satellite-based flood disaster monitoring,the flooded maps and the areas of expanded water bodies and flooded crops were derived.The satellite-based monitoring maps were derived by comparing the expanded area of images during a flood disaster with that before the disaster.The difference in spatiotemporal distribution of flood disasters in these two regions was analyzed.The results showed that flood disasters in the Sihu Basin occurred frequently in June and July,and flood disasters in the Huaibei Plain mostly occurred in August,with a high interannual vari-ability.Flood disasters in the Sihu Basin were usually widespread,and the affected area was between Changhu and Honghu lakes.The Huaibei Plain was affected by scattered disasters.The annual mean percentages of flooded crop area were 14.91%and 3.74% in the Sihu Basin and Huaibei Plain,respectively.The accuracies of the extracted flooded area in the Sihu Basin in 2016 and 2017 were 96.20% and 95.19%,respectively.

一种可抗TCP Flooding攻击的网络流量监测机制

DDoS攻击是互联网的主要安全威胁之一,而大部分DDoS攻击工具都使用TCP Flooding攻击方式,基于大量研究相关技术的基础上,提出了一种可用于局域网的网络流量监测机制,可以有效的检测出TCP Flooding攻击,解决当前各种网络安全设备在此方面存在的问题.

Spatial Analysis of Flood Vulnerability Levels in Port Harcourt Metropolis Using GIS

The study identified spatial variations in flood vulnerability levels in Port Harcourt metropolis with the use of GIS （geographic information systems）. This study considered four factors and these included landuse types, drainage, residential densities and elevation. The elevation data and drainage data were derived from the topographical map of scale 1：35,000, while the land use types were derived from the imagery of Port Harcourt metropolis downloaded from Google Earth, 2010 version. Both the topographical map and imagery were geo-referenced to geographic coordinates and geographic features were digitized in form of shapefiles using both ArcView GIS 3.3 and ArcGIS 9.2 versions. AHP （analytical hierarchical process） was adopted in this study whereby many flood factors were ranked and overlaid for decision making. The contour data was used to generate the DEM （digital elevation model） through the process called kriging in ArcGIS 9.2. Based on the ranking index, factors considered were reclassified to three levels of vulnerability namely highly vulnerable, moderately vulnerable and lowly vulnerable through ranking method and these reclassified factors were then overlaid using an addition operator. The analysis shows that communities like Eagle Island, Ojimbo, Kidney Island were highly vulnerable to flood while communities like Choba, Ogbogoro, Rumualogu were moderately vulnerable. Communities like Rumuigbo, Rumuodomaya etc. were lowly vulnerable to flood. The highly vulnerable places covered 98.18 km2, moderately vulnerable was 220.46 km2 and lowly vulnerable areas covered 330.77 km2.

A New Material Balance Equation Model for Analyzing Dynamic Performance of C_2 Flooding

Implementing a CO2 flooding scheme successfully requires the capacity to get accurate information of reservoir dynamic performance and fluids injected. Despite some numerical simulation studies, the complicated drive mechanisms and actual reservoir performance have not been fully understood. There is a strong need to develop models from different perspectives to complement current simulators and provide valuable insights into the reservoir performance during CO2 flooding. The aim of this study is to develop a model by using an improved material balance equation （MBE） to analyze quickly the performance of CO2 flooding. After matching the historical field data the proposed model can be used to evaluate, monitor and predict the overall reservoir dynamic performance during CO2 flooding. In order to account accurately for the complex displacement process involving compositional effect and multiphase flow, the PVT properties and flowability of reservoir fluids are incorporated in the model. This study investigates the effects of a number of factors, such as reservoir pressure, the amount of CO2 injected, the CO2 partition ratios in reservoir fluids, the possibility of the existence of a free CO2 gas cap, the proportion of reservoir fluids contacted with CO2, the starting time of CO2 flooding, oil swelling, and oil flowability improvement by mixing with CO2. The model was used to analyze the CO2 flooding project in Weyburn oil field, Saskatchewan, Canada. This study shows that the proposed model is an effective complementary tool to analyze and monitor the overall reservoir performance during CO2 flooding.

