A Framework to Regionalize Flow Information in a Catchment with Limited Hydrological Data

This paper describes a framework for mapping flow information from a single gauge to the 9-ungauged river basins with distinct attributes. To establish the basic watershed characteristics at the gauged site, a hydrologic model was calibrated and validated against the historical continuous discharge dataset. The framework was then applied to account for the two watersheds’ proportionality in their similarity, such as the influence of land use on transplanting flow signatures to the ungauged site. Three land-use scenarios-discharges at the ungauged and gauged sites formed the basis of an equation mapping the gauged discharge signal to the ungauged site. In comparison with intermittent observed data, the framework prediction attained a precision of 0.85 ≥ NSE ≤ 0.95, 0.80 ≥ R2 ≤ 0.94, 0.56 ≥ bR2 ≤ 0.89. Despite considerable differences in the watershed area, slope, soils, and land cover, the framework satisfactorily depicted the variation in flow pulses at each of the 9 ungauged discharge sites. In the absence of sufficient hydrological information, for example, the presence of a single gauge, the framework provides an alternative method to estimate flow at ungauged sites, reducing uncertainties in the regionalization of model parameters.

Heat transfer characteristics for double-jet in different flow regions on a thick plate

During multi-jet cooling,the complex hydrodynamic characteristics caused by the interaction between jets will affect the heat transfer of the plate.To further clarify the heat transfer characteristics in different flow regions,the double-jet cooling experiments were completed on a 50-mm-thick plate with the initial cooling temperature and jet angle in the range of 300–900°C and 0°–60°,respectively.The inverse heat conduction was used to calculate the surface temperature and heat flux.Furthermore,the rewetting phenomenon,maximum heat flux and maximum cooling speed were studied.The results show that increasing the angle between jet and wall normal would increase the wetting front’s width downstream of the jet point.When the jet angle was 60°,the maximum value increased by 37.29 mm compared with that when the angle was 0.The correlation between the width of the wetting front and the radial temperature gradient was further confirmed.In addition,it was found that the maximum heat flux would be affected by the duration of transition boiling,but not affected by complete wetting time.The results clarified the heat transfer mechanisms under various initial cooling temperature and inclination angle conditions on plate cooling in different flow regions,and provided valuable data for controlling heat transfer efficiency and improving cooling uniformity.

A review of regional groundwater flow modeling

Significant advances in regional groundwater flow modeling have been driven by the demand to predict regional impacts of human inferences on groundwater systems and associated environment. The wide availability of powerful computers, user friendly modeling systems and GIS stimulates an exponential growth of regional groundwater modeling. Large scale transient groundwater models have been built to analyze regional flow systems, to simulate water budget components changes, and to optimize groundwater develop- ment scenarios. This paper reviews the historical development of regional groundwater modeling. Examples of Death Valley and Great Artesian Basin transient groundwater models are introduced to show the application of large scale regional groundwater flow models. Specific methodologies for regional groundwater flow modeling are descried and special issues in regional groundwater flow modeling are discussed.

GACNet: A Generative Adversarial Capsule Network for Regional Epitaxial Traffic Flow Prediction

With continuous urbanization,cities are undergoing a sharp expansion within the regional space.Due to the high cost,the prediction of regional traffic flow is more difficult to extend to entire urban areas.To address this challenging problem,we present a new deep learning architecture for regional epitaxial traffic flow prediction called GACNet,which predicts traffic flow of surrounding areas based on inflow and outflow information in central area.The method is data-driven,and the spatial relationship of traffic flow is characterized by dynamically transforming traffic information into images through a two-dimensional matrix.We introduce adversarial training to improve performance of prediction and enhance the robustness.The generator mainly consists of two parts:abstract traffic feature extraction in the central region and traffic prediction in the extended region.In particular,the feature extraction part captures nonlinear spatial dependence using gated convolution,and replaces the maximum pooling operation with dynamic routing,finally aggregates multidimensional information in capsule form.The effectiveness of the method is evaluated using traffic flow datasets for two real traffic networks:Beijing and New York.Experiments on highly challenging datasets show that our method performs well for this task.

