A dynamic regulation of nitrogen on floret primordia development in wheat

Nitrogen(N)fertilization is critical for spike and floret development,which affects the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,the physiological regulation of the floret development process by N fertilization is largely unknown.A high temporal-resolution investigation of floret primordia number and morphology,dry matter,and N availability was conducted under three N fertilization levels:0(N0),120(N1)and 240(N2)kg ha^(−1).Interestingly,fertile florets at anthesis stage were determined by those floret primordia with meiotic ability at booting stage:meiotic ability was a threshold that predicted whether a floret primordium became fertile or abortive florets.Because the developmental rate of the 4th floret primordium in the central spikelet was accelerated and then they acquired meiotic ability,the NFFs increased gradually as N application increased,but the increase range decreased under N2.There were no differences in spike N concentration among treatments,but leaf N concentration was increased in the N1 and N2 treatments.Correspondingly,dry matter accumulation and N content of the leaf and spike in the N1 and N2 treatments was increased as compared to N0.Clearly,optimal N fertilization increased leaf N availability and transport of assimilates to spikes,and allowed more floret primordia to acquire meiotic ability and become fertile florets,finally increasing NFFs.There was no difference in leaf N concentration between N1 and N2 treatment,whereas soil N concentration at 0–60 cm soil layers was higher in N2 than in N1 treatment,implying that there was still some N fertilization that remained unused.Therefore,improving the leaf’s ability to further use N fertilizer is vital for greater NFFs.

Differences between two wheat genotypes in the development of floret primordia and contents of pigments and hormones

Promoting more floret primordia within a spike to acquire fertile potential during the differentiation and pre-dimorphism phases is critical for increasing the number of fertile florets per spike(NFFs).However,it is yet unknown the physiological mechanism regulating the complex and dynamic process.This study aimed to clarify how intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates coordinate with each other to regulate spike morphology and then floret primordia development.A two-year field experiment was conducted with two winter wheat genotypes:N50(big-spike with greater NFFs)and SM22(mediumspike with fewer NFFs).We monitored high temporal and spatial-resolution changes in the number and morphology of floret primordia within a spike,as well as in intra-spike hormones,pigments,and assimilates.Our results revealed that the big-spike genotype had more NFFs than the medium-spike genotype,not only because they had more spikelets,but also because they had greater NFFs mainly at central spikelets.More floret primordia at central spikelets had sufficient time to develop and acquire fertile potential during the differentiation phase(167-176 d after sowing,DAS)and the pre-dimorphism phase(179 DAS)for the big-spike genotype than the medium-spike genotype.Floret primordia with fertile morphology during the pre-dimorphism phase always developed into fertile florets during the dimorphism phase.Those early-developed floret primordia most proximal and intermediate to the rachis in the big-spike genotype developed faster than the medium-spike genotype.Correspondingly,the spike dry matter and pigments(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotene,and carotenoids)content during 170-182 DAS,auxin(IAA)and cytokinin(CTK)content on 167 DAS were significantly higher in the big-spike genotype than in the medium-spike genotype,while jasmonic acid(JA)content was significantly lower in the big-spike genotype compared to the medium-spike genotype during 167-182 DAS.Since the significant differences in intra-spike hormone content of the two genotypes appear earlier than those in dry matter and pigments,we propose a possible model that helped the N50 genotype(big-spike)to form more fertile florets,taking the intra-spike hormone content as a signaling molecule induced assimilates and pigments synthesis,which accelerated the development of more floret primordia during the differentiation phase and then acquired fertile potential during the pre-dimorphism phase,finally improved the NFFs.Our high temporal and spatial-resolution analysis provides an accurate time window for precision cultivation and effective physiological breeding to improve the number of fertile florets in wheat.