A Monitoring Study of the 1998 Rainstorm along the Yangtze River of China by Using TIPEX Data

By using data from the Secondary Tibetan Plateau Science Experiment (TIPEX) in 1998, including enhanced soundings, surface observations, data from captive balloons, remote sensing, and Doppler radar (China and Japan cooperative study of GAME/ Tibet), a monitoring study on the generation and moving track of the cumulus convective systems over the Tibetan Plateau is made, and the relationship between the evolution of cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau and 1998 flooding in China is studied. The results are as follows. 1) Analyzing the image animation and Hovmoller diagram of satellite TBB data shows that the rainstorms for the Yangtze River in the last ten days of July 1998 can be tracked regionally to the Tibetan Plateau. 2) For the period of cloud clusters passing through the Amdo station (18–19 July), monitoring observations by Doppler radar is made. The monitoring of radar echoes shows that the developing, eastward motion, and strengthening of the echoes can be frequently observed in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau. An integrated analysis and tracking of the generation, disappearance, development, and eastward motion of these convective systems by using multiple instruments is very valuable for diagnosing and predicting the influence of the plateau systems on the downstream weather situation. 3) The integrated analysis of space-time cross sections of the enhanced upper air and surface observations from TIPEX during the intensified observation period shows that the frequent development of convective clouds over the Tibetan Plateau is related with the quasi-stationary convergence of surface winds. The dynamic convergence of surface winds, the vertical shear in the upper air, and transportation of water vapor due to increasing humidity over the Tibetan Plateau played an important role in the developing and strengthening of rainstorms over the Yangtze River in 1998. 4) Meso-sale filtration analysis of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the Tibetan Plateau indicates that alternating changes of high and low water vapor distribution over the Tibetan Plateau reveals clearly that the sub-synoptic scale waves exist, whose lifetime is on the order of the hours. The revelation of the eastward motion of mesoscale waves from the Tibetan Plateau indicates that the plateau systems obviously influenced the rainstorms over the Yangtze River valley in 1998.

G-WADI PERSIANN-CCS GeoServer for extreme precipitation event monitoring

The Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing at the University of California, Irvine （CHRS） has been collaborating with UNESCO＇s International Hydrological Program （IHP） to build a facility for forecasting and mitigating hydrological disasters. This collaboration has resulted in the development of the Water and Development Information for Arid Lands-- a Global Network （G-WADI） PERSIANN-CCS GeoServer, a near real-time global precipitation visualization and data service. This GeoServer pro- vides to end-users the tools and precipitation data needed to support operational decision making, research and sound water man- agement. This manuscript introduces and demonstrates the practicality of the G-WADI PERSIANN-CCS GeoServer for monitor- ing extreme precipitation events even over regions where ground measurements are sparse. Two extreme events are analyzed. The first event shows an extreme precipitation event causing widespread flooding in Beijing, China and surrotmding districts on July 21, 2012. The second event shows tropical storm Nock-Ten that occurred in late July of 2011 causing widespread flooding in Thailand. Evaluation of PERSIANN-CCS precipitation over Thailand using a rain gauge network is also conducted and discussed.

网络球型摄像机瞬时视场的单点校正水位连续测量方法

基于网络球型摄像机进行洪水监测成为当今水利建设的热点之一,摄像机需进行旋转、焦距的放大与缩小等操作,才能在多视场进行流速、水位、流量一体化监测。由于摄像机传动装置制造的缺陷,在多视场切换时会出现预置点不能准确复位的问题而产生隙动差,这给从单张影像上解析水位、流速造成较大偏差,因此本文提出一种针对水位测量的隙动差校正方法。首先对预置点的水位尺进行精确标定,得到预置点水位方程参数,并在影像上选取两个特征明显的校正点;然后在连续监测中,将瞬时视场内校正点影像坐标按线性方法校正到预置点视场校正点;最后用预置点水位方程参数计算瞬时视场水位。经现场试验测试,不同瞬时视场校正点的影像坐标最大有8像素隙动差,产生水位误差达5 cm,而经本文方法计算的水位误差约为5 mm,说明本文方法对消减隙动差的影响是显著的。

