Impacts of hydropower-induced flow alterations on composition and diversity of riparian vegetation in the Western Himalayas: A case study in Uttarakhand, India

The increasing demand for water and energy resources has led to widespread dam construction,particularly in ecologically sensitive regions like the Himalayan Range.This study focuses on the Uttarakhand state in the Western Himalayas,where hydroelectric projects(HEPs)have significantly altered river flow regimes.The research investigates the impact of flow alterations on the composition and structure of riparian vegetation in the Garhwal Himalayas,specifically analysing four rivers regulated by hydroelectric projects.Utilizing the paired-reach comparison method,control(undisturbed),diverted(downstream of barrage/dam),and altered flow conditions(downstream of water outlet)were examined.The research reveals diverse and unique riparian ecosystems,with 89 genera and 113 taxa identified,showcasing the dominance of families like Asteraceae and Lamiaceae.The study unveils the structural importance of key species such as Berberis asiatica and Artemisia nilagirica.The density,diversity,and richness of shrub and herb species vary significantly across flow conditions.Notably,altered flow conditions demonstrate resilience in vegetation structure,while diverted conditions exhibit decreased species richness and density.The study emphasizes the importance of nuanced environmental flow management for mitigating adverse effects on riparian biodiversity in the fragile Himalayan region.These findings contribute to the global discourse on dam impacts and riparian ecology,shedding light on the complexities of this dynamic relationship in a vulnerable ecosystem.

Receptivity of plane Poiseuille flow to local micro-vibration disturbance on wall

The receptivity of plane Poiseuille flow to local single-period micro-vibration disturbances with different phases at the top and bottom walls was investigated through direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Results show that the disturbance presents a symmetrical distribution in the spanwise direction when the micro-vibration on the wall ends, and the initial disturbance velocities and spatial distribution of the disturbance structure are different at the top and bottom walls. The disturbance＇s velocity, amplitude, and high- and low-speed streaks increase with time, and the amplitude of streamwise disturbance velocity is larger than those of spanwise and vertical disturbance velocities. However, no significant Tollmien-Schlichting wave was found in the flow field. The number of disturbance vortex cores gradually increases with the disturbance area. High-speed disturbance fluid concentrates near the wall and its normal velocity largely points to the wall, while low-speed disturbance fluid largely deviates from the wall. Furthermore, the streamwise velocity profiles near the top and bottom walls both become plump because of the existence of the disturbances, and the streamwise velocity profiles show a trend of evolving into turbulent velocity profiles. The shear stress near the wall increases significantly. The local micro-vibration disturbance on the wall in plane Poiseuille flow can induce the development of a structure similar to turbulent spots.

Experimental Investigation of Disturbing the Flow Field on the Vortex-Induced Vibration of Deepwater Riser Fitted with Gas Jetting Active Vibration Suppression Device

An experimental investigation on the disturbance effect of jet-type active vibration suppression device on vortexinduced vibration of deep-sea riser was carried out in the wave-flow combined flume.The vibration suppression device was designed in which the jet pipe was horizontally fixed to the front end of the riser.By varying three different excitation spacings and multi-stage outflow velocities,the influence law of the dominant frequency,dimensionless displacement and other dynamic response parameters was studied under different excitation spacings,and the mechanism and sensitive characteristics of the disturbance suppression were explored.The results indicate that the variation of excitation spacing makes gas curtain enter the strong disturbed flow region at different velocities and angles,and the coupling relationship between excitation spacing and reduced velocity is the key factor to enter the strong disturbed flow region to achieve the optimal disturbance suppression.In the strong disturbed flow region,the influence of gas curtain on the dominant frequency is obviously affected by the flow velocity,while the vibration displacement is stable at the same amplitude and is weakly affected by the flow velocity.Gas curtain can effectively disturb the formation of vortex shedding,destroy the strong nonlinear coupled vibration of the riser,and achieve better vibration suppression effect.In the weak disturbed flow region,the vortex length of the riser tail is prolonged,the strong nonlinear coupled vibration of the riser is gradually restored,and the vibration suppression effect of the device gradually decreases.

