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A class of exact solutions for the incompressible viscous magnetohydrodynamic flow over a porous rotating disk 被引量:3
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作者 M.Turkyilmazoglu 《Acta Mechanica Sinica》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2012年第2期335-347,共13页
The present paper is concerned with a class of ex- act solutions to the steady Navier-Stokes equations for the incompressible Newtonian viscous electrically conducting fluid flow due to a porous disk rotating with a c... The present paper is concerned with a class of ex- act solutions to the steady Navier-Stokes equations for the incompressible Newtonian viscous electrically conducting fluid flow due to a porous disk rotating with a constant angu- lar speed. The three-dimensional hydromagnetic equations of motion are treated analytically to obtained exact solutions with the inclusion of suction and injection. The well-known thinning/thickening flow field effect of the suction/injection is better understood from the constructed closed form veloc- ity equations. Making use of this solution, analytical formu- las for the angular velocity components as well as for the permeable wall shear stresses are derived. Interaction of the resolved flow field with the surrounding temperature is fur- ther analyzed via the energy equation. The temperature field is shown to accord with the dissipation and the Joule heating. As a result, exact formulas are obtained for the temperature field which take different forms corresponding to the condi- tion of suction or injection imposed on the wall. 展开更多
关键词 Exact solution Magnetohydrodynamic flow Rotating-disk. Suction/Blowing. Shear stresses. Heat trans- fer
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ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR EQUATIONS OF UNSTEADY FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN TUBE
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作者 刘慈群 黄军旗 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1989年第11期989-996,共8页
This paper presents analytieal solutions to the partial differential equations for unsteady flow of the second-order fluid and Maxwell fluid in tube by using the integral transform method. It can be used to analyse th... This paper presents analytieal solutions to the partial differential equations for unsteady flow of the second-order fluid and Maxwell fluid in tube by using the integral transform method. It can be used to analyse the behaviour of axial velocity and shear stress for unsteady flow of nun-Newtonian visco-elastie fluids in tube, and to provide a theoretical base for the projection of pipe-line engineering. 展开更多
关键词 ANALYTICAL solutions FOR EQUATIONS OF UNSTEADY flow OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN TUBE MAXWELL
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Power Flow Analytical Solutions and Multi-dimensional Voltage Stability Boundaries Based on Multivariate Quotient-difference Method
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作者 Chengxi Liu Qiupin Lai 《CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems》 SCIE EI CSCD 2024年第3期1168-1178,共11页
This paper proposes a novel Multivariate Quotient-Difference(MQD)method to obtain the approximate analytical solution for AC power flow equations.Therefore,in the online environment,the power flow solutions covering d... This paper proposes a novel Multivariate Quotient-Difference(MQD)method to obtain the approximate analytical solution for AC power flow equations.Therefore,in the online environment,the power flow solutions covering different operating conditions can be directly obtained by plugging values into multiple symbolic variables,such that the power injections and consumptions of selected buses or areas can be independently adjusted.This method first derives a power flow solution through a Multivariate Power Series(MPS).Next,the MQD method is applied to transform the obtained MPS to a Multivariate Pad´e Approximants(MPA)to expand the Radius of Convergence(ROC),so that the accuracy of the derived analytical solution can be significantly increased.In addition,the hypersurface of the voltage stability boundary can be identified by an analytical formula obtained from the coefficients of MPA.This direct method for power flow solutions and voltage stability boundaries is fast for many online applications,since such analytical solutions can be derived offline and evaluated online by only plugging values into the symbolic variables according to the actual operating conditions.The proposed method is validated in detail on New England 39-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems with independent load variations in multi-regions. 展开更多
关键词 Analytical power flow solution multivariate power series multivariate Padéapproximants multivariate quotient-difference multi-dimensional voltage stability boundary
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Formative mechanism of preferential solution flow during dump leaching 被引量:7
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作者 吴爱祥 尹升华 +1 位作者 刘金枝 杨保华 《Journal of Central South University of Technology》 EI 2006年第5期590-594,共5页