Changes in Levels of Endogenous Plant Hormones During Floret Development in Wheat Genotypes of Different Spike Sizes

The levels of endogenous plant hormones regulate floret development and degeneration, and thus grain set in flower crops. This study was undertaken to characterize the changes of endogenous hormone levels during floret development in three wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes: “97J1' with the highest grain set and fertile florets per spike, “H8679' with the lowest grain set and fertile florets per spike, and a medium, “YM158'. The results showed that the peak level of ABA appeared between stamen and pistil differentiation and antherlobe formation of floret development, and the timing delayed with the size of spike (earliest in “H8679” and latest in “97J1”). From antherlobe formation to meiosis, the levels of ABA and GA 1+3 decreased sharply in the ears of “97J1”, while in the ears of “H8679” there was only a slight decrease in ABA, and even an increase in GA 1+3 . The ratio of isopentenyladenosine (iPA)/ABA and IAA/ABA in the ears of “97J1” increased sharply from antherlobe formation to meiosis, but changed only slightly in the ears of “H8679”. At antherlobe formation, IAA and GA 1+3 levels were higher in the ears of “97J1”, but lower in the ears of “H8679” than in the leaves. At meiosis, ABA, GA 1+3 and IAA levels in the “97J1” ears were much lower than in the leaves, but similar in “H8679”. These results indicated that the sharp decreases of ABA and GA 1+3 in ears from antherlobe formation to meiosis and the lowest maintenance at meiosis may be favorable for development of fertile florets and enhancement of grain set in wheat.

Genetic Analysis of Streaked and Abnormal Floret Mutant st-fon

A double mutant with streaked leaf and abnormal floret was found and temporarily named streaked leaf and floral organ number mutant （st-fon）. For this mutant, besides white streak appeared on culm, leaves and panicles, the number of floral organs increased and florets cracked. The extreme phenotype was that several small florets grew from one floret or branch rachis in small florets extended and developed into panicles. By using transmission electron microscope to observe the ultrastructure of white histocytes of leaves at the seedling stage, the white tissues which showed abnormal plastids, lamellas and thylakoids could not develop into normal chloroplast, and the development of chloroplast was blocked at the early growth stage of plastid. Scanning electron microscope and paraffin section were also used to observe the development of floral organs, and the results indicated that the development of floral meristem was out of order and unlimited, whereas in the twisty leaves, vascular bundle sheath cells grew excessively, or some bubbly cells increased. Genetic analyses carried out by means of cross and backcross with four normal-leaf-color materials revealed that the mutant is of cytoplasm inheritance.

Gene mapping and candidate gene analysis of multi-floret spikelet 3(mfs3) in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and a model monocot plant for gene function analysis, so it is an ideal system for studying flower development. This study reports a mutant, named multi-floret spikelet 3(mfs3), which is related to the spikelet development in rice and derived from the ethylmethane sulfonate(EMS)-treated rice cultivar XIDA 1 B. In mfs3, the main body of palea(bop) was degenerated severely and only glume-like marginal regions of palea(mrp) remained, while other floral organs developed normally, indicating that the palea identity was seriously influenced by the mutation. It was also observed that the number of floral organs was increased in some spikelets, including 2 lemmas, 4 mrp, 4 lodicules, 8–10 stamens, and 2 pistils, which meant that the spikelet determinacy was lost to some degree in mfs3. Furthermore, genetic analysis demonstrated that the mfs3 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using 426 F2 mutants derived from the cross between sterile line 56 S and mfs3, the MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET 3(MFS3) gene was mapped between the molecular markers RM19347 and RM19352 on Chr.6, with a physical distance of 106.3 kb. Sequencing of candidate genes revealed that an 83-bp fragment loss and a base substitution occurred in the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene in the mutant, confirming preliminarily that the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene was the MFS3 candidate gene. Subsequent q PCR analysis showed that the mutation caused the down-regulation of Os MADS1 and FON1 genes, and the up-regulation of Os IDS1 and SNB genes, which are all involved in the regulation of spikelet development. The MFS3 mutation also significantly reduced the transcription of the REP gene, which is involved in palea development. These results indicated that the MFS3 gene might be involved in the spikelet meristem determinacy and palea identity by regulating the expression of these related genes.

