ASYMMETRIC VORTICES FLOW OVER SLENDER BODY AND ITS ACTIVE CONTROL AT HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK

The studies of asymmetric vortices flow over slender body and its active control at high angles of attack have significant importance for both academic field and engineering area.This paper attempts to provide an update state of art to the investigations on the fields of forebody asymmetric vortices.This review emphasizes the correlation between micro-perturbation on the model nose and its response and evolution behaviors of the asymmetric vortices.The critical issues are discussed, which include the formation and evolution mechanism of asymmetric multi-vortices;main behaviors of asymmetric vortices flow including its deterministic feature and vortices flow structure;the evolution and development of asymmetric vortices under the perturbation on the model nose;forebody vortex active control especially discussed micro-perturbation active control concept and technique in more detail.However present understanding in this area is still very limited and this paper tries to identify the key unknown problems in the concluding remarks.

Control of Asymmetric Flow Fields of Slender Bodies at High Angle of Attack

The wind tunnel experiments is conducted to get inspiration for understanding the mechanism of the asymmetric flow pattern and developing an innovative flow control technique for a slender body at high angle of attack. The bi-stable situation of the side forces is observed, which could be easily switched by a tiny disturbances either from coming flow or from artificial disturbances at nose tip （including manufacturing defect）. In turbulent flows the side forces switched randomly between positive and negative. There exists a hysteresis loop of side force with the rolling angle. A rod in front of the slender body is used to change the vortex pattern, which could be kept even the rod is moved out from the stream. A miniature strake attached to the nose tip of the model can be moved to different circumferential position. When the strake is stationary, the hysteresis loop disappears and the side force does not change with the turbulent fluctuation of coming flow. The results from dynamic measurements of section side force indicates that when the strake swung at lower frequency the side force can follow the cadence of the swinging strake. With increasing frequency, the magnitude of the side force decreases. At still high frequency, the side force diminishes to zero. If the strake is swinging, while the middle position can be changed to different circumferential angle Фs on either left or right side, the side forces can be changed proportionally with the angle Фs. On the basis of the experimental results, the mechanism of the asymmetry is discussed.

COMPUTATION OF FIELD STRUCTURE AND AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DELTA WINGS AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK

A numerical investigation of the structure of the vortical flowfield over delta wings at high angles of attack in longitudinal and with small sideslip angle is presented. Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes numerical simulations were carried out to predict the complex leeward-side flowfield characteristics that are dominated by the effect of the breakdown of the leading-edge vortices. The methods that analyze the flowfield structure quantitatively were given by using flowfield data from the computational results. In the region before the vortex breakdown, the vortex axes are approximated as being straight line. As the angle of attack increases, the vortex axes are closer to the root chord, and farther away from the wing surface. Along the vortex axes, as the adverse pressure gradients occur, the axial velocity decreases, that is, A is negativee, so the vortex is unstable, and it is possible to breakdown. The occurrence of the breakdown results in the instability of lateral motion for a delta wing, and the lateral moment diverges after a small perturbation occurs at high angles of attack. However, after a critical angle of attack is reached the vortices breakdown completely at the wing apex, and the instability resulting from the vortex breakdown disappears.

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅱ: Structural stability analyses

The initial oblique and attacking angles as well as the asymmetrical nose abrasion may lead to bending or even fracture of a projectile,and the penetration efficiency decreases distinctly.The structural stability of a high-speed projectile non-normally penetrating into concrete and the parametric influences involved are analyzed with the mass abrasion taken into account.By considering the symmetrical or asymmetrical nose abrasion as well as the initial oblique and attacking angles,both the axial and the transverse drag forces acting on the projectile are derived.Based on the ideal elastic-plastic yield criterion,an approach is proposed for predicting the limit striking velocity（LSV）that is the highest velocity at which no yielding failure has occurred and the projectile can still maintain its integral structural stability.Furthermore,some particular penetration scenarios are separately discussed in detail.Based on the engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nose projectiles established in Part I of this study,the above approach is validated by several high-speed penetration tests.The analysis on parametric influences indicates that the LSV is reduced with an increase in the asymmetrical nose abrasion,thelength-diameter-ratio,and the concrete strength,as well as the oblique and attacking angles.Also,the LSV raises with an increase in the initial caliber-radius-head（CRH）and the dimensionless cartridge thickness of a projectile.