Preferential flow is a rapid movement of solution through pores caused by coarse ores. Macropore is the main factor for the preferential flow. Macropore can be defined from three aspects. Segregation of the ores durin... Preferential flow is a rapid movement of solution through pores caused by coarse ores. Macropore is the main factor for the preferential flow. Macropore can be defined from three aspects. Segregation of the ores during dumping was studied according to particle kinematics. Small ores become smaller under the effect of acid and weathering. Clay in the rainwater from the hillside precipitates in the dump. Segregation and fine ores are the main causes in macropore. The permeability in coarse ores is better than that in fine ores. The mechanism in the preferential flows was studied combining the fast conducting effect of the macropore. Experimental result shows that, at certain application rate, fine ore area is saturated while large volume of solution flows laterally to the coarse ore area and leaks out quickly through the macropores. Thus the mechanism of preferential solution flows is further illustrated. 展开更多
关键词 MACROPORE SEGREGATION SLIMING permeability preferential solution flow
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Mathematical model for coupled reactive flow and solute transport during heap bioleaching of copper sulfide 被引量:5
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作者 尹升华 吴爱祥 +1 位作者 李希雯 王贻明 《Journal of Central South University》 SCIE EI CAS 2011年第5期1434-1440,共7页
Based on the momentum and mass conservation equations, a comprehensive model of heap bioleaching process is developed to investigate the interaction between chemical reactions, solution flow, gas flow, and solute tran... Based on the momentum and mass conservation equations, a comprehensive model of heap bioleaching process is developed to investigate the interaction between chemical reactions, solution flow, gas flow, and solute transport within the leaching system. The governing equations are solved numerically using the COMSOL Multiphysics software for the coupled reactive flow and solute transport at micro-scale, meso-scale and macro-scale levels. At or near the surface of ore particle, the acid concentration is relatively higher than that in the central area, while the concentration gradient decreases after 72 d of leaching. The flow simulation between ore particles by combining X-ray CT technology shows that the highest velocity in narrow pore reaches 0.375 m/s. The air velocity within the dump shows that the velocity near the top and side surface is relatively high, which leads to the high oxygen concentration in that area. The coupled heat transfer and liquid flow process shows that the solution can act as an effective remover from the heap, dropping the highest temperature from 60 to 38 ℃. The reagent transfer coupled with solution flow is also analyzed. The results obtained allow us to obtain a better understanding of the fundamental physical phenomenon of the bioleaching process. 展开更多
关键词 copper sulphide heap bioleaching leaching reaction solution flow solute transport
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Experimental study on preferential solution flow during dump leaching of low-grade ores 被引量:3
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作者 尹升华 吴爱祥 +1 位作者 苏永定 张杰 《Journal of Central South University of Technology》 EI 2007年第4期584-588,共5页
The phenomenon of preferential solution flow during dump leaching of low-grade ores was studied.The formative mechanism of preferential solution flow was investigated through analyzing the relationship between permeab... The phenomenon of preferential solution flow during dump leaching of low-grade ores was studied.The formative mechanism of preferential solution flow was investigated through analyzing the relationship between permeability and ore diameter,and the relationship between surface tension and ore diameter.The preferential solution flow happened within the fine ore area when the dump was unsaturated.And it could happen within the coarse ore area when the dump became saturated.The results of experiment show that the outflow of coarse ore area increases sharply with higher applied rate.The outflow of fine ore area is greater than that of coarse ore area when the applied rate is below 3.2 L/min,and the preferential solution flow happens in fine ore area.But the preferential solution flow happens in coarse ore area when the applied rate is higher than 3.2 L/min.The result of the experiment is consistent with the mechanism analyzing. 展开更多
关键词 low-grade ore preferential solution flow PERMEABILITY surface tension applied rate
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MHD stagnation-point flow and heat transfer towards stretching sheet with induced magnetic field 被引量:8
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作者 F.M.ALI R.NAZAR +1 位作者 N.M.ARIFIN I.POP 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 2011年第4期409-418,共10页
The problem of the steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation-point flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a stretching sheet is studied. The effect of an induced magnetic field is taken into account. The non... The problem of the steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stagnation-point flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a stretching sheet is studied. The effect of an induced magnetic field is taken into account. The nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformation. The transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically using the shooting method. Numerical results are obtained for various magnetic parameters and Prandtl numbers. The effects of the induced magnetic field on the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, the velocity, and the temperature profiles are presented graphically and discussed in detail. 展开更多
