Flow field simulation and establishment for mathematical models of flow area of spool valve with sloping U-shape notch machined by different methods

Precise function expression of the flow area for the sloping U-shape notch orifice versus the spool stroke was derived.The computational fluid dynamics was used to analyze the flow features of the sloping U-shape notch on the spool,such as mass flow rates,flow coefficients,efflux angles and steady state flow forces under different operating conditions.At last,the reliability of the mathematical model of the flow area for the sloping U-shape notch orifice on the spool was demonstrated by the comparison between the orifice area curve derived and the corresponding experimental data provided by the test.It is presented that the bottom arc of sloping U-shape notch(ABU) should not be omitted when it is required to accurately calculate the orifice area of ABU.Although the theoretical flow area of plain bottom sloping U-shape notch(PBU) is larger than that of ABU at the same opening,the simulated mass flow and experimental flow area of ABU are both larger than these of PBU at the same opening,while the simulated flow force of PBU is larger than that of ABU at the same opening.Therefore,it should be prior to adapt the ABU when designing the spool with proportional character.

Modeling Blood Flow in Veins of Uniform Properties (Giraffe Jugular Vein)

This paper models the giraffe’s jugular veins as a uniform collapsible tube from a rigid skull. The equations governing one-dimensional steady flow through such a tube for various conditions have been developed. The effects of inertial and inclination angles that have not been discussed previously have been included. It has been shown that different flows for a uniform tube (vein) are possible. However, this flow matches that of a jugular vein which is supercritical, and the steady solution has been given by the balance between the driving forces of gravity and the viscous resistance to the flow at the right atrium of the heart must be sub-critical for a fixed right-atrium pressure which means that an elastic jump is required to return the flow to sub-critical from the supercritical flow upstream this type of relationship gives rise to flow limitation at the same time given any right atrium fixed pressure there exists a maximum flow rate which when exceeded the boundary conditions of the flow do not hold boundary conditions at the right atrium are not satisfied hence making the steady flow impossible this mechanism of flow limitation is slightly different from the other one in that causes airways through forced expiration from the observation made it is clearly shown that there is an intravascular pressure difference with a change in height.

The Critical Rainfall Characteristics for Torrents and Debris Flows in the Wenchuan Earthquake Stricken Area

Critical rainfall assessment is a very important tool for hazard management of torrents and debris flows in mountainous areas. The Wenchuan Earthquake 2008 caused huge casualties and property damages in the earthquake-stricken area,which also generated large quantities of loose solid materials and increased occurrence probabilities of debris flows. There is an urgent need to quantify the critical rainfall distribution in the area so that better hazard management could be planned and if real time rainfall forecast is available,torrent and debris flow early-warning could be issued in advance. This study is based on 49-year observations (1954-2003) of up to 678 torrent and debris flow events. Detailed contour maps of 1 hour and 24 hour critical rainfalls have been generated (Due to the data limitation,there was insufficient 10 minute critical rainfall to make its contour map). Generally,the contour maps from 1 hour and 24 hours have similar patterns. Three zones with low,medium and high critical rainfalls have been identified. The characteristics of the critical rainfall zones are linked with the local vegetation cover and land forms. Further studies and observations are needed to validate the finding and improve the contour maps.

Disaster Reduction Decision Support System Against Debris Flows and Landslides Along Highway in Mountainous Area

Highways in mountainous areas are easy to be damaged by such natural disasters as debris flows and landslides and disaster reduction decision support system (DRDSS) is one of the important means to mitigate these disasters. Guided by the theories and technologies of debris flow and landslide reduction and supported by geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing and database techniques, a DRDSS against debris flow and landslide along highways in mountainous areas has been established on the basis of such principles as pertinence, systematicness, effectiveness, easy to use, open and expandability. The system consists of database, disaster analysis models and decisions on reduction of debris flows and landslides, mainly functioning to zone disaster dangerous degree, analyze debris flow activity, simulate debris flow deposition and diffusion, analyze landslide stability, select optimal highway renovation scheme and plan disaster prevention and control engineering. This system has been applied successfully to the debris flow and landslide treatment works along Palongzangbu Section of Sichuan-Tibet Highway.

