Industrial flow of lead in China

The rules on industrial flow of lead were studied for theoretical foundation of nonrenewable resource conservation and environmental improvement. A model of lead flow in lead product life cycle was developed through lead flow analysis and was used to analyze the relationship between lead product system and its environment, thus the rules on industrial flow of lead were obtained. The results show that increasing eco-efficiency will favor both resource conservation and environmental improvement. Several indices were proposed to evaluate the lead flow. As for application, the lead-flow for China in 1999 was analyzed and the reasons for low eco-efficiency were identified. In the end, some countermeasures were proposed to improve eco-efficiency, and the future lead ore consumption and environment quality were forecasted.

Experiment and analysis on flow rate and temperature of liquid PbBi in PREKY

Flow rate and temperature are important parameters for design and operation of liquid lead–bismuth(Pb Bi) experimental loop. The PREKY facility was designed to study test technique of flow rate and local temperature of Pb Bi loop. In this work, flow rate monitoring of molten Pb Bi was performed, and temperatures of the Pb Bi and pipe surface were measured. The results show that the flow rate of the venturi-nozzle flow meter had an uncertainty of ±5 % in the range of 0.6–2.0 m/s, and the maximum temperature difference between the Pb Bi and pipe surface was about 8 ℃.

Effect of leading edge roughness on cavitation inception and development on thin hydrofoil

The cavitation incipience and development of water flow over a thin hydrofoil placed in the test section of high-speed cavitation tunnel were investigated.Hydrofoils with smooth and rough leading edge were tested for different upstream velocities and incidence angles.The observations clearly revealed that cavitation incipience is enhanced by roughness at incidence angle below 2°.This is in line with the former reports,according to whose roughness element decreases the wettability and traps a larger amount of gas.As a result,surface nucleation is enhanced with an increased risk of cavitation.Surprisingly,for higher incidence angles(>3°),it was found that cavitation incipience is significantly delayed by roughness while developed cavitation is almost the same for both smooth and rough hydrofoils.This unexpected incipience delay is related to the change in the boundary layer structure due to roughness.It was also reported a significant influence of roughness on the dynamic of developed cavitation and shedding of transient cavities.

A Review of the Attachment Line Instability for Hybrid Laminar Flow Control

This paper focuses on the investigation of the attachment line instability for Hybrid Laminar Flow Control(HLFC),one of the most promising drag reduction technologies for modern transport aircraft respect to high Reynolds numbers and large sweep angles.The attachment line instability also plays an important role during laminar-turbulent transition control and HLFC design on a swept wing.The overview of historical research is presented and knowledge gaps are pointed out as the conclusion.

Effect of the Rare Earths on the High Temperature Properties of Deformed Leaded-Brasses

The effect of the rare earths on the high temperature properties of deformed leaded-brasses has been stu- died with the high temperature tensile test.The results show that the rare earth additives can increase elongation of alloys at high temperature,but they had little effect on the maximum flow stress.With the help of SEM. X-ray diffraction instrument,quantitative metallography analysis instrument,etc.,the effect of the rare earth elements on the mierostrueture of alloys has also been examined.

Selection and Impact of an Aerofoil Leading Edge on Boundary Layer Transition

The choice of leading-edge aspect ratio (AR) plays a crucial role when planning boundary layer wind tunnel tests on a flat plate. Poor selection of the leading-edge profile hampers effectiveness of the experiment and increases testing costs associated with interchanging of leading edges to attain accurate results. Thus, the appropriate selection of the leading edge is a very crucial part of the wind tunnel experiment process. It is argued that the curvature of the leading edge and thus the AR is of paramount importance to achieve accurate results from the wind tunnel testing. In this project, seven different elliptical leading edges were tested, and their performance was compared with an ideal leading edge with zero thickness. Experiments and computation have been done for leading edges ranging from AR6 to AR20. Results were evaluated for boundary layer transition onset location, and it was found that AR20 has the least influence on the flow structure when compared to the ideal leading edge. A study of the flow structure at the stagnation point indicates an increase in adverse pressure gradient with an increase in the AR but also shows a decrease in the size of the stagnation region. The presence of a higher AR leading edge reduces the turbulent spot production rate, which is one of the primary causes of boundary layer transition. This paper presents a correlation that enables aerodynamicists to quantify the impact of the leading-edge AR on transition. A typical case is also presented to compare the relative performance of a wedge and the higher AR leading edge, which provides a choice between an elliptical or a wedge-shaped leading edge.