Effects of Nitrogen Application in Different Wheat Growth Stages on the Floret Development and GrainYield of Winter Wheat

The study was carried out on the effect of nitrogen application in different wheat growth stage on the floret development, the photosynthetic rate, the yield and its components of winter wheat. The result indicated that nitrogen application in the pistil-stamen primordium formation stage and the tetrad formation stage of wheat growth prolonged the duration of floret development, promoted the balance growth of floret and reduced the floret decadence number, thus increased the grain number per spike. Nitrogen application in the middle and in the late stages of wheat development increased the photosynthetic ability of the plant leaves in the later stage, and also lengthened the peak of grain filling stage, thus enhanced the grain weight and yield of wheat significantly.

水稻颖花持续开放突变体sostenuto floret opening(sfo1)的鉴定与基因定位

水稻颖花开放是其生殖发育一个关键生理过程,对受精和随后种子发育具有重要影响。本文报道了一个与水稻颖花开放相关的突变体,来源于籼稻保持系西农1B的EMS(ethyl methane sulfonate)诱变群体。该突变体表现为开颖后浆片失水萎缩过程缓慢,内外稃持续开裂不闭合,暂命名为水稻颖花持续开放sostenuto floret opening 1(sfo1)突变体。遗传分析表明sfo1性状受1对隐性单基因控制,利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA)将SFO1基因定位在第5染色体SSR标记RM1054和IN/DEL标记ZTQ51之间,物理距离113 kb,含注释基因15个。本研究结果为SFO1基因的图位克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。

From the floret to the canopy:High temperature tolerance during flowering

Heat waves induced by climate warming have become common in food-producing regions worldwide,frequently coinciding with high temperature(HT)-sensitive stages of many crops and thus threatening global food security.Understanding the HT sensitivity of reproductive organs is currently of great interest for increasing seed set.The responses of seed set to HT involve multiple processes in both male and female reproductive organs,but we currently lack an integrated and systematic summary of these responses for the world’s three leading food crops(rice,wheat,and maize).In the present work,we define the critical high temperature thresholds for seed set in rice(37.2℃±0.2℃),wheat(27.3℃±0.5℃),and maize(37.9℃±0.4℃)during flowering.We assess the HT sensitivity of these three cereals from the microspore stage to the lag period,including effects of HT on flowering dynamics,floret growth and development,pollination,and fertilization.Our review synthesizes existing knowledge about the effects of HT stress on spikelet opening,anther dehiscence,pollen shedding number,pollen viability,pistil and stigma function,pollen germination on the stigma,and pollen tube elongation.HT-induced spikelet closure and arrest of pollen tube elongation have a catastrophic effect on pollination and fertilization in maize.Rice benefits from pollination under HT stress owing to bottom anther dehiscence and cleistogamy.Cleistogamy and secondary spikelet opening increase the probability of pollination success in wheat under HT stress.However,cereal crops themselves also have protective measures under HT stress.Lower canopy/tissue temperatures compared with air temperatures indicate that cereal crops,especially rice,can partly protect themselves from heat damage.In maize,husk leaves reduce inner ear temperature by about 5℃compared with outer ear temperature,thereby protecting the later phases of pollen tube growth and fertilization processes.These findings have important implications for accurate modeling,optimized crop management,and breeding of new varieties to cope with HT stress in the most important staple crops.

