Statistical Transformation Indicators of Short-Term to Long-Term Using Flood Regional Coefficients (Case Study: East Azarbaijan Province, Iran)

Changing contexts in a long-term and short-term perspective should be managed within an integrated risk management framework that accounts for both temporary management strategies and permanent preventive measures to reduce the impact of natural hazard processes. In this study, statistical transformation indicators of short-term (20 year) to long-term (30 year) used flood regional coefficients. After the tests of data validation and the reconstruction of missing and outlier data, the data of 18 hydrometric stations were completed for 30 years (1985 to 2014). In the next phase, the return period values were prepared for 20-year and 30-year statistical periods (1985 to 2004 and 1985 to 2014) using the HYFA software. Thus the 20-year to 30-year ratio for various return period discharges obtained and these dimensionless values were plotted for the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years, also fitted the logarithmic trend line and the values of coefficients of the relationship were obtained. The statistics including average, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), skewness coefficient (CS) and Kurtosis coefficient (CK) were calculated for 20-year data period for each station and we identified the statistics as independent parameters and the coefficients of A and B as dependent parameter, thus analyzed using linear multivariate regression, and regional factors were obtained. In the hydrometric station with 17-027 code, the discharge using the regional factors was calculated and compared with the discharge values of 30 years data. The results showed that there is little difference between the observed and estimated values from regional factors thus this method can be used in projects that require at least 30 years of data.

Dryness-wetness change and regional differentiation of flood-drought disasters in Guangdong during 1480-1940AD

Based on the historical records of the drought and flood disasters during 1480-1940AD, this paper reconstructs the sequences of wetness index （WI） and drought and flood disasters. We find a good identical relationship between the fluctuation of WI sequence and the δ^18O record of the GISP2 ice core in Greenland, which shows an apparent monsoonal disposal pattern of moisture and temperature. By applying the Morlet Wavelet Transform Method to deal with the data, several apparent periodicities, such as 7-8a, 11-15a, 20-23a and ca 50a, are revealed, among which some can be attributed to the solar forcing. Based on results of Cluster Analysis of dry-wet changes, we resume the regional differentiation pattern of flood-drought disasters all over Guangdong during different climatic intervals in the LIA and, find the western and northern parts of Guangdong have undergone drastic changes in drought-flood regional differentiation, but the eastern part is relatively stable, and the area of the Pearl River Delta shows stable condition of more flood disasters.

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF PERSISTENT DROUGHT/FLOOD EVENTS IN SUMMER OVER THE TWO-LAKE REGION OF CHINA

Based on the daily regional mean rainfall,the Z-index method is used to identify persistent flood and drought events lasting for at least 10 days over a region where Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake sit(referred to as the"two-lake region"hereafter).The National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis data are then utilized to perform a preliminary diagnostic analysis on these events.The results indicate that the composite standardized geopotential height at 500 hPa presents two different meridional wave trains from north to south over the East Asian-Pacific region,i.e.,a"-+-"pattern for the droughts and a"+-+"pattern for the floods,respectively.The developing,maintaining and decaying phases in the drought and flood events are closely related to the intensity and location of a subtropical high and an extra-tropical blocking high.It is shown that the East Asian summer monsoon is strong(weak)with the occurrence of persistent drought(flood)events.Droughts(floods)are accompanied by a weak(strong)tropical convergent system and a strong(weak)subtropical convergent system.Furthermore,the persistent drought(flood)events are associated with a divergence(convergence)of vertically integrated water vapor flux.In the vertical profile of water vapor flux,divergence(convergence)in the mid-and lower-levels and convergence(divergence)in the higher levels are evident in the droughts(floods).Both the divergence in the droughts and the convergence in floods are strongest at 850 hPa.

Farmers＇ vulnerability to flood risk： A case study in the Poyang Lake Region

This paper quantitatively explores farmers＇ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region （PLR） with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and characteristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model （DEM） derived from the 1：50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are： rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices （as GIS data layers） were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coefficient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers＇ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the ＂five rivers＂.