Research on Crustal Flow and Its Dynamic Characteristics in Sichuan and Its Adjacent Area

Using the broadband seismic data of the regional stations in the Sichuan Digital Seismic Network and the mobile seismic stations in this region,the receiver function inversion method was adopted to study the characteristics of crustal flow and dynamic effects in Sichuan and adjacent areas. The results show that: Velocity in the crust and upper mantle of the Sichuan basin is significantly higher than that beneath the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The velocity v_S is from 3. 6 to 3. 8km / s in the crust and4. 5- 4. 8km / s in the upper mantle beneath the basin,and there is no low-velocity layer in the crust. The lithology shows a hard block. The v_S velocity in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is lower,with average v_Sof 3. 0- 3. 4km / s in the mid crust and4. 0- 4. 5km / s in the upper mantle. Low-velocity layers are distributed widely in the crust,most of which are in the mid crust at a depth of 20km- 40 km,and there are also a few low-velocity layers appearing in the upper crust at depths of 10km- 20 km and the lower crust at depths of 40km- 60 km. Affected by the northward pushing of the Indian plate,the eastward movement of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is blocked by the hard Sichuan basin,producing a southward and southeastward component.Such movement process is produced by the complicated forces acting in this area. Just under the action of these forces, the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau becomes a region with complicated geology and intensive earthquake activity. Obstructed by the hard Sichuan basin,the low-velocity crustal flow is delaminated and split into two or three upward and downward tributaries. The upward flow intruded into the upper crust,causing uplift of the earths urface,forming mountain crests; the downward flow intruded into the lower crust and upper mantle,resulting in thickening of the crust and depression of the Moho. The crustal flow in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is mainly distributed along the active faults. The crustal flow flows out from the Qiangtang block in the middle part of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau,the mainstream flows along the NW-SE trending Xianshuihe fault zone,then turns NS and flows to the south along the Anninghe and Xiaojiang faults. There is another crustal flow in the north of the study area,flowing in the NE and E-W directions to the Longmenshan faults.

某百万通流改造机组通流面积优化及经济性比较

提出了针对1000MW等级火电汽轮机通流改造机组通流面积对经济性的影响,并进行了分析,提出通过精准通流面积控制进一步提高机组经济性的措施。

Study on Winter Operation Process of the Surface Flow Constructed Wetland in Tianjin Area

[Objective] The research aimed to study winter operation process of the surface flow constructed wetland in ＂rianjin area. [Method] In view of climate characteristics in Tianjin, by the way of running under the ice, winter operation experiment of the surface flow constructed wetland in Tianjin was conducted, with the expectation to get some useful process parameters to run such systems in North China in winter. [ Result] Although purification effect of the sewage by surface flow constructed wetland in winter was worse than that in other seasons （ average reduction of about 20%）, surface flow constructed wetland running under the ice was feasible in Tianjin area. When surface flow constructed wetland in North China ran under ice in winter, it was suggested that the outlet must be located in a low position to prevent to be completely frozen, and running water depth should not be less than 50 -60 cm. The hydraulic load could be raised on the basis of reflux, and hydraulic retention time should maintain less than 4 d to keep water-soil interface not freezing. Inlet water depth should be increased as much as possible to improve temperature in the system. V Conclusion1 The research could provide reference for promotion and application of the surface flow constructed wetland in North China.

基于FLOW-3D对新沟河江边枢纽鱼道数值模拟研究

以新沟河江边枢纽的双侧竖缝式鱼道为研究对象,基于FLOW-3D RNG k-ε模型和有限差分法进行数值模拟,分析了竖缝式鱼道的流态、紊动能等水力特性。结果表明,竖缝式鱼道水流具有固定特性,消能效果好。流态也较为稳定,能满足过鱼对象的需求。

SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE AREA-PRESERVING CONVEX CURVE FLOW IN THE PLANE

Using Picard's theorem and the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem to reinvestigate the area-preserving convex curve flow in the plane which is considered as a coupled system and thus different from the setting handled by Gage.