Experimental simulation of model platelet adhesion to a semi-permeable wall exposed to flow disturbance

A sudden tubular expansion with a semi- permeable wall was constructed from a tubular dialysis membrane to investigate the effects of filtration flow and flow disturbance on particle deposition. The expansion was perfused with a dilute, neutrally buoyant suspension of 1.10 mm diameter polystyrene latex spheres (as models of platelets) in Tris buffer solution containing 10% Dextran T70 and 2% bovine serum albumin. The results showed that adhesion of particles correlated positively with the filtration rate and inversely with the wall shear rate. In the vortex flow region distal to the expansion, particle adhesion was significantly elevated with a maximum at the reattachment point where the wall shear rate was the lowest and particles were constantly carried toward the vessel wall along the curved streamlines. In conclusion, filtration flow has a profound impact on the interaction of blood cells such as platelets with blood vessel walls, and the disturbed flow with a low wall shear rate can enhance the deposits of platelet thrombi to the vessel wall.

Scheduling on 2-Machine Flow Shops Considering Disturbance on Job Processing Times

In this paper the scheduling problem to minimize the expected makespan is discussed on two-machine flow shops with random disturbance on job processing times. The problem is represented by a stochastic programming model. We approximate the stochastic problem by a deterministic problem which can be solved by Johnson's rule. The estimation of approximation error is also discussed by analyzing the stochastic model and its approximate LP model.

Traffic flow velocity disturbance characteristics and control strategy at the bottleneck of expressway

In the three-phase traffic flow studies, the traffic flow characteristic at the bottleneck section is a hot spot in the academic field. The controversy about the characteristics of the synchronized flow at bottleneck is also the main contradiction between the three-phase traffic flow theory and the traditional traffic flow theory. Under the framework of three-phase traffic flow theory, this paper takes the on-ramp as an example to discuss the traffic flow characteristics at the bottleneck section.In particular, this paper mainly conducts the micro-analysis to the effect of lane change under the two lane conditions, as well as the effect of the on-ramp on the main line traffic flow. It is found that when the main road flow is low, the greater the on-ramp inflow rate, the higher the average speed of the whole road section. As the probability of vehicles entering from the on-ramp increases, the flow and the average speed of the main road are gradually stabilized, and then the on-ramp inflow vehicles no longer have a significant impact on the traffic flow. In addition, this paper focuses on the velocity disturbance generated at the on-ramp, and proposes the corresponding on-ramp control strategy based on it, and the simulation verified that the control strategy can reasonably control the traffic flow by the on-ramp, which can meet the control strategy requirements to some extent.

保护野性河流已刻不容缓——中国野性河流分布现状与保护建议

野性河流指未经人工拦蓄,隐藏于自然之中难以到达,其水域岸线及整个流域均保持原始自然状态,水体未受污染的河流或河段。由于其“原始”和未受干扰的特性,野性河流具有重要的生态环境、景观和科学研究价值。近几十年,由于经济社会发展需要,我国绝大部分河流受到筑坝、取水、排污等人类活动的影响,野性河流数量和长度锐减,其提供水生态环境基准、原生态景观、水生生物良好栖息地等功能大幅度削弱,开展和加强野性河流的保护已刻不容缓,亟须予以高度重视并制定专门措施开展保护工作。

基于泥沙异重流稳定性与衰减过程的床面淤积特性研究

泥沙异重流在稳定分层和不断衰减的过程中,伴随着床面淤积特征的变化。通过水槽试验观测异重流“稳定-衰减”过程,结合异重分层流运动理论模型,探究该过程对床面淤积特征的影响。研究结果表明,增加异重流层密度或厚度,形成稳定分层形态的时间明显缩短,同时延长了分层形态的维持时间;计算得到的临界雷诺数与扰动波数虚部相应增加,分层形态稳定性得以增强。异重流的稳定行进对于减小床面淤积具有重要作用,试验中临界雷诺数增加568~820,平均淤积厚度降低了42%~46%。因此,提高异重流稳定性并延缓衰减速率,有助于提高输沙率,可以达到减淤的目的。

压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法研究

针对在多干扰源扰动下压差式流量计测量结果面临输出不稳、误差较大的问题,提出多源扰动下的压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法。考虑全补偿气体可膨胀性系数、压缩系数、密度系数和流出系数等因素,研究压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法。利用均值滤波滤除信号中的高斯噪声,结合一阶滞后滤波优化卡尔曼滤波算法,修正多源扰动误差。引入自组织算法和Volterra神经网络进一步改进卡尔曼滤波算法,并优化卡尔曼滤波算法的先验模型参数,以实现多源扰动误差的自动化修正。试验结果表明,经该算法控制后:当参考流量为900 m^(3)/h时,示值误差绝对值为0.203%;当参考流量为700 m^(3)/h时,流量计重复性为0.06%。该研究可以有效识别并修正由于多源扰动造成的流量异常值,且流量测量精度较高。