干旱胁迫条件下外源褪黑素提高小麦穗花发育和穗粒数的机理

【目的】探究外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)对水分胁迫下小麦穗花发育及抗氧化能力的调控效应,为采用化控方法有效缓解干旱胁迫对小麦的危害提供技术支撑。【方法】以多穗型品种‘豫麦49-198’和大穗型品种‘周麦22’为试验材料,设置3种土壤含水量处理:田间持水量的70%~80%(W1)、60%~70%(W2)、50%~60%(W3)。在小麦小花退化高峰期前进行叶面喷施100μmol/L外源MT处理,并以清水为对照(CK),自叶面喷施MT 3天起至开花期,每3天取1次样,在EMZ-TR解剖镜下观察小麦主茎幼穗分化进程,记录分化小花数、可孕小花数及小花分化各阶段特征。然后将小麦植株分为茎(茎+叶鞘)、叶、穗三部分,调查干重、含水量、顶展叶片过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及抗氧化相关酶(SOD、POD)活性。【结果】与W1处理相比,W2和W3处理下两品种小麦小花总分化小花数、退化结点小花数、可孕小花数和穗粒数均降低,同时小麦植株含水量下降,顶展叶片H_(2)O_(2)和MDA含量升高。喷施外源MT可以改善两品种小麦小花发育质量,减少小花退化,增加退化结点小花数、可孕小花数,提高结实穗粒数,对品种周麦22的促进效应高于豫麦49-198。外源MT有效降低了小麦顶展叶片H2O2和MDA含量,其中豫麦49-198和周麦22的H2O2降幅分别为6.83%~15.16%、7.60%~17.06%,MDA降幅分别为5.80%~15.31%、6.94%~16.83%;有效提高了两品种顶展叶片SOD和CAT抗氧化酶活性,豫麦49-198和周麦22的SOD活性提升幅度分别为4.25%~13.39%和5.62%~14.49%,CAT活性提升幅度分别为4.86%~15.68%和5.42%~16.50%,对品种周麦22的调控效应高于豫麦49-198。喷施外源MT有效提高了两品种小麦抗氧化能力和抗旱性,进而促进干物质生产和提高穗器官干物质积累量,在喷施处理后第15天时,豫麦49-198和周麦22喷施MT处理的穗器官干物质积累量相比于喷施清水处理分别平均提高6.66%~11.72%和8.06%~12.52%,为小花的生长发育提供了营养物质保障。【结论】在小麦小花退化高峰前喷施外源MT可以有效改善植株水分状况,提高干旱胁迫下小麦叶片的抗氧化能力和叶片质膜的稳定性,近而提升小麦物质生产能力,为小花发育和结实提供充足的营养保障,提高可孕小花数和结实穗粒数。

秸秆覆盖与施磷对旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

中国西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱且速效磷缺乏,是冬小麦生产的主要限制因素。为明确秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南丘陵旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响,以川麦104为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区为玉米秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM),裂区为0、75和120 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)3个施磷水平,比较分析了不同处理下小麦小花分化及结实特性的差异。结果表明,秸秆覆盖与施磷均可提高小麦小花分化数和可孕小花数,且磷素效应大于秸秆覆盖效应。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下最大分化小花数分别增加了17.4%和78.0%,可孕小花数分别增加27.0%和94.1%,小花存活率提高了16.5个百分点。施磷后穗基部可孕小花数和结实粒数增幅较大,穗中部和顶部增幅较小。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下,穗基部可孕小花数均极显著增加,增幅分别为100.0%和127.2%;结实粒数显著增加,增幅分别为186.4%和193.2%。秸秆覆盖后产量较不覆盖提高20.5%;施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)下产量较不施磷分别提高62.5%和78.1%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥可减少小花退化,增加可孕小花数和穗粒数有利于产量形成。

4种入侵性雀麦属种子的形态鉴定

【目的】不实雀麦、硬雀麦、双雄雀麦和旱雀麦因具危害性已被公认为入侵性杂草,其种子(小花)常随进境农产品进入中国,由于外观形态较为接近易引起混肴,需对其进行进一步研究并建立鉴定方法。【方法】使用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对4种雀麦小花的小穗轴、基盘、内稃、外稃等外部结构进行形态学观察和比对。【结果】不实雀麦外稃脉纹呈脊状排列;旱雀麦内稃脊具长毛被,小穗轴疤痕面明显塌陷;硬雀麦小穗轴和基盘疤痕明显拉长等宏观特征可用于种间区别。在微形态方面可通过内外稃冠细胞分布密度进行区别。【结论】结合宏观和微形态特征的鉴定方法可用于4种雀麦属杂草种子的快速识别。