关键词 boundary layer heat transfer induced magnetic field numerical solution magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow stretching sheet
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Numerical modelling of flow and transport in rough fractures 被引量:2
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作者 Scott Briggs Bryan W.Karney Brent E.Sleep 《Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering》 SCIE CSCD 2014年第6期535-545,共11页
Simulation of flow and transport through rough walled rock fractures is investigated using the latticeBoltzmann method (LBM) and random walk (RW), respectively. The numerical implementation isdeveloped and validat... Simulation of flow and transport through rough walled rock fractures is investigated using the latticeBoltzmann method (LBM) and random walk (RW), respectively. The numerical implementation isdeveloped and validated on general purpose graphic processing units (GPGPUs). Both the LBM and RWmethod are well suited to parallel implementation on GPGPUs because they require only next-neighbourcommunication and thus can reduce expenses. The LBM model is an order of magnitude faster onGPGPUs than published results for LBM simulations run on modern CPUs. The fluid model is verified forparallel plate flow, backward facing step and single fracture flow; and the RWmodel is verified for pointsourcediffusion, Taylor-Aris dispersion and breakthrough behaviour in a single fracture. Both algorithmsplace limitations on the discrete displacement of fluid or particle transport per time step to minimise thenumerical error that must be considered during implementation. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 展开更多
关键词 Hydrogeology Fracture flow Solute transport Computational fluid dynamics Lattice Boltzmann method(LBM) Random walk(RW)
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Optimal Power Flow Solution Using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique with Global-Local Best Parameters 被引量:4
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作者 P. Umapathy C. Venkatasehsiah M. Senthil Arumugam 《Journal of Energy and Power Engineering》 2010年第2期46-51,共6页
This paper proposes an efficient method for optimal power flow solution (OPF) using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The objective of the proposed method is to find the steady state operation point in ... This paper proposes an efficient method for optimal power flow solution (OPF) using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The objective of the proposed method is to find the steady state operation point in a power system which minimizes the fuel cost, while maintaining an acceptable system performance in terms of limits on generator power, line flow limits and voltage limits. In order to improvise the performance of the conventional PSO (cPSO), the fine tuning parameters- the inertia weight and acceleration coefficients are formulated in terms of global-local best values of the objective function. These global-local best inertia weight (GLBestlW) and global-local best acceleration coefficient (GLBestAC) are incorporated into PSO in order to compute the optimal power flow solution. The proposed method has been tested on the standard IEEE 30 bus test system to prove its efficacy. The results are compared with those obtained through cPSO. It is observed that the proposed algorithm is computationally faster, in terms of the number of load flows executed and provides better results than the conventional heuristic techniques. 展开更多
关键词 Particle swarm optimization swarm intelligence optimal power flow solution inertia weight acceleration coefficient.
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AN ANALYTIC SOLUTION OF DENSE TWO-PHASE FLOW IN A VERTICAL PIPELINE
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作者 林多敏 蔡树棠 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1990年第12期1095-1103,共9页
According to a mathematical model for dense two-phase flows presented in the previous pape[1],a dense two-phase flow in a vertical pipeline is analytically solved, and the analytic expressions of velocity of each cont... According to a mathematical model for dense two-phase flows presented in the previous pape[1],a dense two-phase flow in a vertical pipeline is analytically solved, and the analytic expressions of velocity of each continuous phase and dispersed phase are respectively derived. The results show that when the drag force between twophasesdepends linearly on their relative velocity, the relative velocity profile in the pipeline coincides with Darcy's law except for the thin layer region near the pipeline wall, and that the theoretical assumptions in the dense two-phase flow theory mentioned are reasonable. 展开更多
关键词 dense two-phase flow vertical pipe two-phase flow two-phase flow analytical solution two-phase flow model application
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CAUCHY PROBLEM FOR LINEARIZED SYSTEM OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ISENTROPIC FLOW WITH AXISYMMETRICAL INITIAL DATA IN GAS DYNAMICS
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作者 Zhang Hua Sheng Wancheng 《Applied Mathematics(A Journal of Chinese Universities)》 SCIE CSCD 2006年第1期30-40,共11页
The explicit solution to Cauchy problem for linearized system of two-dimensional isentropic flow with axisymmetrical initial data in gas dynamics is given.