Accounting for the Effects of Climate Variability in Regional Flood Frequency Estimates in Western Nigeria

Extreme flood events are becoming more frequent and intense in recent times, owing to climate change and other anthropogenic factors. Nigeria, the case-study for this research experiences recurrent flooding, with the most disastrous being the 2012 flood event that resulted in unprecedented damage to infrastructure, displacement of people, socio-economic disruption, and loss of lives. To mitigate and minimize the impact of such floods now and in the future, effective planning is required, underpinned by analytics based on reliable data and information. Such data are seldom available in many developing regions, owing to financial, technical, and organizational drawbacks that result in short-length and inadequate historical data that are prone to uncertainties if directly applied for flood frequency estimation. This study applies regional Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) to curtail deficiencies in historical data, by agglomerating data from various sites with similar hydro-geomorphological characteristics and is governed by a similar probability distribution, differing only by an “index-flood”;as well as accounting for climate variability effect. Data from 17 gauging stations within the Ogun-Osun River Basin in Western Nigeria were analysed, resulting in the delineation of 3 sub-regions, of which 2 were homogeneous and 1 heterogeneous. The Generalized Logistic distribution was fitted to the annual maximum flood series for the 2 homogeneous regions to estimate flood magnitudes and the probability of occurrence while accounting for climate variability. The influence of climate variability on flood estimates in the region was linked to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) climate indices and resulted in increased flood magnitude for regional and direct flood frequency estimates varying from 0% - 35% and demonstrate that multi-decadal changes in atmospheric conditions influence both small and large floods. The results reveal the value of considering climate variability for flood frequency analysis, especially when non-stationarity is established by homogeneity analysis.

Regional Climate Index for Floods and Droughts Using Canadian Climate Model (CGCM3.1)

The impacts of climate change on the discharge regimes in New Brunswick (Canada) were analyzed, using artificial neural network models. Future climate data were extracted from the Canadian Coupled General Climate Model (CGCM3.1) under the greenhouse gas emission scenarios B1 and A2 defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The climate change fields (temperatures and precipitation) were downscaled using the delta change approach. Using the artificial neural network, future river discharge was predicted for selected hydrometric stations. Then, a frequency analysis was carried out using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution function, where the parameters of the distribution were estimated using L-moments method. Depending on the scenario and the time slice used, the increase in low return floods was about 30% and about 15% for higher return floods. Low flows showed increases of about 10% for low return droughts and about 20% for higher return droughts. An important part of the design process using frequency analysis is the estimation of future change in floods or droughts under climate scenarios at a given site and for specific return periods. This was carried out through the development of Regional Climate Index (RCI), linking future floods and droughts to their frequencies under climate scenarios B1 and A2.

Regionalization and the Method for Risk Grading for Flash Flood Disaster in Tibet Region

Flash flood is one of the major meteorological disasters on the Tibet Plateau (TP). Flash flood risk regionalization based on the theory of flash flood occurrence risk is the essential basis for relative risk management. The flash flood risk regionalization and the high-resolution grid mountain flood risk level in TP is carried out by using ArcGIS with the indicators of rainfall, days of heavy rain, vegetation cover, slope, relative elevation difference, river network density, population density, average GDP and traffic density. The areas with high mountain flood risk are mainly located in the middle and downstream of Yarlung, the Nujiang River Valley, the Jinsha River and Lancang River Basin. Besides, the results of flash flood disaster risk regionalization were tested by using historical flash flood disaster data and calamity census data. The disasters occurred in high-risk and sub-high-risk regions are accounted for 73%. Flash floods that cause casualties and economic losses of more than 100,000 CNY (Chinese Yuan) occurred in high-risk areas. Flash flood risk assessment may provide reference for the prevention and control of geological disasters in TP, improve disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities, reduce the hazards of flash floods to social development.

IMPACT OF FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE ON FLOOD AND WATER LOGGING DISASTERS IN LIXIAHE REGION

Lixiahe region is one of the susceptible area to flood and waterlogging disasters in China due to its low topographic relief and having difficulty in draining floodwater away.The condition will be more serious if sea level rises in the future.The estimated results by some scientists indicate that the sea level could rise probably 20-100 cm by 2050.However,what the effect will future sea level rise exerts on flood drainage and on flood or waterlogging disasters? A hydrological system model has been developed to study the problem in the lower reaches of the Sheyang River basin.Predicted results from the model show that,if sea level rises,drainage capacity of each drainage river will decrease obviously,and the water level will also rise.From the change of drainage capacity of drainage rivers the trends of flood and waterlogging disasters are analyzed in the paper if the severe flood that happened in the past meets with future sea level rise.Some countermeasures for disaster reduction and prevention against sea-level rise are put forward.