利用局部特征匹配的运动小目标光流估计

基于深度光流估计的动态背景运动小目标检测,为了保证小目标的检测性能,一般采用较少的下采样次数以维持较高的分辨率,但由此带来了较大的计算耗时。特征匹配是深度光流估计的一个核心处理环节,其耗时在光流估计整体耗时中的占比较大,且对下采样次数非常敏感。据此,提出一种基于局部特征匹配的快速光流估计算法:引入目标运动信息,缩小特征匹配的空间范围,减少待处理的数据量;设计分块局部匹配策略,引入批处理机制,避免出现逐点局部匹配策略数据处理耗时过大问题,实现算法加速。在此基础上,在光流估计获取的光流场上,采用CenterNet网络检测运动目标对应的光流异常区域。从光流估计耗时、检测精度等方面开展了实验验证,结果表明:针对运动小目标检测,分块特征匹配光流估计比全局特征匹配光流估计耗时减少约25%,目标检测性能相当。

泥石流危险范围Laharz修正模型及其应用

泥石流危险区研究涉及触发条件、物源与地形等多种因素,需要开发快速、有效的方法进行危险范围分析。本文基于Laharz基本原理,以泥石流样本为数据基础拟合得到修正模型,并以重庆市巫溪县杨家湾沟为例,采用修正的Laharz ArcGIS工具包,在不同降雨重现期条件下对泥石流堆积范围进行模拟计算。结果表明:1)采用修正参数使Laharz模型统计量参数的和方差(SSE)和均方根误差(RMSE)减小,确定系数(R^(2))增大,拟合优度得到明显提高;2)基于数字高程模型,结合现场调查推算的物源体积,在ArcGIS平台采用Laharz工具包可快速模拟不同降雨重现期(10、20、50、100 a)条件下的泥石流堆积范围,并且模拟泥石流堆积宽度与现场调查堆积范围接近,大部分重合;3)采用Laharz修正模型与传统的FLO-2D软件模拟进行对比,其中最远冲出距离、最大堆积宽度和堆积面积在两种方法下模拟结果的差值比率分别在10.00%、15.00%和20.00%量级,采用两种方法模拟结果与实地勘查结果也相近,表明Laharz修正模型具可靠性。

某工程泄水建筑物泄洪雾化范围计算分析

为了减少泄洪雾化带来的工程影响和损失,笔者结合工程实例,根据理论公式对表孔溢洪洞、泄洪冲沙洞在不同水位下的雾化范围进行估算,并依据估算结果提出针对性工程设计建议。结果表明:表孔溢洪洞在校核洪水位下雾化影响范围最大;该工程的厂区虽位于强暴雨区横向影响范围以外,但处于雾流降雨区范围之内,设计时需考虑雾化对厂区电气设备带来的不利影响;出口边坡局部位于强暴雨区和雾流降雨区范围内,需对边坡进行加固处理并采取表面防护措施,确保边坡运行安全稳定。计算成果可为工程布置、设计提供理论支撑。

基于高速公路客流数据的重庆与毗邻地区联系网络空间结构研究

基于高速公路交通客流数据,采用社会网络与GIS空间分析法,以客流联系视角探讨重庆市与毗邻地区的城镇网络空间结构。结果表明:1)重庆中心城区为网络的绝对核心,长寿、江津、璧山为网络中的重要节点城市,涪陵、璧山、长寿在网络中通达性明显,涪陵、黔江、江津、万州的中介作用突出;2)重庆与毗邻地区的客流网络呈现三级轴线联系,整体网络呈现明显的放射性特征,部分地区联系突破省级行政边界,网络层级按照“4+15+18”分布;3)重庆与毗邻地区的凝聚子群表现出高度的地理邻近性,形成“核心―边缘”结构。未来重庆中心城区需进一步加强与四川东部地级市的辐射能力与交通联系,进一步培育与成都双城联系的发展轴,在远期发展中考虑纳入遵义市等地区更好融入重庆都市圈。

从场空间到流网络:粤港澳大湾区城市群空间结构特征及优化路径研究

检视粤港澳大湾区城市群空间结构演化趋势,对纵深推动大湾区高质量发展意义重大。本研究因应数字经济对区域要素流动结构的影响,提出粤港澳大湾区“流网络”分析框架,并以首位度和齐普夫法则测度传统空间结构特征,以上市企业的“总部—分支”机构分布测度流网络特征。结果表明:大湾区总体经历了先集聚再分散的发展过程;各城市人口分布梯度不合理,核心城市的人口扩张推动了城市群的定型。大湾区经济规模结构呈现帕累托分布模式,各城市经济规模变差较大。从城际联系来看,广州深圳之间具有高联通度,形成了联通走廊,2000年以来深圳的相对联通度高居首位,区域网络日渐完善。未来,应织密高效的综合交通网络,加速市场一体化进程、构建“双核三圈”网络型城市群体系、设立“广深接合片区”并加快打造“广深联动走廊”,开创大湾区高质量协同发展新格局。