关键词 Cauchy prohlem with axisymmetrical initial data linearized system 2-D isentropic flow explicit solution.
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ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF FLOW IN INFINITE STRATIFIED OIL RESERVOIR AND ITS APPLICATION
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作者 戴榕菁 孔祥言 钟钊新 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1989年第9期867-875,共9页
This paper presents an analytical solution for the production function and pressure distribution function of flow in infinite stratified oil reservoir with crosflow under the condition of constant wellbore pressure (C... This paper presents an analytical solution for the production function and pressure distribution function of flow in infinite stratified oil reservoir with crosflow under the condition of constant wellbore pressure (CWP condition) by Weber's integral transformation. The calculation results are shown in the form of curves and these results can be used to analyse unsteady flow test of production with CWP condition. 展开更多
关键词 CWP ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF flow IN INFINITE STRATIFIED OIL RESERVOIR AND ITS APPLICATION exp
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Multiple solutions and stability of the steady transonic small-disturbance equation
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作者 Ya Liu Shijun Luo Feng Liu 《Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters》 CAS CSCD 2017年第5期292-300,共9页
Numerical solutions of the steady transonic small-disturbance(TSD) potential equation are computed using the conservative Murman-Cole scheme. Multiple solutions are discovered and mapped out for the Mach number rang... Numerical solutions of the steady transonic small-disturbance(TSD) potential equation are computed using the conservative Murman-Cole scheme. Multiple solutions are discovered and mapped out for the Mach number range at zero angle of attack and the angle of attack range at Mach number 0.85 for the NACA 0012 airfoil. We present a linear stability analysis method by directly assembling and evaluating the Jacobian matrix of the nonlinear finite-difference equation of the TSD equation. The stability of all the discovered multiple solutions are then determined by the proposed eigen analysis. The relation of stability to convergence of the iterative method for solving the TSD equation is discussed. Computations and the stability analysis demonstrate the possibility of eliminating the multiple solutions and stabilizing the remaining unique solution by adding a sufficiently long splitter plate downstream the airfoil trailing edge. Finally, instability of the solution of the TSD equation is shown to be closely connected to the onset of transonic buffet by comparing with experimental data. 展开更多
关键词 Transonic flow Multiple solutions flow stability Numerical method Potential flow
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Fourier time spectral method for subsonic and transonic flows
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作者 Lei Zhan Feng Liu Dimitri Papamoschou 《Acta Mechanica Sinica》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2016年第3期380-396,共17页
The time accuracy of the exponentially accurate Fourier time spectral method(TSM) is examined and compared with a conventional 2nd-order backward difference formula(BDF) method for periodic unsteady flows. In part... The time accuracy of the exponentially accurate Fourier time spectral method(TSM) is examined and compared with a conventional 2nd-order backward difference formula(BDF) method for periodic unsteady flows. In particular, detailed error analysis based on numerical computations is performed on the accuracy of resolving the local pressure coefficient and global integrated force coefficients for smooth subsonic and non-smooth transonic flows with moving shock waves on a pitching airfoil. For smooth subsonic flows, the Fourier TSM method offers a significant accuracy advantage over the BDF method for the prediction of both the local pressure coefficient and integrated force coefficients. For transonic flows where the motion of the discontinuous shock wave contributes significant higherorder harmonic contents to the local pressure fluctuations,a sufficient number of modes must be included before the Fourier TSM provides an advantage over the BDF method.The Fourier TSM, however, still offers better accuracy than the BDF method for integrated force coefficients even for transonic flows. A problem of non-symmetric solutions for symmetric periodic flows due to the use of odd numbers of intervals is uncovered and analyzed. A frequency-searching method is proposed for problems where the frequency is not known a priori. The method is tested on the vortex shedding problem of the flow over a circular cylinder. 展开更多