托桂型菊花花型和花色性状遗传规律分析

以一个白色非托桂型小菊为父本,两个红色托桂型小菊为母本,设计两个杂交组合,测定了杂交F1的11个花型性状。遗传分析表明,花径、舌状花长、舌状花宽和管状花数均符合无主基因控制的0MG模型;心花直径、舌状花数、管状花长、管状花宽和最深齿裂长均符合由两个加性-显性-上位性效应的主基因控制的2MG-ADI模型,其中管状花长和最深齿裂长的主基因遗传率均约70%,属于高度遗传力。相关性分析表明,托桂型菊花管状花长、管状花宽和最深齿裂长两两之间呈极显著的正相关。根据舌状花的花色值(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*))将F1聚类为5个不同色系,两个杂交组合舌状花花色的香农-威纳指数(H)分别为1.12和1.23,花色变化丰富。此外,测定了亲本及F1共30个不同花色的托桂型菊花管状花内侧表皮和舌状花上表皮的花色值(L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)),发现两者的L^(*),a^(*),b^(*)值分别呈极显著正相关;对5个色系共10个托桂型菊花做切片观察,发现管状花内侧与舌状花上表皮、管状花外侧与舌状花下表皮的色素种类相同且细胞形态大小相似,因而花色相近。本研究结果为菊花托桂花型性状的基因定位以及优质托桂型菊花品种的培育提供理论依据。

高加索三叶草花蜜腺发育解剖及小花糖分变化研究

【目的】高加索三叶草是优良的蜜源植物,了解其花蜜腺形态特征、组织结构及其发育规律对认识其小花糖分变化规律和合理利用该植物资源具有重要意义。【方法】取5个发育时期的高加索三叶草小花,石蜡切片观察细胞组织结构,毛细管法和生理试剂盒测定花蜜量和糖分含量。【结果】(1)单个小花的花蜜量为(0.394±0.095)μL,每1 m^(2)草地花蜜量为(4536.93±1319.34)μL。(2)蜜腺位于9枚合生雄蕊的花丝内侧基部,为雄蕊蜜腺。蜜腺组织在整个泌蜜过程中淀粉粒分布有明显的动态变化,属于淀粉型蜜腺。(3)可溶性糖含量在盛花期最高,为7.978 mg/g;可溶性糖各组分中果糖占比最大,超过50%,在小花的整个发育过程中呈逐渐下降趋势;淀粉占全糖含量的81%~82%,其中盛花期最高,为35.173 mg/g。【结论】高加索三叶草花蜜腺属于雄蕊蜜腺,由分泌表皮和泌蜜组织构成。原蜜由花托维管束提供,经泌蜜组织加工成蜜汁,后由表皮的气孔泌出。小花的可溶性糖含量在盛花期最高,其中果糖占比最大。

LATERAL FLORET 1 induced the three-florets spikeletin rice

With the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,a study by the research group led by Prof.He Guanghua(何光华)from the Rice Research Institute,Southwest University demonstrates that LATERAL FLORET 1induces the'three-florets spikelet'in rice,which was published in PNAS(2017,114(37):9984-9989).

Raised bed planting promotes grain number per spike in wheat grown after rice by improving spike differentiation and enhancing photosynthetic capacity

The yield of wheat in wheat–rice rotation cropping systems in the Yangtze River Plain, China, is adversely impacted by waterlogging. A raised bed planting(RBP) pattern may reduce waterlogging and increase the wheat yield after rice cultivation by improving the grain number per spike. However, the physiological basis for grain formation under RBP conditions remains poorly understood. The present study was performed over two growing seasons(2018/2019and 2019/2020) to examine the effects of the planting pattern(i.e., RBP and flat planting(FP)) on the floret and grain formation features and leaf photosynthetic source characteristics of wheat. The results indicated that implementation of the RBP pattern improved the soil–plant nitrogen(N) supply during floret development, which facilitated balanced floret development, resulting in a 9.5% increase in the number of fertile florets per spike. Moreover, the RBP pattern delayed wheat leaf senescence and increased the photosynthetic source capacity by 13.9%, which produced more assimilates for grain filling. Delayed leaf senescence was attributed to the resultant high leaf N content and enhanced antioxidant metabolism. Correspondingly, under RBP conditions, 7.6–8.6% more grains per spike were recorded, and the grain yield was ultimately enhanced by 10.4–12.7%. These results demonstrate that the improvement of the spike differentiation process and the enhancement of the leaf photosynthetic capacity were the main reasons for the increased grain number per spike of wheat under the RBP pattern, and additional improvements in this technique should be achievable through further investigation.