履齿结构对深海沉积物扰动分析

为探究集矿车在行进过程中履带运动对深海沉积物的扰动机理,并建立适用于机械结构与沉积物作用的仿真模型,结合水槽实验和模拟分析,设定对照试验,研究机械结构运动对沉积物的扰动作用和羽状流扩散现象。实验与仿真结果表明:偏置一字形履齿低扰动性能较好,扰动最大速度在1.5 m/s以下;扰动源的下陷深度和转速对水槽中的浊度变化有显著影响,浊度计最大和最小测量值为4 381.3 mg/L和3 073.3 mg/L,相差29.9%,峰值时间相差超过50%。搭建欧拉多相流模型,设定参数和边界条件,仿真与试验结果接近,可用于后续开展小范围内的机械扰动研究。

基于变风量控制的受控环境压差控制应用研究

压差控制是受控环境气流控制的核心部分,能为实现定向气流的控制目标和提升实验室整体安全性提供有力保障。基于围护结构气密性特征、压力梯度控制需求、快速扰动源等因素,以普通实验室、普通洁净室和气密性生物安全实验室为例,对变风量下的余风量控制、直接压差控制、串级控制3种压差控制方式的适用性、影响因素及应对策略进行了研究,并对空气渗透特性方程的适用性进行了探讨。研究表明:普通实验室和普通洁净室的围护结构孔口和缝隙处空气流动接近于湍流状态,流动指数n可取0.5;气密性实验室的围护结构缝隙长度和水力直径的比值较大,层流占主导地位,流动指数n取值趋近于1.0。

高铁站区客流扰动特征及韧性响应机理——以西安北站为例

城市活力的增加,伴随着愈发突出的人为风险,城市需要进行多维度的韧性响应。高铁站区作为客流扰动的重点空间,其扰动特征与韧性响应方面的研究有待加强。以西安北站为研究对象,通过客流扰动指数、接驳多样性指数和参与式评估等方法,对高铁站区的客流扰动特征、韧性响应机理与规划策略进行深入分析。结果表明,客流扰动具有时间周期性与空间分异性的时空特征,高铁站区的韧性响应是开发定位失准、空间利用低效、接驳多样性失调、治理权责分割与机制响应滞后等因素共同作用的结果。建议从重视交通功能定位、完善接驳空间布局、构建高效治理体系方面提升响应效率,提升高铁站区的韧性。

非纬向基本流上的斜压扰动

本文基于能量方法研究了时间平均的非纬向基本流的稳定性以及该基本流上斜压扰动的发展,并探讨了经向基本气流对于扰动发展的作用。从广义能量方程得到了时间平均的非纬向基本流的稳定性条件,并用扰动能量方程研究了正压发展(衰减)和斜压发展(衰减)的扰动结构及其与基本流的配置关系。研究发现,以急流轴为中心,对于正压发展的扰动,其流线在水平面上向基本气流来流方向的下游倾斜,而对于正压衰减的扰动,其流线在水平面上向基本气流来流方向的上游倾斜。对流层大气中,斜压发展的扰动,其流线在垂直剖面上随高度增加向基本气流来流方向的上游倾斜,而斜压衰减的扰动,其流线在垂直剖面上随高度增加向基本气流来流方向的下游倾斜。经向基本气流的存在会促进并加强扰动的发展,令扰动更加不稳定。

高原睡眠障碍研究进展(综述)

高原低氧环境对睡眠产生不利影响。本文梳理了高原睡眠障碍与机体氧供改变的关系,呼吸、脑血流量、血氧饱和度等重要生理参数可以反映出氧供影响睡眠的生理病理机制。同时探讨了神经递质在高原睡眠障碍研究中的最新进展和挑战,展望了未来高原睡眠障碍的研究方向,包括神经科学、基因组学等多学科的交叉融合,以期进一步寻找诊疗切入点,有的放矢地探索高原睡眠障碍的治疗方法,改善旅居和久居高原人群的生存质量及日间工作能力。

基于线性自抗扰防卡压力流量回转系统研究

针对煤巷锚杆支护时岩石强度复杂多变而出现的卡钻现象,提出一种线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)算法,通过控制比例先导压力阀和变转速伺服电动机,合理匹配钻进时的压力和流量。为验证上述方法的合理性,设定负载端为突变和渐变两种围岩硬度变化工况,在AMESim与Matlab/Simulink中进行模型搭建和联合仿真实验,并与滑模控制(SMC)和PID控制进行比较。结果表明:根据负载变化,采用比例先导压力阀实现回转马达变扭矩输出,可以解决钻进过程卡钻问题;采用转速环和电流环双闭环控制的伺服电动机,可以根据负载变化调节系统流量。提出的LADRC控制电动机和压力阀相较于滑模控制和PID控制,超调量更小,具有更好的响应性和鲁棒性。