INFLUENCE OF NOSE PERTURBATIONS ON BEHAVIORS OF ASYMMETRIC VORTICES OVER SLENDER BODY

The influence of nose perturbations on the behaviors of asymmetric vortices over a slender body with a three-caliber ogive nose is studied in this paper. The tests of a nose-disturbed slender body with surface pressure measurement were conducted at a low speed wind tunnel with subcritical Reynolds number of 1×105 at angle of attack α=50°. The experiment results show that the behaviors and structure of asymmetric vortices over the slender body are mainly controlled by manual perturbation on the nose of body as compared with geometrical minute irregularities on the test model from the machining tolerances. The effect of the perturbation axial location on asymmetric vortices is the strongest if its location is near the model apex. There are four sensitive circumferential locations of manual perturbation at which bistable vortices over the slender body are switched by the perturbation. The flowfield near the reattachment line of lee side is more sensitive to the perturbation, because the saddle point to saddle point topological structure in this reattachment flowfield is unstable. Various types of perturbation do not change the perturbation effect on the behaviors of bistable asymmetric vortices.

Recent progress on the study of asymmetric vortex flow over slender bodies

The investigations of forebody vortex flow and its flow control have great importance in both academic field and engineering application areas. A large number of papers and many review papers have been published. However in this research field of forebody asymmetric vortices, three problems such as tip perturbation effect, Reynolds number effect and flow instability are less studied and thus not understood completely. So many researches are still working on the issues in recent years. The present paper attempts to provide a review of recent research progress on first two problems. The first problem is mainly concerned with how the vortex flow evolves after tip perturbation; how to solve the problem of repeatability and reproducibility of wind tunnel testing data; how to develop a conception of active flow control technique with tip perturbation based on the study of vortex flow response to tip perturbation. For the second problem one is mainly concerned that how the asymmetric vortices are developed with the increase of Reynolds number; how to classify the vortex flow patterns in different Reynolds number regimes; how to develop an appropriate boundary layer transition technique to simulate flows at high Reynolds number in the convention wind tunnels. Finally, some important ques- tions that deserve answers are proposed in the concluding remarks.

Effects of tip perturbation and wing locations on rolling oscillation induced by forebody vortices

The wing rock motion is frequently suffered by a wing-body configuration with low swept wing at high angle of attack. It is found from our experimental study that the tip perturbation and wing longitudinal locations affect significantly the wing rock motion of a wing-body. The natural tip perturbation would make the wing rock motion of a nondeterministic nature and an artificial mini-tip perturbation would make the wing rock motion deterministic. The artificial tip perturbation would, as its circumferential location is varied, generate three different types of motion patterns： （1） limit cycle oscillation, （2） irregular oscillation, （3） equilibrium state with tiny oscillation. The amplitude of rolling oscillation corresponding to the limit cycle oscillatory motion pattern is decreased with the wing location shifting downstream along the body axis.

Effect of leading edge roughness on cavitation inception and development on thin hydrofoil

The cavitation incipience and development of water flow over a thin hydrofoil placed in the test section of high-speed cavitation tunnel were investigated.Hydrofoils with smooth and rough leading edge were tested for different upstream velocities and incidence angles.The observations clearly revealed that cavitation incipience is enhanced by roughness at incidence angle below 2°.This is in line with the former reports,according to whose roughness element decreases the wettability and traps a larger amount of gas.As a result,surface nucleation is enhanced with an increased risk of cavitation.Surprisingly,for higher incidence angles(>3°),it was found that cavitation incipience is significantly delayed by roughness while developed cavitation is almost the same for both smooth and rough hydrofoils.This unexpected incipience delay is related to the change in the boundary layer structure due to roughness.It was also reported a significant influence of roughness on the dynamic of developed cavitation and shedding of transient cavities.