基于多源时序SAR数据的涿州洪涝淹没动态监测

合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)具有全天时、全天候成像能力,可为大范围洪涝淹没监测提供数据支撑。受SAR影像重访周期等限制,仅利用单一来源的SAR影像数据,难以满足洪灾救援与决策支持对高时效性洪涝淹没动态监测数据的需求。联合多源时序SAR数据进行洪涝淹没动态监测,具有重要的实用价值。然而,不同传感器获取的SAR影像存在较大的时空异质性,难以进行直接比较。此外,以往研究通常利用单像素或局部空间邻域特征提取洪涝淹没范围,忽略了洪涝前后时空非局部特征的使用。为此,该文首先提出了基于后向散射特征的多源SAR数据特征空间对齐方法,然后引入渐进非局部理论提取洪灾前后的差异信息并生成洪涝淹没图,最后对时间序列洪涝淹没图进行逻辑运算得到洪涝淹没动态监测结果。该研究以2023年8月涿州市洪涝灾害为例,利用Sentinel-1、高分三号(GF-3)和涪城一号获取的5幅多源SAR数据,对该文方法进行了实验验证。结果表明:①与7种常用的洪涝监测方法相比,该文方法具有最优的性能,在验证集Ⅰ上Kappa系数和F1分数分别为0.85和0.88;②根据涿州洪涝淹没动态监测结果显示,主城区洪水至8月3日基本退去,之后水位逐渐下降,淹没区向下游白沟河方向转移。

北斗导航卫星系统在水利行业的应用与展望

北斗导航卫星系统是我国重要的时空基础设施,建设以来已经广泛应用于社会经济多个领域。智慧水利是新阶段水利高质量发展的最显著标志和6条实施路径之一,北斗导航卫星系统为智慧水利提供了强大的技术支撑,为数字孪生水利建设提供了重要的时空基准和高精度的位置及通信服务。从北斗导航卫星系统的功能视角,选择水利工程变形监测、水利巡检、水文监测数据传输等典型应用场景,分析了北斗导航卫星系统的应用现状;同时,还讨论了北斗遥感技术在水位监测、土壤水分反演和大气水汽反演等方面的应用情况;最后,展望了北斗系统在水利领域的发展趋势,指出其应用场景和领域将持续拓展、应用规模将不断增长,以及与新技术融合应用将不断增强,随着北斗导航卫星系统技术的持续创新和应用范围的进一步扩大,北斗导航卫星系统在未来水利行业中将发挥越来越重要的作用,它将成为加快水利新质生产力、推动水利高质量发展的重要推力。

湖南团洲垸堤防溃口险情应对关键技术

2024年7月5日,湖南省洞庭湖团洲垸一线堤防发生溃口,宽度迅速发展至226 m,溃堤洪水涌入团洲垸,淹没范围约47 km^(2),蓄洪量约2.21亿m^(3)。为支撑团洲垸溃口封堵、钱团间堤防守、第三道防线建设、抽排方案制定等应对工作,水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程技术研究中心(水旱灾害防御中心)基于洪水风险图成果、多源遥感监测数据、无人机监测成果、AIV技术、数字孪生技术等,根据团洲垸堤防险情应对工作实践,提出了基于遥感监测和水动力模型相互补充的堤防溃口险情应对支撑技术体系,构建了团洲垸、钱粮湖垸、大通湖垸整体精细化的二维水动力模型,开展了团洲垸溃决洪水淹没全过程推演分析,并依托自主研发的水利遥感应急监测系统平台,监测了团洲垸溃口发展过程,估算了溃口处流速,相关成果为水利部、湖南省水利厅等单位应急决策提供了科学依据。