风口小套上部熔损的原因分析及控制措施

基于风口小套上部熔损的理论基础,从烧毁热流出发,分析了铜的导热性对小套熔损的影响,提出了铜的纯度要求及对P含量的控制;计算了适宜的风口小套冷却水速、入口水压;分析了高炉原燃料对小套熔损的影响,着重提出了铅会加剧小套的熔损;在生产操作方面,提出控制软熔带根部不能太低,以利于减轻小套的烧损。

局部凸起在V形钝前缘模型中的降热特性研究

三维内转式进气道的唇口结构通常存在复杂的激波干扰及严酷的气动热载荷,严重威胁高超声速飞行器的性能与安全.在6.0马赫的高超声速流动中,以V形钝前缘模型为研究对象,设计了局部凸起的被动流动控制降热方案.采用数值模拟手段,首先研究了局部凸起方案的降热能力以及降热原理,然后初步优化了局部凸起的位置、高度以及宽度等关键设计参数,最后分析了优化后的局部凸起方案的攻角、侧滑角及马赫数的适用性.研究结果表明:上游凸起边缘形成的斜激波与主马赫反射结构形成的透射激波发生干扰,能够减弱其冲击壁面的强度,实现降热的目的;驻点凸起通过改变超声速射流的对撞角度,能够降低其对撞的强度,实现降热的目的.原始方案的降热能力约为37.75%,在对局部凸起的关键设计参数进行初步优化后,优化方案的降热能力将提升至44.60%.设计工况下的优化方案具有良好的攻角适用性,而高度可变的优化方案可以较好地适用于有侧滑角及高马赫数的流动.在研究范围内,高度可变的优化局部凸起方案的降热能力均高于20%.

转子叶顶间隙值及改型对压气机性能影响的数值模拟

为了分析转子叶顶间隙值和改型对压气机性能的影响,以典型轴流跨声速压气机NASA stage 35为对象,对不同叶顶间隙值的压气机进行数值模拟。结果表明:叶顶间隙增大并且泄漏流强度提高,会导致脱体激波位置前移,转子吸力面激波作用位置后移,前缘溢流现象减弱,叶尖泄漏涡与激波作用增强,间隙区域涡量增加,靠近前缘的涡核向下游移动,但附面层与激波之间的作用减弱;不同叶顶间隙值的压气机失速机制不同,在小间隙下压气机失速是由叶尖泄漏涡和转子吸力面附面层分离共同作用引起的,在大间隙下压气机失速是由叶尖泄漏涡引起的;在研究的变化范围内,叶顶间隙值为0.50τ时,压气机性能最好,峰值效率和稳定裕度分别提高了0.16%和2.39%;将最优间隙改型成平行扩张式和正弦波间隙后,压气机性能提高,脱体激波后移,叶尖泄漏涡与激波作用程度减弱,转子吸力面附面层分离减弱,改型间隙能够减少叶片制作材料,减轻发动机质量。

“Click”运动高升力机制

研究了具有“Click”运动的模型翼在三维流场中的气动特性.采用计算流体力学方法求解三维非定常不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,对比了简谐和“Click”运动所产生的升力与阻力,研究了升力最大时的前缘涡特性和展向流动.结果表明,在下拍过程的升力最大处,“Click”和简谐运动的前缘涡能够分别维持至翼展的80%和60%处.两种运动都会在翼展方向存在维持展向流动的压力梯度,而“Click”运动具有更显著的展向压力梯度,对展向涡度的能量输运效率更高,因此其前缘涡能够保持更完整的形态.在上拍过程中,两种运动的前缘涡形态差异不明显,“Click”运动快速上拍的运动特点使其能够快速地摆脱尾涡的干扰,从而维持升力.

钐钴永磁流量计研制与锂铅自然对流回路流速测量

介绍了钐钴永磁流量计的研制过程,包括材料选取、结构设计、运行原理及内部磁场分布状态。利用镓铟锡高温冲刷回路与商用流量计对其进行了校准比对,结果显示校准后的平均流速约为钐钴永磁流量计测量值的1.8倍。将校准后的结果运用于液态锂铅自然对流回路的流速测量,并与商业软件ANSYS Fluent模拟计算结果进行对比,二者之间的误差约为23.3%,并对误差进行了分析。通过实验与分析,确定锂铅自然对流回路的流速范围约为0.05~0.06m·s^(-1)。

燃料组件堵流工况下铅铋-氩气两相流的传热压降特性分析

带绕丝燃料组件的堵流事故是铅冷快堆安全分析的重要工况之一。由于在铅铋自由液面处的气体夹带或在气体增强自然循环条件下存在铅铋-氩气的两相流情况,可能引起燃料组件堵流工况下的局部热工水力特性变化。本文通过计算流体力学软件Fluent,对带绕丝19棒束燃料组件进行建模,模拟分析了堵流工况下的铅铋-氩气两相流传热压降特性,并对两相流模型进行了对比验证,对入口雷诺数、堵块孔隙率、氩气气泡直径等因素进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明:在堵流条件下氩气气泡的流动行为包括逃逸、耗散和受限,在气相体积分率较高的区域会产生局部微正压及过热现象。研究结果可为铅冷快堆堵流事故的安全分析提供参考。