关键词 Fourier time spectral method(TSM) Pitching airfoil Transonic flow Non-symmetric solution Computational efficiency Vortex shedding flow Frequency search
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AN ANALYTIC SOLUTION ON HYPERSONIC FLOW OVER AN ARBTTRARY SLENDER BODY WITH NEAR POWER-LAW PROFILE
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作者 陈耀松 陈永泽 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1989年第11期1063-1080,共18页
On the basis of a self-similar solution as well as of the assumption of the 'Transserse Motion',a general linear theory on hypersonic flow over a general slender body is set up in this paper By means of this t... On the basis of a self-similar solution as well as of the assumption of the 'Transserse Motion',a general linear theory on hypersonic flow over a general slender body is set up in this paper By means of this theory, the problem concerned can he put into a universal system of O.D Eqs .which can be integrated manerically in adyance 展开更多
关键词 AN ANALYTIC SOLUTION ON HYPERSONIC flow OVER AN ARBTTRARY SLENDER BODY WITH NEAR POWER-LAW PROFILE flow Chen body
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Unsteady Rotative Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluid in an Annular Pipe
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作者 黄军旗 刘慈群 《Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)》 SCIE EI 1995年第4期345-350,共6页
This paper .Studies power law no-Newtonian fluid rotative flow. in an annularpipe. The governing equation is nonlinear one, we linearized the governing equationby assuming that partial factor is at state. With Lapla... This paper .Studies power law no-Newtonian fluid rotative flow. in an annularpipe. The governing equation is nonlinear one, we linearized the governing equationby assuming that partial factor is at state. With Laplace transform we obtain ananalytical solution of the problem In the paper several groups of curves are given.these curves reflect the temporal change law and. spatial distribution of fluid velocity.In addition.we study the effection of power law index on the flow field the resultindicates that when the power law index n < l. the flow velocity is highly sensitive tothe index. and this fact is importanl in related engineering decisions. 展开更多
关键词 non-Newtonian power law fluid. annular pipe rotative flow.integral transform . approximate solution
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Numerical study of homogeneous–heterogeneous reactions on stagnation point flow of ferrofluid with non-linear slip condition
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作者 Zaheer Abbas Mariam Sheikh 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2017年第1期11-17,共7页
This study deals with the stagnation point flow of ferrofluid over a flat plate with non-linear slip boundary condition in the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions.Three kinds of ferroparticles,namely,magne... This study deals with the stagnation point flow of ferrofluid over a flat plate with non-linear slip boundary condition in the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions.Three kinds of ferroparticles,namely,magnetite(Fe_3O_4),cobalt ferrite(CoFe_2O_4) and manganese zinc ferrite(Mn-ZnFe_2O_4) are taken into account with water and kerosene as conventional base fluids.The developed model of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions in boundary layer flow with equal and unequal diffusivities for reactant and autocatalysis is considered.The governing partial differential equations are converted into system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by mean of similarity transformations.These ordinary differential equations are integrated numerically using shooting method.The effects of pertinent parameters on velocity and concentration profiles are presented graphically and discussed.We found that in the presence of Fe_3O_4-kerosene and CoFe_2O_4-kerosene,velocity profiles increase for large values of α and β whereas there is a decrement in concentration profiles with increasing values of if and K_s.Furthermore,the comparison between non-magnetic(A1_2O_3) and magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles is given in tabular form. 展开更多
关键词 Ferrofluid Stagnation point flow Homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions Generalized slip boundary condition Numerical solution
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NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION OF UNSTEADY SEPARATED FLOWS DUE TO A SPOILER'S OSCILLATION
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作者 Ouyang Liangbiao and Yin XieyuanUniversity of Science and Technology of China 《Chinese Journal of Aeronautics》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 1990年第3期151-158,共8页