堤防光纤感知系统建立与汛期应急监控

汛期堤防安全关系到人民的生命和财产安危与社会稳定,而不断提高汛期堤防应急监控水平是减轻洪涝灾害的必然途径。本文对现有堤防的相关监测技术进行了评述,在此基础上,结合作者20余年在地质与岩土工程光纤监测理论研究、技术研发和堤防监控应用实践,梳理了汛期堤防的应急光纤监控内容;介绍了基于3Ds的分布式光纤感测技术的堤防监控原理与最新进展;构建了汛期堤防应急光纤感知系统;重点介绍了汛期堤防水位、渗流、侵蚀和形变等分布式光纤监控技术,并指出了今后的研发方向和目标,以期为我国的汛期堤防应急防控提供一个新的监控思路与技术手段。

多源遥感技术在洪水监测中的应用研究

洪水的暴发,常常会导致耕地淹没、居民地摧毁、人员伤亡等损失,严重威胁社会经济的稳步发展。准确且快速获取洪水水体面积、水深、水量等信息,能够帮助决策者及时掌握洪水发展情况,科学制定防洪调度方案,有效降低洪水造成的损失。卫星遥感、无人机航测等非接触式监测技术具有远距离、大范围、长时序监测的优势,在各类灾害应急中具有重要的应用价值。本文通过对各卫星平台的关键性技术指标进行分析研究,结合洪涝灾害特点,建立天空地协同的洪水遥感监测指标体系,同时利用多源遥感卫星数据,以“21·7”河南省郑州市特大洪水为研究对象,对洪水淹没面积、洪水水深和水量进行精准、快速计算与提取,建立健全的洪涝灾害应急体系。

2023年北京市某区洪涝灾害后农村自备井微生物污染应急监测分析

目的了解北京市某区23·7洪涝灾害后农村自备井微生物污染情况,落实“快”“准”针对性防制措施,确保饮用水卫生安全。方法洪涝灾害发生后立即对19个乡镇街道的226个村存在供水能力的247口农村自备井饮用水进行应急普查。经过恢复重建,随机抽样选取45口自备井抽查。本文采用描述性流行病学方法对与介水疾病密切相关的总大肠菌群和大肠埃希菌两种致病微生物指示指标的监测结果进行分析。结果应急监测结果显示,247口农村自备井总大肠菌群和大肠埃希菌两种致病微生物指示指标综合评价超标率达68.42%,超标率分别为67.21%和35.22%。重度、中度和轻度受灾地区自备井两种致病微生物指示指标超标率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.781,P=0.677)。根据定量分析,严重受灾地区末梢水总大肠菌群检出情况最严重,最大概率数(MPN)中位数(M)和四分位数(P_(25),P_(75))为62.85(1.00,200.50)/100 mL,大肠埃希菌MPN M(P_(25),P_(75))为1.00(0.00,5.85)/100 mL。不同受灾地区末梢水总大肠菌群(Kruskal-Wallis检验,H=7.892,P=0.019)和大肠埃希菌(Kruskal-Wallis检验,H=6.023,P=0.049)指标检测量差异有统计学意义。经两两比较,主要是重度和轻度地区末梢水(总大肠菌群调整后,P=0.015,大肠埃希菌调整后P=0.045)污染情况比较,差异有统计学意义。恢复重建后,抽样监测自备井超标3口(6.67%),均位于严重受灾地区;出厂水和末梢水均超标3件,为总大肠菌群超标,大肠埃希菌合格。恢复重建后较应急监测合格率明显上升,应急处置前后自备井(χ^(2)=59.968,P<0.001)、出厂水(χ^(2)=37.257,P<0.001)和末梢水(χ^(2)=40.008,P<0.001)两种致病微生物指示指标综合评价超标率差异均有统计学意义。结论“23·7”暴雨历时长、总量达、强度高,导致重度、中度、轻度三类不同受灾地区均出现不同程度普遍性的生物污染;其中重度受灾地区污染程度更重;落实各项干预措施后效果显著,水质合格率大幅度提升。应急监测有助于对其他地区灾后自备井饮用水管理工作提供参考。