RESEARCH ON THE HYSTERESIS PROPERTIES OF UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS ABOUT THE OSCILLATING WINGS

In the work, it is shown the numerical investigations about the unsteady inviscid results obtained for the pitching oscillating wings at different angles of attack. The results are obtained by solving the unsteady Euler equations in a body_fitted coordinate system. It is based on the four_stage Runge_Kutta time stepping scheme. Meanwhile to increase the time step that is limited by Courant limit (CFL), the implicit residual smoothing with local variable parameters is used. As a result, the unsteady aerodynamics about a rectangular wing and a delta wing, which are oscillated in pitching with different frequencies, are shown in this paper. The properties of the unsteady aerodynamics in these cases are researched here.

Study of the Flow Mechanism of Wind Turbine Blades in the Yawed Condition

The computational fluid dynamics method was used to simulate the flow field around a wind turbine at the yaw angles of 0°,15°,30°,and 45°.The angle of attack and the relative velocity of the spanwise sections of the blade were extracted with the reference points method.By analyzing the pressure distribution and the flow characteristics of the blade surface,the flow mechanism of the blade surface in the yawed condition was discussed.The results showed that the variations of the angle of attack and the relative velocity were related to the azimuth angle and the radius in the yawed condition.The larger the yaw angle was,the larger the variation was.The pressure distribution in the spanwise sections was affected by both the angle of attack and the relative velocity.The angle of attack was more influential than the relative velocity.At the same yaw angle,when the angle of attack decreased,the c_(p)∼x/c curve shrunk inward and the lift force decreased.The larger the yaw angle was,the more obvious the shrink was.The effect of the yaw on the blade root region was higher than its effect on the blade tip region.

A physical model of asymmetric vortices flow structure in regular state over slender body at high angle of attack

In subcritical Reyolds number flow region, the repeatable and determinate asymmetric vortices flow at regular state can be obtained by manually setting mini-perturbation on the nose of a pointed ogive-cylinder model at high angle of attack and zero side slip. Test results of this study involve surface pressure distributions, sectional-side-force distributions and flow visualizations. The analyses of these results revealed a complicated multi-vortices system at regular state inwhich asymmetric twin vortices with inception region and fully developed region, asymmetric triple vortices, four vortices region, five vortices region and Karman-vortex-street-like flow region aredeveloped along the slender body. The correlation between multi-vortices system structures and corresponding sectional-side-force distribution is given. The behaviors of multi-vortices flow struc-ture at the peculiar points of sectional-side-force distributions and characteristics of corresponding pressure distribution are analysed. Finally, a physical model of asymmetric multi-vortices flowstructure in regular state over slender body is developed.

平均载荷系数0.5一级的双模式压气机设计研究与验证

为全面提升压气机的研制能力,本文对平均载荷系数0.5一级的带单双外涵两种模式(双模式)核心驱动风扇的四级压气机开展了设计技术研究与验证。针对其平均级载荷系数高、两个模式性能变化大等特点,开展了双模式高负荷压气机设计、低损失大流量范围导叶设计以及低损失大攻角范围可调静子设计等技术研究工作,并在此基础上完成双模式核心驱动风扇与四级压气机的设计,开展0.8~1.0相对转速的三维特性分析,全面研究单双外涵两种模式下各级的匹配情况。试验结果表明:单双外涵两种模式下,压气机流量、压比、效率达到设计指标。单外涵模式1.0相对转速,最高效率0.874,双外涵模式0.924相对转速,最高效率0.87,两种模式下压气机流量调节范围达到31.4%。各级匹配良好,突破了双模式核心驱动风扇与压气机一体化匹配设计和平均载荷系数0.5一级的高负荷压缩部件设计等关键技术,为下一代发动机的核心压缩部件设计奠定了基础。

Unsteady aerodynamic modeling at high angles of attack using support vector machines