地下水型饮用水水源补给区划分——以辽宁省沈阳市北部某地区饮用水水源为例

选择辽宁省沈阳市北部某地区集中式地下水型饮用水水源作为研究区,收集其地形地貌、水源所属地下水含水系统的地质和水文地质概况等相关信息进行分析。选择公式法,根据含水层岩性,采取经验值参数,以水源开采井保护区外为基准,以15 a(5475 d)为地下水质点迁移时间,计算得出补给区面积为40.18 km^(2)。鉴于补给区边界部分横跨村庄,在补给区定界过程中,将横跨村庄纳入补给区范围内,切实加强补给区安全防护。并从补给区环境管理方面提出对策和建议。

公交站点区域行人与非机动车交互行为建模与仿真

为研究公交站点区域行人和非机动车的冲突行为,在元胞自动机模型的基础上,首先,考虑激进型行人和混合非机动车流,通过行人穿越决策规则和非机动车避让规则耦合行人运动模型和非机动车运动模型,采用双向行人Blue模型模拟进出站行人的运动行为,采用改进的NaSch模型模拟非机动车的运动行为,建立公交站点区域行人与非机动车交互模型。然后,在北京市西单商场公交站B站台开展观测实验,微观层面展现行人和非机动车之间的交互作用,分析在不同流量构成下二者冲突演化规律以及进出站行人到达率、非机动车到达率对延误和冲突数的影响。研究结果表明,非机动车堵塞多发生在非机动车与行人刚开始的交互处,并向来车方向延伸。与进出站行人到达率相比,行人和非机动车延误受非机动车到达率影响更显著;在进出站行人比例为0.5时,行人和非机动车延误达到峰值;进站行人比例为1时,行人和非机动车延误比出站行人比例为1时延误小;在行人到达率一定时,冲突数随着非机动车达到率的增大而增加,当行人到达率较小时,冲突数呈缓慢地增长趋势,随着行人到达率的增大,冲突数增长率呈现先增大后减小的趋势。

交汇区水流结构对水温分布特征的影响机理

为分析交汇区复杂的水温分布规律及其受水流结构影响的机理,采用Fluent数值模拟软件,通过改变汇流角和汇流比,模拟了不同条件下交汇区的时均流场、紊动特性和水温分布,分析了各工况下交汇区水平面及断面水温分布特征(水温非均匀性指数)和水流结构特征参量(紊动能和涡量)间的关系,探究了不同水流结构对水温分布的影响机理。结果表明:水流剪切影响热掺混层的位置,二次环流影响热掺混层的形态;汇流角或汇流比越大,断面非均匀指数越小,水温掺混越快,热掺混层随剪切层位置的改变越靠近外岸壁(交汇口对侧壁面),热掺混层弯曲程度随二次环流强度增大而增大;紊动能及涡量与断面非均匀指数之间呈现良好的线性关系。

液压圆柱滑阀K-K型节流槽流量面积参数模型

针对K-K型节流槽流量系数复杂时变及结构参数强耦合的特征,采用流量面积参数模型(FAPM),开展了液压圆柱滑阀K-K型节流槽阀口流量压降特性研究。首先,推导出K-K型节流槽阀口面积的数学模型,并将其等效为3个单阶K型节流槽阀口面积的组合形式;其次,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)和响应面模型(RSM),建立了极限饱和流量下K-K型节流槽的FAPM模型;最后,通过对FAPM模型的分析,得到组合型节流槽阀芯结构与流量压降的映射关系。研究结果表明:当入口体积流量大于7.31 L/min时,满足极限流量饱和条件,此时流量系数与入口体积流量无关;当入口体积流量分别为20、30、50 L/min时,FAPM模型预测的K-K型节流槽阀口压降与CFD仿真值的平均误差均控制在7%以内。该模型完成了对K-K型节流槽阀芯结构的近似表达,并可应用于其他类型的组合型节流槽。