降雨监测与预报技术在防洪减灾中的应用进展

洪水灾害突发性强,成灾速度快,对人民生命和财产安全造成较大的威胁。降雨作为洪水灾害致灾因子,数据的精确度对防洪减灾具有重要意义。以降雨监测与预报技术为切入点,对雨量站点观测、天气雷达降雨估计及预报、降雨数值预报、卫星遥感反演的现状进行了总结,通过分析时空降尺度方法及多源数据融合技术在降雨监测与预报中的应用,揭示了其在提升降雨数据“量”与“型”准确度方面的效果。研究表明:降雨监测与预报技术在当前取得了显著进展,但在山丘区和城市环境空间的复杂地形方面仍面临分辨率受到限制及精确性、时效性不足的问题。多源数据融合能提高降雨数据精度、时空覆盖能力和预测准确性,优化算法模型、融合“空-天-地”多源数据形成高分辨率预报是未来的研究方向。

基于CiteSpace的洪涝灾害遥感监测评估研究进展

卫星遥感技术由于具有覆盖范围广、周期短、时效性强等优势,在洪涝灾害风险分析、损失评估以及灾后恢复与重建等方面发挥了巨大作用,受到国内外学者的广泛关注与研究。为深入了解当前洪涝灾害遥感监测评估研究热点及变化趋势,对2001~2021年国内外该领域相关文献进行定量分析与归纳总结。利用CiteSpace等可视化分析工具,从发文量、作者、主要发文机构及研究热点关键词等多方面,对洪涝灾害遥感监测与评估研究的特征与趋势进行分析。结果表明:(1)遥感技术应用于洪涝灾害监测评估研究的成果数量随时间变化呈增加趋势,外文文献数量上升态势明显高于中文文献数量;2018年以后国内学者在外文期刊论文发表数已超过中文期刊论文发表数。(2)在洪涝灾害遥感监测评估研究领域,中国学者发文量占全球总发文量的17.72%,中国科学院以54篇占据研究机构发文数量首位;中国学者国际合作比率为31.9%,国际合作积极性高,但学术影响力及国际合作比例还有提升空间。(3)欧美及南亚等国家和地区学者的研究成果得到较高关注,高被引论文主题从风险分析与评估逐步向机器学习、城市洪涝等内容转变。(4)地表分类、水体提取、动态监测、风险评估等主题是国内外学者长期关注的重点研究内容,城市洪涝、承洪韧性、机器学习等正成为洪涝灾害遥感监测领域新的研究热点。基于云计算的机器学习与深度学习技术发展将会给洪涝灾害遥感监测、评估与风险分析带来新机遇。

径流与涌潮对钱塘江尖山潮滩演变的影响分析

潮滩湿地具有生态系统服务、海岸防护等重要功能,认识其在涌潮与径流作用下的潮滩演变特征,对保护钱塘江涌潮区域湿地至关重要。基于钱塘江尖山潮滩151张地形及径流、水位、泥沙和遥感数据,探究潮滩演变特征与驱动机制。结果表明:(1)尖山潮滩呈动态平衡,在观测区,枯季淤积速率为0.01 m/d,坡度降至1‰后稳定;洪季崩岸速率达3 m/d,崩退宽度达113 m,但洪季后以0.05 m/d的速率恢复。(2)洪季潮滩处的涌潮略强于枯季,洪水促进河势分汊,而涌潮主要通过南汊输沙,减少了北汊潮滩处泥沙输送。(3)钱塘江流量是控制潮滩年内季节性冲淤变化的关键因素,潮滩变化速率与流量、初始高程及潮差呈多元线性关系。(4)洪水改变河势,潮滩泥沙供应减少,含径流的退潮流冲刷增强使其崩岸退缩,但当水流冲刷减小、涌潮与涨潮流输沙占优时,潮滩迅速淤积。