The finite difference method (FDM) is applied in the present paper to solve the unsteady NHS equations for incompressible fluids. ADI and SLOR methods are served for the vorticity equation and the Poisson equation for... The finite difference method (FDM) is applied in the present paper to solve the unsteady NHS equations for incompressible fluids. ADI and SLOR methods are served for the vorticity equation and the Poisson equation for ψ respectively. The upwind scheme is used for the convective terms. The moving boundary conditions are specially treated, and the effects of outlet conditions on the flow field are abo examined. Numerical results obtained show that the spoiler's oscillation induces forming, growing and shedding of the vortices. The shedding frequency of vortices is equal to that of the spoiler's oscillation. The forced unsteady separated flows under the present investigation depend mainly on the reduced frequency. At low reduced frequency, the vortices shed from the spoiler interact weakly with each other, and move downstream at an almost uniform speed of 038 V∞. At high reduced frequency, the interaction between the adjacent vortices strengthens. They close up to and rotate around each other, and eventually, merge into one vortex. 展开更多
关键词 flow NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION OF UNSTEADY SEPARATED flowS DUE TO A SPOILER’S OSCILLATION
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Experimental Study of Preferential Solute Transportation During Dump Leaching 被引量:2
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作者 YIN Sheng-hua WU Ai-xiang 《Journal of China University of Mining and Technology》 EI 2006年第4期416-420,共5页
The production of dump leaching of the Dexing Copper Mine was affected by a preferential solution flow. Formative mechanism of the preferential solution flow was investigated by analyzing the relationship between both... The production of dump leaching of the Dexing Copper Mine was affected by a preferential solution flow. Formative mechanism of the preferential solution flow was investigated by analyzing the relationship between both dump permeability and surface tension and ore diameter. The preferential solution flow occured in the fine ore area when the application rate was low. The preferential solution flow entered into the coarse ore area because the negative pore water pressure disappeared with an increase of the application rate. The preferential solute transportation experiment was conducted by selecting NaCl as mineral. Results of the experiment showed that the concentration of the outflow solution reduced over time. The concentration of the coarse ore area outflow solution was greater than that of the fine ore area. The process of NaCl leaching can be divided into two stages. NaCl was carried out directly by diffusion--convection during the first stage, so the leaching rate increased sharply. But in the second stage, only a small amount of NaCl dissolved in the immobile water. The leaching rate increased slowly because NaC1, dissolved in the immobile water, can only be leached by diffusion. 展开更多
关键词 dump leaching preferential solution flow SOLUTE preferential transportation application rate leaching rate
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Response of Lettuce to the Coupling Electrical Conductivity and Circulation Rate of the Nutrient Solution in Hydroponics 被引量:2
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作者 LIANG Hao QI Jing-Wei +2 位作者 JI Yan-Hai LIU Ming-Chi WU Zhan-Hui 《Journal of Life Sciences》 2017年第4期202-205,共4页
The coupling effect of nutrient solution EC (electrical conductivity) levels and CR (circulation rate) on the morphology and quality, in hydroponically grown lettuce was assessed. Lettuce was grown at 5 treatments... The coupling effect of nutrient solution EC (electrical conductivity) levels and CR (circulation rate) on the morphology and quality, in hydroponically grown lettuce was assessed. Lettuce was grown at 5 treatments fi'om High EC & Low CR to Low EC & High CR. The environmental parameters were controlled in a 20 m^2 plant factory during the hydroponic cultivation with the following values: irradiated by blue and red light-emitting diode lighting with PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) value of 150 mol·m^-2·s^-1 for 16 hours per day; Temperature was maintained at 22.0 ℃ during the photoperiod and 16.0 ℃ in dark cycle. The results demonstrate that growing lettuce can be adopted using nutrient solution with lower EC levels and higher CR. The results also indicate that the effect of bi-directional coupled EC and CR resulted in expansion of root length but reducing the root biomass. Nitrate content was significantly reduced. 展开更多
关键词 LED lighting LETTUCE HYDROPONICS flow rate of nutrient solution nutrition supply.
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