Fractal Characteristic of Soil in Typical Debris Flow-Triggering Region:A Case Study in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan, Yunnan

The structural features of soil in debris flow-triggering region play an important role in the formation and evolution of debris flow. In this paper, a case study on the fractal of soil particle-size distribution （PSDFs） and pore-solid （PSFs） in Jiangjia Ravine was conducted. The results revealed that the soil in Jiangjia Ravine had significant fractal features and its PSDF and PSF had the same variation trend despite different type of soils in debris flow-triggering region： residual soil （RS） 〉 debris flow deposit （DFD）~clinosol （CL）, their fractal dimension of PSDFs are respectively between 2.62 and 2.96, 2.52 and 2.68, 2.37 and 2.52; and the fractal dimension of PSFs are respectively between 2. 75 and 2.95, 2. 57 and 2. 72, 2.59 and 2.64. The fractal dimension of soil reflected its complexity as a self-organizing system and was closely related to the evolution of soil in debris flow- triggering region.

Regional Flow in the Lower Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Seismic tomography reveals an “R-shape” regional flow constrained between the depths of 50 to 80 km in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau (STP) which demonstrates some of the differences revealed by the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings in some areas. The “R-shape” flow could be present in both the lower crust and uppermost mantle, but not in the lower crust above the Moho discontinuity. Lateral flow has been imaged under the Qiangtang and Songpan-Ganzi blocks while two channel flows have been revealed beneath the south part of the STP with the eastward lateral flow from the Qiangtang block separating into two channel flows. One branch turns southwards at the south Qiangtang block, along the Bangong-Nujiang fault reaching to the Indochina block, and another is across the Songpan-Ganzi block (fold system) which then separates into northward and southward parts. The northward branch is along the edge of the north Sichuan basin reaching to the Qingling fault and the southward channel turns south along the Anninghe fault, then turns eastward along the margins of the south Sichuan basin. Our study suggests that the crustal deformation along the deep, large sutures (such as the Longmen Shan fault zone) is maintained by dynamic pressure from the regional flow intermingled with the hot upwelling asthenosphere. The material in the lower crust and uppermost mantle flowing outward from the center of the plateau is buttressed by the old, strong lithosphere that underlies the Sichuan basin, pushing up on the crust above and maintaining steep topography through dynamic pressure. We therefore consider that the “R-shape” regional flow played a key role in the crustal deformation along the deep suture zones of the Bangong-Nujiang, the Longmen-Shan faults, and other local heavily faulted zones.

Study on regional material flow analysis of Chengyang District in Qingdao

Base on the framework of material flow analsis （MFA） proposed by Eurostat, this paper collected related data and conducted a regional MFA for the Chengyang Districgt in Qingdao. The indicators such as Direct Material Input（DMI）, Direct Material Consumption （DMC） and Exports are calculated or estimated for the period of year 1995 through 2004. Several derivable iudicators defining direct material productivity and material intenstiy are also evaluated and some valuable conclusions were drawn. DMI in absolute number increased from about 1645.9 kilotons in 1995to about 8052.5 kilotons in 2004. Imports contribute to about 47 to 69% of DMI, and the biggest component of imports is fossil fuel that approximatley accounts far 50% of imnports. DMI per capita of Chengyang District increased rapidly and reached 17. 4 tons in 2004. Compared with other five economies studied by WRI, material consumption intensity of Chengyang District is significantly lower than developed countries, which indicates that Chengyang District is still in a development stage The direct material productivity （actual GDP per DMI） increased 59.1% from 1995 to 2004 and has been higher than either of stadies in China, which indicates efficiency of resources utilization has improved obviously in Chengyang District. But there was significant increase in material input in the last decade, which shows that rapid increase of economy is highly dependent on requirement and consumption of natural resources. Therefore, in order to promote the sustainahility, it is essential to develop circular economy and improve utilization efficiency of resources.

Groundwater Flow Modeling for Qushtapa Plain Unconfined Aquifer in Southern Erbil Basin, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Increasing population growth and water demand for various purposes such as irrigation, domestic and industrial production in many parts of the Kurdistan Region is causing deficit in fresh water and rising groundwater dependence. Drilling many deep wells in the area unsystematically and continuously increased pumping water from groundwater reservoirs results in lowering of water table. Therefore, it is essential to assess the management of water resources. The study focuses on the groundwater modeling for the Qushtapa District plain area in particular under steady state flow conditions. The aquifer was simulated under unconfined condition and is represented by a single layer of 100 m thickness. MODPATH was used to measure contamination track lines and travel times. This approach involved the introduction of particles at sources of contaminants in the wells and the recharge area, then the identification of the path lines and the determination of the special distribution of contaminants through steady state flow conditions. The simulation of the groundwater head shows that the groundwater head starts from the northeastern part of the plain and decreases towards Lesser Zab River in the south of the plain from 420 m to 140 m above sea level. The modeled layer was calibrated under steady state conditions using hydraulic parameters obtained from observation and pumping wells. The calibrated model is effective in producing steady-state groundwater head distribution and good compliance with observed data. The standard error was estimated as 4.88 m, the normalized root mean square error is 8.3% and the residual mean is 15.79 m. The results of the forward tracking show the source of potential pollutants from the recharge area after different travel time, the particles released at the northern boundary travels to the center and the western part toward the pollution sources. The results of the backward tracking show that the particles located in the extraction wells moved toward the recharge area in the north and northeastern part of the study area.