Abstract Accurate aerodynamic models are the basis of flight simulation and control law design. Mathematically modeling unsteady aerodynamics at high angles of attack bears great difficulties in model structure determination and parameter estimation due to little understanding of the flow mechanism. Support vector machines （SVMs） based on statistical learning theory provide a novel tool for nonlinear system modeling. The work presented here examines the feasibility of applying SVMs to high angle.-of-attack unsteady aerodynamic modeling field. Mainly, after a review of SVMs, several issues associated with unsteady aerodynamic modeling by use of SVMs are discussed in detail, such as sele, ction of input variables, selection of output variables and determination of SVM parameters. The least squares SVM （LS-SVM） models are set up from certain dynamic wind tunnel test data of a delta wing and an aircraft configuration, and then used to predict the aerodynamic responses in other tests. The predictions are in good agreement with the test data, which indicates the satisfving learning and generalization performance of LS-SVMs.

Study on flow behavior and structure over chined fuselage at high angle of attack

A study of leeward vortex structure over chined fuselage and the effects of micro tip perturbation on its vortex flow have been carried out in wind tunnel experiments at Reynolds numbers from 1.26×105 to 5.04×105 with PIV and pressure measurement techniques.Firstly,the experiment results have proved that micro tip perturbation has no effects on the vortex flow and its aerodynamic characteristics over chined fuselage at high angle of attack,in which there are not any non-deterministic flow behaviors.Secondly,the evolution of leeward vortex structure over chined fuselage along the axis of model can be divided into four flow regimes:linear conical developed regime,decay regime of leeward vortex intensity,asymmetric leeward vortex break down regime and completely break down regime.And a correlation between leeward vortex structure and sectional aerodynamic force was also revealed in the present paper.Thirdly,the experiment results show the behavior of leeward vortex core trajectories and zonal characteristics of leeward vortex structure with angles of attack.Finally,the experiment results of Reynolds number effect on the leeward vortex flow have further confirmed research conclusions from previous studies:the flows over chined fuselage at high angles of attack are insensitive to variation of Reynolds number,and there is a little effect on the secondary boundary layer separation and the suction peak induced by leeward vortex.

HB-2 high-velocity correlation model at high angles of attack in supersonic wind tunnel tests

Responding to a need for experimental data on a standard wind tunnel model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, and in the absence of suitable reference data, a series of tests of two HB-2 standard models of different sizes was performed in the T-38 trisonic wind tunnel of Vojnotehnickˇi Institut(VTI), in the Mach number range 1.5–4.0, at angles of attack up to+30°. Tests were performed at relatively high Reynolds numbers of 2.2 millions to 4.5 millions(based on model forebody diameter). Results were compared with available low angle of attack data from other facilities, and, as a good agreement was found, it was assumed that, by implication, the obtained high angle of attack results were valid as well. Therefore, the results can be used as a reference database for the HB-2 model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, which was not available before. The results are presented in comparison with available reference data, but also contain data for some Mach numbers not given in other publications.

Experimental investigation of influence of strake wings on self-induced roll motion at high angles of attack

The modern high performance air vehicles are required to have extreme maneuverability,which includes the ability of controlled maneuvers at high angle of attack. However, the nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamic phenomena, such as flow separation, vortices interaction, and vortices breaking down, will occur during the flight at high angle of attack, which could induce the uncommanded motions for the air vehicles. For the high maneuverable and agile air missile, the nonlinear roll motions would occur at the high angle of attack. The present work is focused on the selfinduced nonlinear roll motion for a missile configuration and discusses the influence of the strake wings on the roll motion according to the results from free-to-roll test and PIV measurement using the models assembled with different strake wings at a = 60°. The free-to-roll results show that the model with whole strake wings(baseline), the model assembled with three strake wings(Case A)and the model assembled with two opposite strake wings(Case C) experience the spinning, while the model assembled with two adjacent strake wings(Case B), the model assembled with one strake wing(Case D) and the model with no strake wing(Case E) trim or slightly vibrate at a certain "×"rolling angle, which mean that the rolling stability can be improved by dismantling certain strake wings. The flow field results from PIV measurement show that the leeward asymmetric vortices are induced by the windward strake wings. The vortices would interact the strake wings and induce crossflow on the downstream fins to degrade the rolling stability of the model. This could be the main reason for the self-induced roll motion of the model at a = 60°.