A Regional Climate Model Simulation of Summer Monsoon over East Asia:A Case Study of 1991 Flood in Yangtzee-Huai River Valley

The evolution of summer monsoon over East Asia is the result of multi-scale interactions, including the large-scale subtropical high, upper level jet and regional-scale Meiyu front, vortex, and thermal heating. Regional Climate Models should be a better way to simulate the summer monsoon evolution, because not only they can reflect the large-scale forcing through boundary condition, theirs high resolution can also catch regional-scale forcing in detail. To evaluate the ability of SUNYA-ReCM to simulate the evolution of the summer monsoon over East Asia especially in the extreme climate, a simulation of the East Asian flood that occurred during 1991 summer was performed. This simulation was driven by large-scale atmospheric background derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Tropic Ocean Global Atmospheric (TOGA) analysis. The model is capable of reproducing the major features of the monthly mean monsoon circulation, anomalous rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Valley and the two northward jumps of rainfall belt as well as the other large-scale components of the monsoon. The changes of the large-scale circulation during the evolution of summer monsoon are also well simulated, which include: (1) the wind direction changes from southeasterly to southwesterly in the South China Sea. (2) The northward shift of the upper westerly over East China and the Tibetan Plateau. (3) The northward shift of the western Pacific subtropic high at 500 hPa. The model also has a good simulation on the evolution of the regional-scale components of the monsoon, including Meiyu front and southwest (SW) vortex in Sichuan Basin.

ANALYSIS ON EFFECT OF SOUTH ASIA HIGH ON MID-SUMMER EXTREME DROUGHT AND FLOOD IN SICHUAN-CHONGQING REGION

NCEP/NCAR data are utilized to analyze an extreme flood year(1998) and an extreme dry year(2006) in the Sichuan-Chongqing region(SCR) and the results are as follows. The positive divergence of South Asia High(SAH) is stronger in the flood year; the position of the ridge line of SAH is southward compared with the annual average; Western Pacific Subtropical High(WPSH) extends westward and its ridge line is southward. In the drought year, the positive divergence of SAH is weaker, its ridge line is northward, and the position of WPSH is also northward. As shown in the dynamics, in drought(flood) years, negative(positive) vorticity advection in the upper atmosphere can cause the atmosphere to ascend(descend), and anomalous circulation of SAH displays divergence(convergence), and anomalous circulation of the lower atmosphere shows convergence(divergence). Thermal structure of the atmosphere shows that there is warm(cold) temperature advection in the lower atmosphere, and the vertical distribution of diabetic heating causes SAH's local circulation to display convergence(divergence) and affects vertical motion of the lower atmosphere circulation eventually. To some extent, the two extreme years in the SCR is closely related to the vertical motion of atmosphere circulation and the variation of such vertical motion is caused by differences of interactions between SAH and lower atmosphere circulations.

基于GIS和FloodArea水动力模型的重庆市山洪灾害风险区划

[目的]开展重庆市山洪灾害风险评估与区划,为该地区山洪防灾减灾提供相应参考。[方法]依据自然灾害风险评估理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露性、防灾减灾能力4个方面选取指标,构建重庆市山洪灾害风险评估模型。结合相关气象、生态和社会经济数据,运用GIS空间数据分析完成重庆市山洪灾害风险区划。[结果]重庆市山洪灾害致灾因子危险性在合川和江津大部地区为高风险区,孕灾环境高脆弱区主要位于长江、嘉陵江沿江河谷地带,承灾体暴露性在重庆市主城区、南川、武隆、涪陵、城口为高暴露区,重庆东北部和东南部大部地区为低防灾减灾能力区。[结论]总体评估而言,重庆市山洪灾害风险的高风险区主要位于重庆东北部的巫溪、东南部的酉阳和彭水、西南部的江津和西北部的合川。

基于Mike Flood模型的丘陵地区叉网式河流洪水风险分析

针对丘陵地区叉网式河流洪水因地形地势复杂和民房散乱等因素引起的控制管理难度较大且居民生命财产安全易受到威胁等问题,以江西省修河郭家滩至安坪港段为研究对象,基于Mike Flood模型将Mike11一维河道模型和Mike21二维洪泛区模型进行动态耦合,对实际洪水在研究区的演进过程进行数值仿真模拟,以及计算出不同频率设计洪水条件下研究区行洪过程和淹没范围,分析可能受灾地区的淹没程度及数种风险要素。结果表明:文中所建模型较好地模拟丘陵地区叉网式河流在5种不同频率下的洪水演进过程,有效预测了相应频率降雨下洪水的淹没范围及流态等情况,可为丘陵地区的洪水风险预报和紧急避洪转移工作提供决策依据和技术支撑。