Effectiveness analysis of the prediction of regional debris flow susceptibility in post-earthquake and drought site

Debris-flow disasters occurred frequently after the Mw 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Based on historical accounts of debris-flow disaster events, it found that debris flow occurrence is closely related to the impact of earthquakes and droughts, because earthquakedrought activities can increase the loose solid materials, which can transform into debris flows under the effect of rainstorms. Based on the analysis of historical earthquake activity(frequency, magnitude and location), drought indexes and the trend of climate change(amount of rainfall), a prediction method was established, and the regional debris flow susceptibility was predicted. Furthermore, in a debris flow-susceptible site, effective warning and monitoring are essential not only from an economicpoint of view but are also considered as a frontline approach to alleviate hazards. The advantages of the prediction and early monitoring include(1) the acquired results being sent to the central government for policy making;(2) lives and property in mountainous areas can be protected, such as the 570 residents in the Aizi valley, who evacuated successfully before debris flows in 2012;(3) guiding the government to identify the areas of disasters and the preparation for disaster prevention and mitigation, such as predicting disasters in high-risk areas in the period 2012-2017, helping the government to recognize the development trend of disasters;(4) the quantitative prediction of regional debris-flow susceptibility, such as after the Wenchuan earthquake, can promote scientific and sustainable development and socioeconomic planning in earthquake-struck areas.

DIFASTERS AND REGIONAL RISKS OF DEBRIS FLOW IN ZHAOTONG PREFECTURE，YUNNAN PROVINCE，CHINA

Zhaotong Prefecture has the area of 22,434km2, where there are more than 330 debris flow ravines, with the average spatial density of 14.7 spots per 1,000km2. According to the method of evaluation on the regional risk of debris flow,this study has come to the following conclusions: Qiaojia County-risk grade V,Yongshan, Yanjin, Ludian, Daguan, Weixin and Zhenxiong counties-risk grade Ⅲ;Yiliang, Suijiang-Shuifu and Zhaotong City-risk grade Ⅱ.Compared with the field investigation, the result is satisfied.

Methodology to determine regional water demand for instream flow and its application in the Yellow River Basin

In order to realistically reflect the difference between regional water demand for instream flow and river ecological water demand as well as to resolve the problem that water demand may be counted repeatedly, a concept of regional water demand for minimum instream flow have been developed. The concept was used in the process of determining river functions and calculating ecological water demand for a river. The Yellow River watershed was used to validate the calculation methodology for regional water demand. CaIculation results indicate that there are significant differences in water demands among the different regions. The regional water demand at the downstream of the Yellow River is the largest about 14.893 × 10^9 m^3/a. The regional water demand of upstream, Lanzhou-Hekou section is the smallest about -5.012 × 10^9 m^3/a. The total ecological water demand of the Yellow River Basin is 23.06 × 10^9 m^3/a, about the 39% of surface water resources of the water resources should not exceed 61% in the Yellow River Basin. Yellow River Basin. That means the maximum available surface The regional river ecological water demands at the Lower Section of the Yellow River and Longyangxia-Lanzhou Section exceed the surface water resources produced in its region and need to be supplemented from other regions through the water rational planning of watershed water resources. These results provides technical basis for rational plan of water resources of the Yellow River Basin.

Spatial-temporal differences in in-stream flow requirement based on GIS： A case study of Yan＇an region, northern Shaanxi

Although water has the central function of the bloodstream in the biosphere especially in arid or semi-arid regions such as Yah＇an region in northwestern China, yet the very limited attention is paid to the role of the water-related processes in ecosystem. In this research, based on continuous nearly 50-year data including runoff volume, sediment discharge as well as sediment accretion from hydrographic stations, and 10-year information of water quality from pollution monitoring stations, the method for measuring in-stream flow requirement has been put forward supported by experiential models and GIS spatial analysis. Additionally, the changes of in-stream flow requirement for environment and economic development have been addressed from spatial-temporal dimensions. The results show that： （1） According to the central streams in Yan＇an region, mean annual in-stream flow requirement reaches 1.0619 billion m^3, and the surface water for economic exploitation is 0.2445 billion m3 （2） Mean annual in-stream flow requirement for sediment transfers in flood period occupies over 80% of the integrated volume in a year. （3） From the 1950s to 1970s, in-stream flow requirement for sediment transfers is comparatively higher, while from the 1980s to 1990s, this requirement presents a decreasing tendency.

ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE LAMINAR FLOW IN THE INLET REGION OF A PIPE

The laminar analytic solutions of velocities and pressure in the central zone of the inlet region of pipe flow are given under the condition of uniform inflow, based on the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible viscous flow.

A STUDY ON FLOW RESISTANCE IN THE ENTRANCE REGION OF ISOSCELES TRIANGULAR DUCTS

In the present paper the variational solution of velocity profile for an incompressible laminar and fully developed flow in isosceles triangular ducts is derived by applying the Kantovorich method. The theoretical and experimental results of pressure loss are also given. The velocity distribution model, additional pressure loss coefficient and calculating method of inlet length in the entrance region of isosceles triangular ducts are also derived, which are suitable for various kinds of vertex angles. The calculations and experiments are also performed for two models: the isosceles triangular channels with vertex angles 2a=45.1 and 2a= 60 . Comparisons are made between the theoretical analysis in this paper and those of the other authors. It can be seen that the present analytical result is of high. accuracy and wide practicability, and agrees well with the authors' experiment.

Analysis of Externality of Rural Labor Force Flow in Central and Western Regions of China and Benefit Compensation

According to the theories of institutional economics and development economics,the positive and negative externality of rural labor force flowing from central and western regions and into eastern regions of China were analyzed,and then it was proposed that it is necessary to positive externality,rather than take"household register"measures to solve the problem simply.

Entrance Region Flow of Herschel-Bulkley Fluid in an Annular Cylinder

The entrance region flow of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid in an annular cylinder has been investigated numerically without making prior assumptions on the form of velocity profile within the boundary layer region. This velocity distribution is determined as part of the procedure by cross sectional integration of the momentum differential equation for a given distance z from the channel entrance. Using the macroscopic mass and momentum balance equation, the entrance length at each cross section of the entrance region of the annuli and pressure distribution have been calculated for specific values of Herschel-Bulkley number and various values of aspect ratio and flow behavior index. The effects of non-Newtonian characteristics and channel width on the velocity profile, pressure distribution and the entrance length have been discussed.

The Design of the Assistant Decision Support System of Cross-Regional Rural Labor Flow

The framework of the assistant decision support system of cross-regional rural labor flow is established,the system combines the cross-regional rural labor flow with DSS,which provides the leaders with the maximum assistant decision-making function in the regulation and guidance of rural labors as well as in relevant programs.The assistant decision support system functions are discussed,the function modules of this system are introduced from four aspects,including the analysis of labor flow,the prediction of labor flow,the regulation of cross-regional flow and the configuration of decision support system;based on the data base obtained from dynamic tracking of the migrant workers and combining other data sources,the data warehouse model is established,for example,in the analysis of the labor migration times,a star multi-dimensional data model is designed from the time dimension,place dimension,the type of work dimension,accompaniers dimension and so on;the trans-regional flow of rural labor force is analyzed and predicted by using OLAP from the labor's migration times,migration places and other various perspectives.The operation principles of the assistant decision support system of trans-regional labor flow are introduced,it is pointed out that the system serves the policy-makers of the regulation of labor flow and other relevant enterprises,the system will play an important role in the tracking monitoring and cross-regional regulation of the rural labor flow.

经济增长目标调整促进了资本流动吗——基于企业跨地区投资的视角

地方政府“为增长而竞争”的发展模式是造成市场分割的重要因素,那么经济增长目标下调能否缓解这一局面、促进要素资源自由流通?为了回答这一问题,本文以上市公司在异地设立子公司的行为衡量资本要素的流动性,系统考察经济增长目标下调对企业跨地区投资的影响。研究发现,经济增长目标下调能够促进资本流动,表现为经济增长目标下调显著提升了辖区内上市公司设立异地子公司的比例;影响机制分析表明,经济增长目标下调提高了政府放权意愿,降低了市场分割程度,进而促进了企业跨地区投资;进一步的异质性分析揭示,在地区行政壁垒较低、行业竞争程度较高及民营企业样本中,经济增长目标下调对企业跨地区投资的促进作用更加明显。本文丰富了制度性政府行为影响资源配置的相关研究,为当前推进全国统一大市场建设提供了直接的政策思路。