导流型高温板式换热器的流动与传热特性分析

以一种用于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)热电联产的高温板式换热器为研究对象,通过数值模拟的方法,对其传热特性和阻力性能进行分析,探究波纹倾角的变化对高温板式换热器冷侧流道的流体流动、传热特性的影响,并搭建了粒子图像测速(PIV)实验平台,对其流场分布和流速进行试验,验证了数值模拟结果的正确性和可行性;采用单位压降的换热系数评价换热器的综合性能。结果表明,PIV试验与数值模拟得到的冷侧流道速度矢量分布大致相同,模拟结果与试验结果相比误差在10%以内;当β=70°时,换热器的压降损失最大,当β=30°时,换热器的压降损失较小且换热能力最强。在研究范围内,不同β下的综合性能随着Re的增加而减小,当β=10°时整体的综合性能最好,β=80°时最差,研究结果可为板式换热器工业设计选择提供参考。

叶片安放角对微型轴流式水轮机性能的影响

为探究叶片安放角对微型轴流式水轮机水力性能的影响,以一比转数为548的微型轴流式水轮机为研究对象,在不改变其他几何参数的前提下,仅偏置转轮叶片各翼型剖面,得到7个不同叶片安放角的转轮;在试验验证的基础上,通过全流场数值计算,分析了改变叶片安放角对微型轴流式水轮机水力性能的影响.结果表明:随着叶片安放角的减小,在相同流量下水轮机的水头与出力均增大,高效率区域向小流量区域偏移,水轮机可高效运转的范围有一定程度的增大;随着叶片安放角的增大,水轮机的水头与出力减小,高效率区域向大流量区域偏移.适当减小叶片安放角的水轮机能在较大水头(流量)变化范围内维持较好的性能.其中,安放角为-4°的水轮机最高效率达到82.13%,高效率区的范围最大.该研究可为微型轴流式水轮机转轮的设计提供一定参考.

Time delay compensation in lateral-directional flight control systems at high angles of attack

The previous studies of time delay compensation in flight control systems are all based on the conventional aerodynamic derivative model and conducted in longitudinal motions at low angles of attack.In this investigation,the effects of time delay on the lateral-directional stability augmentation system in high-a regime are discussed based on theβmodel,which is proposed in our previous work and proved as a more accurate aerodynamic model to reveal the lateraldirectional unsteady aerodynamic characteristics at high angles of attack.Both theβmodel and the quasi-steady model are used for simulating the effects of time delay on the flying qualities in high-a maneuvers.The comparison between the simulation results shows that the flying qualities are much more sensitive to the mismatch of feedback gains than the state errors caused by time delay.Then a typical adaptive controller based on the conventional dynamic derivative model and a gain-prediction compensator based onβmodel are designed to address the time delay in different maneuvers.The simulation results show that the gain-prediction compensator is much simpler and more efficient at high angles of attack.Finally,the gain-prediction compensator is combined with a linearizedβmodel reference adaptive controller to compensate the adverse effects of very large time delay,which exhibits excellent performance when addressing the extreme conditions at high angles of attack.

Subsonic impulsively starting flow at a high angle of attack with shock wave and vortex interaction

Impulsively starting flow, by a sudden attainment of a large angle of attack, has been well studied for incompressible and supersonic flows, but less studied for subsonic flow. Recently,a preliminary numerical study for subsonic starting flow at a high angle of attack displays an advance of stall around a Mach number of 0.5, when compared to other Mach numbers. To see what happens in this special case, we conduct here in this paper a further study for this case, to display and analyze the full flow structures. We find that for a Mach number around 0.5, a local supersonic flow region repeatedly splits and merges, and a pair of left-going and right-going unsteady shock waves are embedded inside the leading edge vortex once it is sufficiently grown up and detached from the leading edge. The flow evolution during the formation of shock waves is displayed in detail. The reason for the formation of these shock waves is explained here using the Laval nozzle flow theory. The existence of this shock pair inside the vortex, for a Mach number only close to 0.5, may help the growing of the trailing edge vortex responsible for the advance of stall observed previously.