不同水分条件下施磷对冬小麦穗花发育及产量的影响

为明确不同水分条件下施磷对冬小麦穗花发育成粒的调控效应,于2020—2022年以重穗型品种周麦16和多穗型品种豫麦49-198为试验材料,设置3种水分处理(重度干旱W0、中度干旱W1、正常水分W2)和2种磷素水平(不施磷肥P0、施磷肥P1),利用解剖镜观察小花发育进程,并测定干物质、可溶性糖含量、氮素含量、磷素含量、产量及其构成因素,研究不同水分条件下施磷对冬小麦可孕小花发育动态、营养物质的吸收与转运及产量的影响。结果表明,干旱影响小花的发育和结实,阻碍了地上部干物质合成及对营养物质的吸收,显著降低了产量。施磷肥可以促进穗花良好发育,有效减少小花的退化和败育,在开花前18d至开花期,施磷促进了两小麦品种穗及营养器官的干物质量和氮磷含量、穗部可溶性糖含量、正常水分下营养器官的可溶性糖含量、以及可溶性糖和磷含量的穗/营养器官比值,而干旱胁迫下营养器官的可溶性糖含量以及氮含量的穗/营养器官比值则呈现相反的趋势。与不施磷肥相比,施磷处理在3种水分条件下穗粒数与产量均显著提高,两品种一致,穗粒数的增幅为7.21%~20.97%(周麦16)和7.56%~21.84%(豫麦49-198),产量增幅为13.41%~29.32%(周麦16)和12.66%~29.76%(豫麦49-198),其中以中度干旱效果最明显。品种间比较,重穗型品种的穗粒数和产量高于多穗型品种,而穗数则相反。施磷对穗数和千粒重的影响有所不同,穗数在重度干旱下施磷处理间差异不显著,而在中度干旱和正常水分下处理间差异显著,千粒重在3种水分条件下施磷处理间差异均不显著。可见,在干旱胁迫下施磷可以促进地上部营养物质生产及同化,优化可溶性糖、氮及磷素在穗部的分配,为穗花发育提供充足营养以减少可孕小花退化,从而提高穗粒数和产量,其中中度干旱下调控效果最好。研究结果为通过施磷肥缓解干旱胁迫对小麦生长带来的不利影响提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

水稻α-淀粉酶基因的表达模式与颖花开放的关系

【目的】淀粉降解与水稻浆片膨大和颖花开放过程密切相关,探究α-淀粉酶基因在颖花开放过程中的作用,为杂交水稻制种效率及产量的提高提供理论依据。【方法】在水稻扬花时,利用稀释碱性品红溶液进行离体穗子吸水试验,观察碱性品红在颖花中残留的组织,通过碘-碘化钾染色法确定11—14期(依据雄蕊发育分期)淀粉粒的分布变化,并通过RT-PCR、RT-qPCR和GUS报告基因检测多个α-淀粉酶基因在此期间的时空表达模式。【结果】水稻颖花开放前,内外稃片通过相互嵌合的钩合槽(marginal tissues of palea,mtp)将浆片和雌雄蕊封闭在内。当颖花开放时,浆片快速膨大,使得内外稃片的钩合点松开。扬花期间,离体穗子在稀释碱性品红溶液中吸水后,碱性品红染料主要残留在内外稃片钩合槽和浆片相连处组织以及花丝中。碘染试验显示,在12期(颖花开放前),淀粉粒主要分布在雄蕊和内外稃片钩合槽,浆片中也有少量淀粉粒,在13—14期(颖花开放中),内外稃片钩合槽和浆片中的淀粉粒均降解。RT-PCR分析发现OsRAmy2A和OsRAmy3D的表达量从12期开始上升,至13—14期表达量显著增强,到受精后1 d(1 day after pollination,DAP1)表达量又明显下降,OsRAmy3E和OsRAmy3F在此过程中持续表达,OsRAmy3F表达量弱于OsRAmy3E。RT-qPCR分析显示,在11—14期,OsRAmy2A表达量变化最显著,其次是OsRAmy3A和OsRAmy3E,OsRAmy3F的表达量变化幅度最不明显,OsRAmy2A和OsRAmy3A在13—14期表达量显著增加,而OsRAmy3E和OsRAmy3F在不同时期均表达,在13—14期表达量略有升高。在12期,OsRAmy2A主要在内外稃以及内外稃片钩合槽上表达,在13—14期主要在内外稃片钩合槽、浆片以及花丝上表达。【结论】水稻颖花开放过程中淀粉粒在mtp和浆片中明显降解,与OsRAmy2A、OsRAmy3D等α-淀粉酶基因时空表达模式相对应,可能与水稻浆片膨大导致颖花开放过程密切相关。