MIKE FLOOD耦合模型在杭嘉湖流域嘉兴地区洪水风险图编制工作中的应用

中国是世界上受洪涝灾害影响最为严重的国家之一,随着社会经济的快速发展,洪灾损失也越来越严重。我国正将防洪策略从洪水控制向洪水管理进行转变。洪水管理需要进行洪水风险分析,数值模拟则是洪水风险分析的一个重要手段。依托全国洪水风险图编制试点项目(二期)工作,以浙江嘉兴地区为研究对象,运用MIKE11软件建立该区域一维河网模型,模拟河道水位变化情况。再运用MIKE 21软件建立该区域二维模型,模拟暴雨情况下的洪水演进过程。最后运用MIKE FLOOD耦合模型,模拟河道溃堤洪水在区域内的演进情况,分析洪水风险,为嘉兴地区洪水风险图编制工作提供技术支撑。

基于FloodArea模型的新疆尼勒克县暴雨山洪临界雨量的确定

[目的]对尼勒克县科蒙乡吉林台苏河流域2016年6月17日发生的特大山洪过程进行模拟并结合实地考察淹没水深对模拟结果进行验证,进而确定其山洪致灾临界雨量。[方法]以新疆尼勒克县典型山洪沟为研究对象,基于FloodArea淹没模型,利用流域内气象站降水资料、高程数据及相关基础地理信息数据,选取山洪预警点并分析预警点处不同累计时效的面雨量与模拟洪水过程线的相关关系。[结果]该流域洪水的淹没水深与对应累计9h面雨量相关性最高,确定了预警点处累计9h的4级风险等级对应的致灾临界值分别为12.80mm(4级),25.78mm(3级),45.24mm(2级),64.71mm(1级)。[结论]淹没模型FloodArea能够较为准确地模拟出研究区暴雨山洪个例淹没过程,根据其模拟结果能够反演出不同风险等级条件下该流域的山洪致灾临界面雨量。

Use of GIS and Remote Sensing Technology as a Decision Support Tool in Flood Disaster Management: The Case of Southeast Louisiana, USA

The primary objective of this paper was to identify flood-prone areas in Southeast of Louisiana to help decision-makers to develop appropriate adaptation strategies and flood prediction, and mitigation of the effects on the community. In doing so, the paper uses satellite remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) data for this purpose. Elevation data was obtained from the National Elevation Dataset (NED) produced by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) seamless data warehouse. Satellite data was also acquired from USGS Earth explorer website. Topographical information on runoff characteristics such as slope, aspect and the digital elevation model was generated. Grid interpolation TIN (triangulated irregular network) was carried from the digital elevation model (DEM) to create slope map. Image Drape was performed using ERDAS IMAGINE Virtual GIS. The output image was then draped over the NED elevation data for visualization purposes with vertical exaggeration of 16 feet. Results of the study revealed that majority of the study area lies in low-lying and very low-lying terrain below sea level. Policy recommendation in the form of the need to design and build a comprehensive Regional Information Systems (RIS) in the form of periodic inventorying, monitoring and evaluation with full support of the governments was made for the study area.

Increasing Flash Floods in a Drying Climate over Southwest China

In a globally warming world, subtropical regions are generally expected to become drier while the tropics and mid-high latitudes become wetter. In line with this, Southwest China, close to 25°N, is expected to become increasingly prone to drought if annual mean precipitation decreases. However, despite this trend, changes in the temporal distribution of moisture supply might actually result in increased extreme rainfall in the region, whose climate is characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons. Using hourly and daily gauge observations, rainfall intensity changes since 1971 are exalnined for a network of 142 locations in the region. From the analysis, dry season changes are negligible but wet season changes exhibit a significantly strong downward trend [-2.4% （10 yr）^-1], particularly during the past 15 years [-17.7% （10 yr）^-1]. However, the intensity of events during the wettest of 5% hours appears to steadily increase during the whole period [1.4% （10 yr）^-1], tying in with government statistical reports of recent droughts and flooding. If the opposing trends are a consequence of a warming climate, it is reasonable to expect the contradictory trend to continue with an enhanced risk of flash flooding in coming decades in the region concerned.