基于子通道程序的铅铋反应堆失流事故不确定性分析

子通道程序是反应堆热工领域的重要计算工具,利用不确定性分析方法能够有效识别和量化程序输入参数和模型假设的不确定性,从而提高程序的可靠性,为热工水力参数设计提供更可靠的参考依据。本文基于子通道程序SUBCHANFLOW,对10 MW小型铅铋反应堆在稳态和失流事故瞬态情况下进行了不确定性分析。首先,建立了全堆芯子通道模型,并确定了可能影响目标参数的输入参数。随后,采用最优拉丁超立方抽样方法在输入参数分布范围内采样,并输入到SUBCHANFLOW中得到失流事故瞬态和稳态情况下的不确定带。最后,通过灰色关联度分析,对瞬态和稳态敏感性进行了评估。计算结果表明:在瞬态和稳态情况下,目标参数的不确定带均能包络名义值;在瞬态情况下,芯块最高温度容忍上限为674.55℃,包壳最高温度容忍上限为618.31℃,且各参数计算精度基本小于7%;目标参数的不确定性主要来自入口温度、燃料棒高度、出口压力、总功率和包壳热导率等参数,其中入口温度影响最大。本研究揭示了在失流事故瞬态和稳态条件下,SUBCHANFLOW程序的计算不确定性以及各参数对系统响应的敏感性差异,有助于进一步优化和改进反应堆设计和运行策略,提高铅铋反应堆的安全性和可靠性。

高温铅铋轴流泵叶轮冲磨蚀特性研究

为研究铅铋轴流泵叶轮冲磨蚀特性,基于液态铅铋的冲磨蚀破坏机理分析,利用边界层理论建立冲磨蚀数学模型,采用SST k-ω湍流模型对0.8Q_(d)、1.0Q_(d)和1.2Q_(d)三种方案下泵内流动进行数值计算,获得了叶片冲磨蚀分布及壁面流速、流态、壁面熵产率与冲磨蚀的影响关系。结果表明:高冲磨蚀区域主要分布在叶片进口边靠近泵壳一侧;随铅铋泵入口流量增加和壁面流态紊乱加剧,叶片受冲磨蚀影响增大;当液态铅铋的最大流速不高于10m/s时,叶片受冲磨蚀影响较小,而最大流速高于10m/s时,叶片表面冲磨蚀急剧加重;叶片表面高冲磨蚀区域是高壁面熵产率主要分布区域,且液态铅铋的冲磨蚀行为与壁面熵产率呈正相关关系。

某20万吨再生铅项目设计及能耗分析

本文以某年产20万吨再生铅项目为例,首先对项目的工艺流程进行了简要介绍,其次对项目主要工艺流程包括富氧双侧吹熔池熔炼系统、粗铅火法精炼系统和冶炼烟气脱硫制酸系统进行详细介绍。通过对主要工艺耗能分析,提出有针对性的工艺节能措施,以期达到良好的节能效果。

叶片进排气边电解加工垂直供液流场特性研究

进排气边是航空发动机叶片中的重要功能部位,对加工精度有极其严苛的要求。针对某型航空发动机叶片,建立叶片进排气边的阴极三维模型和进排气边电解加工垂直供液的流场模型。采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟进排气边电解加工过程,取不同加工间隙和不同进液口压力为因变量,研究垂直供液电解加工过程中的流场变化规律。实验结果表明,加工时电解液流速与进液口压力呈正相关;在相同电解液压力下,小加工间隙的流场分布比大加工间隙均匀。

某铅锌矿选矿试验研究

对某铅锌矿进行选矿工艺流程试验研究,该矿石铅锌品位较高,闪锌矿分布不均匀,以中细粒为主,铅锌矿物嵌布关系密切,铅锌分离难度较大;通过铅粗选磨矿细度、铅粗精矿再磨细度、铅粗选石灰、铅粗选HB26、铅粗选HB535、铅粗选HB165、铅精选I石灰、铅精选I HB26、铅精选I HB535、锌粗选2#油、锌精选I石灰、锌精选I丁基黄药用量试验,采用原则流程铅锌顺序优先浮选,获得了铅精矿铅品位64.80%、含锌7.07%、铅回收率93.67%,锌精矿锌品位50.11%、含铅0.98%、锌回收率88.47%,硫精矿品位50.02%、硫回收率35.23%的试验指标。

波长色散型X射线荧光光谱法测定J矿山矿样中银、铜、铅、锌含量

采用波长色散型X射线荧光光谱法测定了J矿山矿石样品中的Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn,确定了粉末压片-校准曲线绘制-仪器测定等相关条件,并进行了抽样检测与常规化学分析方法比对。结果表明,该方法精密度好,方法比对结果满意,满足一般矿山的生产需求。由于其检测用时短、人力成本低的特点,可以在实际生产中取得良好的效果。

小翼羽掠角对机翼增升效果的影响

鸟类会通过抬起其翅膀前缘3至4根长度较短的羽毛(小翼羽)来抑制失速和增加升力,并根据不同飞行状态改变小翼羽与翅膀之间的掠角。为应对大迎角下的机翼失速问题,本文结合风洞测力和粒子图像测速实验研究了小翼羽掠角对机翼增升效果的影响。风洞测力实验结果表明,相比于无前掠的小翼羽,适当前掠的小翼羽对机翼的增升效果更好且不会增加机翼阻力。平面粒子图像测速和体视粒子图像测速实验表明,适当的前掠角能够增强小翼羽产生的前缘涡的强度,并扩大前缘涡增升的有效机翼迎角范围,最终导致适当前掠的小翼羽对机翼的增升效果更好。