生长素调控水稻颖花开放的效应研究

颖花开放由浆片膨大所启动,对水稻授粉受精具有直接影响。生长素是调节花药开裂、花粉育性和种子起始等生殖发育过程的重要激素。为阐明生长素在水稻颖花开放中的调控作用,本研究以粳稻品种中花11为试验材料,调查了外源生长素及其抑制剂对颖花开放的影响,以及内源生长素水平和生长素信号通路基因表达的动态变化。结果表明,IAA(10~20 mmol L^(-1))、NAA(0.05~0.50 mmol L^(-1))浸穗处理将推迟水稻颖花开放,其中高浓度(0.5 mmol L^(-1))NAA能使颖花开放推迟3 d,并表现出颖花张开时间延长和结实率下降的现象。IAA极性运输抑制剂TIBA及其作用抑制剂PCIB也抑制颖花开放。NAA预处理后,增施茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)能有效恢复颖花开放。水稻颖花中IAA含量在自然开放前2 h迅速下降,比开颖前1 d、2 d分别降低了65.85%、74.27%。与IAA水平变化相对应,颖花开放时浆片IAA生物合成基因(OsTAR2、OsYUCCA3/4/8)表达下调,而催化IAA结合失活的酶基因(OsGH3.2、OsGH3.8)、IAA输出载体基因(OsPIN1、OsPIN1a)以及IAA极性运输正向调节因子BG1基因均显著上调表达。此外,我们也鉴定到13个差异表达的IAA早期响应基因(OsAUX/IAAs、OsARF15、OsSAURs),其中10个上调表达,3个下调表达。综上表明,水稻颖花开放受内源生长素调控,但提高浆片生长素水平则抑制其开放。

小麦不同生育时期施氮对穗花发育和产量的影响

在高产条件下 ,研究了春季小麦返青期、起身期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期施氮对小麦穗花发育、光合作用速率及产量因素的影响。结果表明 ,拔节期、孕穗期施氮可延长穗花发育的时间 ,以利穗花的平衡发育 ,减少穗花退化 ,增加穗粒数 ,发育中后期施氮还可提高小麦生育后期的光合速率 ,延长灌浆高峰期的时间 ,显著提高粒重和籽粒产量。

小麦穗粒数形成的基因型差异及增粒途径分析

以 2 7个穗粒性状不同的小麦品种为材料 ,对小麦穗粒数形成过程中的各构成因素进行了相关、通径和聚类分析。结果表明 :不同穗粒性状基因型在分化小穗数、结实小穗数、分化小花数和可孕小花数上均有明显差异。特大穗型小麦的小花分化速率最快 ,分化持续时间最短。穗粒数对小麦产量提高的贡献最大 ,穗粒数与千粒重之间不存在负相关。在穗粒数各构成因素中 ,分化小穗数、结实小穗数、分化小花数、可孕小花数和小花结实率与穗粒数均呈极显著正相关 ,其中小花结实率的作用较大 ,直接通径系数高达 0 .82 2 5。在南京生态条件下 ,小花分化速率与分化小花数、可孕小花数和穗粒数呈显著正相关 ,但小花分化持续时间与分化小花数和穗粒数的相关均不显著。因此 。