Carbon Isotopic Evolution Characteristics and the Geological Significance of the Permian Carbonate Stratotype Section in the Northern Upper-Yangtze Region, Southern China

The Permian global mass extinction events and the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts in the Upper Yangtze region should display certain responses during the evolution of carbon isotope. In this paper, the Permian carbon isotopic evolution in the Upper Yangtze region is examined through systematic stratotype section sampling and determination of 13 C in the northern Upper-Yangtze regions and Southern China. Additionally, the carbon isotopic evolution response characteristics of the geological events in the region are evaluated, comparing the sea-level changes in the Upper Yangtze region and the global sea-level change curves. Results of this study indicated that the carbon isotopic curves of the Permian in the Upper Yangtze region are characterized by higher background carbonisotope baseline values, with three distinct negative excursions, which are located at the Middle–Late Permian boundary and the late period and end of the Late Permian. The three distinct negative excursions provide an insightful record of the global Permian mass extinction events and the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts in the Upper Yangtze region. The first negative excursion at the Middle–Late Permian boundary reflected the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts, a decrease in sea level, and biological extinction events of different genera in varying degrees. The second negative excursion in the Late Permian included a decrease in sea level and large-scale biological replacement events. The third negative excursion of the carbon isotope at the end of the Permian corresponded unusually to a rise rather than a decrease in sea level, and it revealed the largest biological mass extinction event in history.

Flash Flood Risk Assessment Using Morphological Parameters in Sinai Peninsula

Flash floods are considered to be one of the worst weather-related natural disasters. They are sudden and highly unpredictable following brief spells of heavy rain. Egypt is subjected to flash floods, especially the eastern desert and Sinai Peninsula where floods from the mountains of Red Sea and Sinai are causing heavy damage to man-made features. This manuscript presents the methodology adopted to generate a weighted risk map for main watersheds located in Sinai according to main morphological parameters. Using digital elevation model (DEM) implemented into a Geographic Information System (GIS) the Sinai watersheds were delineated and morphological parameters calculated. The parameters where then used in a multi criteria analysis process to calculate a morphological risk factor. The resulted risk maps of this study can help initiating appropriate measures to mitigate the probable hazards in the area with prioritization.

ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES AND WATERENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE CONTIGUOUSREGION OF JIANGSU,SHANGDONG,HENANAND ANHUI PROVINCES

Owing to intensive human activities and the floods of the Huaihe River in historic peiod, the contiguous region of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui provinces is suffering from a variety of environmental problems and naturaldisasters, of which water pollution and drought-flood disasters are most observable. Considering the special location andenvironmental status of the contiguous region, advices are proposed in the paper: perfecting trans-regional managementssystem of water environment incorporating basin management agencies in local government activities; strengthening cooperation of two agencies: water conservancy agency and environment protection agency; enhancing integrated control ofwater pollution and flood-drought disasters; taking the interests of the whole river into acount and paying attention to bothstorage and drainage; broadening sources of water supply and inceasing water delivery; controlling pollutant discharge,developing water saving production system.

1600-1900年渭南地区洪涝灾害多尺度时序特征及对降水的响应

目的 研究1600-1900年渭南地区洪涝灾害的多尺度时序特征及其对降水的响应,为认识该区洪涝灾害的发生机制和历史时期气候变化规律提供理论依据。方法 基于《中国三千年气象记录总集》等历史文献资料,利用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)和Morlet小波分析等方法。结果 1600-1900年渭南地区的洪涝灾害具有显著的准3 a和6 a的年际,准12 a, 15 a, 28 a和57 a的年代际和准125 a和208 a的百年际周期变化;厄尔尼诺和太平洋年代际振荡可能是导致该区洪涝灾害发生的主要原因;该区洪涝灾害在年际尺度上的方差贡献率(68.34%)大于在年代际和百年尺度上的方差贡献率(24.0%和2.92%),这可能暗含着该地区洪涝灾害的年际振荡信号强于年代际和百年尺度的振荡信号。结论 1600-1900年渭南地区的洪涝灾害存在年际、年代际和百年际尺度变化特征,并与毗邻地区华山和中北地区的降水有着较好的响应。