综掘工作面扰动拨流高效捕尘技术及配套装备研究

为了解决综掘工作面粉尘治理难题,消除粉尘爆炸的安全隐患,减少尘肺病的发生,对比了目前矿井已有的除尘系统,以香源煤业南集中轨道大巷为背景,对综掘工作面的粉尘运移规律及运移状态进行模拟分析,开发一套扰动拨流高效捕尘系统及装备,通过现场试验,除尘效率达到90%左右,在综掘工作面粉尘防治方面有着较好的效果。

基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型

环雾状流广泛存在于天然气等工业环境中,深入探究扰动波特性对了解环雾状流的演化规律有着重要意义。本文在内径为15mm的垂直管路中进行了不同工况条件下的环雾状流实验,分别利用电导环传感器和液膜收集系统测量了液膜厚度和夹带率,并通过双阈值方法从液膜时序信号中提取了扰动波高数据。探究了扰动波高和夹带率随气、液相流量和工况压力的变化规律,发现两者均随着液相流量的增大而增大,而随着气相流量和工况压力的增大,扰动波高呈下降趋势,夹带率呈上升趋势,验证了两者之间存在密切关联。然后分析了影响扰动波高的尺度参数,建立了基于Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和界面剪切作用的扰动波高预测模型,相对均方根误差rRMSE为4.05%,且98.7%的数据点都在±10.0%的误差以内,预测效果良好。最后,将新模型与现有的扰动波高关系式进行比较,预测精度和可扩展性都有了较大提高。

The Effect of the Variation of the Downstream Region Distance and Butterfly Valve Angle on Flow Characteristics in a 90 Degree Bended Elbow

This study presents the numerical evaluation about the impact of flow disturbance near the intrados and extrados regions of the 90 degree bended elbow using CFX for several practical cases where the 90 degree bended upward elbow is located in a proximity to the butterfly valve and the butterfly valve open angle is changed. For the change of a butterfly valve open angle from 60% to 100% and the increase of the distance between a valve and a 90 degree bended elbow, the effect of FAC (Flow-Accelerated Corrosion) in the 90 degree bended elbow may be neglected because the value and distribution of the velocity and shear stress is rapidly decreased comparing with the present status installed in an industry, and the data of 100% valve open (Case 3) and L/D ≈ 5 (Case 4) are very good agreement comparing with the reference data, L/D ≈ 8 (Case 2). The reasons are that flow already maintains a fully developed condition and a steady state in spite of less distance than the reference case, L/D = 8. Therefore, smooth flow fields have approached at a 90 degree bended elbow. Then, the effect of shear stress and vortex is hardly investigated around the intrados area of 90 degree bended elbow.

辊压机稳流仓仓重自抗扰智能控制技术的研究

在水泥生产联合粉磨过程中,精准调控稳流仓仓重是优化辊压机预粉磨过程,降低粉磨系统能耗的关键。介绍了水泥联合粉磨系统工艺流程及辊压机稳流仓的重要作用;以稳流仓仓重为被控量、喂料量为控制量、回粉量为扰动量,建立了稳流仓仓重自抗扰智能控制系统;基于稳流仓仓重ARMAX模型,设计了稳流仓仓重自抗扰智能控制器。实验仿真表明,该控制器能够较好地跟踪稳流仓仓重设定值,仓重调控过渡平稳,抗扰动能力较强,具有无超调特性及广泛的适应性,为稳流仓仓重的精确控制开辟了新路径。

Effects of fluid recirculation on mass transfer from the arterial surface to flowing blood

The effect of disturbed flow on the mass trans- fer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied nu- merically, and the results were compared with that of our previous work. The arterial wall was assumed to be vis- coelastic and the blood was assumed to be incompressible and non-Newtonian fluid, which is more close to human arte- rial system. Numerical results indicated that the mass trans- fer from the arterial surface to flowing blood in regions of disturbed flow is positively related with the wall shear rates and it is significantly enhanced in regions of disturbed flow with a local minimum around the reattachment point which is higher than the average value of the downstream. There- fore, it may be implied that the accumulation of cholesterol or lipids within atheromatous plaques is not caused by the reduced efflux of cholesterol or lipids, but by the infiltration of the LDL （low-density lipoprotein） from the flowing blood to the arterial wall.