EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CAVITATION EFFECTS ON FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL ORIFICES AND VALVES IN WATER HYDRAULICS

The flow characteristics and cavitation effects of water passing throughsmall sharp-edged cylindrical orifices and valves of different shapes in water hydraulics areinvestigated. The test results using orifices with different aspect ratios and different diametersshow that the flow coefficients in the case of non-cavitating flow are larger than that of flow inthe case of cavitation occurrence. The flow coefficients of flow with cavitation initially decreaseas Reynolds number increases and ultimately tend to be of constant values close to contractioncoefficient. Large aspect ratio has an effect of suppressing cavitation. The experimental resultsabout disc valves illustrate that the valves with sharp edge at large opening are less affected bycavitation than that at small opening. Throttle with triangle notch has better anti-cavitationability than that with square notch. The flowrate of the throttle with square notch is significantlyaffected by the flow direction or the flow passage shape.

Experimental Study on the Flow Characteristics of a Plate with a Mechanically Choked Orifice

The mechanically choked orifice plate (MCOP) is a new type of device for flow control by which choking conditionsfor incompressible fluids can be obtained with relatively small pressure losses. Given the lack of relevant results anddata in the literature, in the present study, we concentrate on the experimental determination of the flow coefficientfor the annular orifice, the pressure distribution in the MCOP, and the characteristics of the choked flow itself. Asconfirmed by the experimental results, the Reynolds number, the orifice plate thickness, the plug taper, and theeccentricity have an obvious influence on the aforementioned flow coefficient. The pressure drop in the MCOPis mainly generated near the orifice plate, and the pressure upstream of the orifice plate is slightly reduced in theflow direction, while the pressure downstream of the orifice plate displays a recovery trend. The choked flow rateof the MCOP can be adjusted by replacing the spring with a maximum flow control deviation of 4.91%.

The Influences of the Nozzle Throat Length and the Orifice Grooving Degree on Internal Flow Field for a Multi-Entry Fan Nozzle Based on FLUENT

Spray nozzle is a key component in equipment for plant protection and water-saving irrigation. The fan nozzle is a kind of spray nozzle, which is widely used in agriculture and forestry for irrigation and control of diseases, insects, and weeds. In consideration of the increasing velocity of the flow field, when the hydraulic pressure remains unchanged and the flow path becomes narrow, and because the increase of the velocity of spray drops can increase the penetrability of spray drops into the plant canopy, a kind of new fan nozzle with multi entries and simple inner structure was designed and the influences of its structure parameters on the inner flow field were analyzed using FLUENT software. The experimental results showed that the influence of the throat length on the inner flow field of the nozzle was insignificant, while the orifice grooving degree had a significant effect on inner flow field of the nozzle. The larger the grooving degree was, the smaller the pressure and velocity of internal flow field of the nozzle. The nozzle throat length had little influence on the velocity change of internal flow field. Positive correlation was shown between throat length and flow field velocity.

Effect of Radial Resistance Gap on the Pressure Drop of a Compact Annular-Radial-Orifice Flow Magnetorheological Valve

A compact annular-radial-orifice flow magnetorheological(MR)valve was developed to investigate the effects of radial resistance gap on pressure drop.The fluid flow paths of this proposed MR valve consist of a single annular flow channel,a single radial flow channel and an orifice flow channel through structure design.The finite element modelling and simulation analysis of the MR valve was carried out using ANSYS/Emag software to investigate the changes of the magnetic flux density and yield stress along the fluid flow paths under the four different radial resistance gaps.Moreover,the experimental tests were also conducted to evaluate the pressure drop,showing that the proposed MR valve has significantly improved its pressure drop at 0.5 mm width of the radial resistance gap when the annular resistance gap is fixed at 1 mm.

Structure and Flow Characteristics of Flat Fan Nozzles with a Single Orifice Formed by a Rectangular Cut

The flat fan nozzle with a single orifice formed by a rectangular cut at the nozzle exit through a semi-ellipsoid blind end was developed. The flow rate characteristic of the nozzle was analyzed. Theoretical analysis shows that the discharge coefficient of the nozzle is a function of the ratio of the projected exit flow area to the cross sectional area of the nozzle input section. Water spraying experiment results show that the discharge coefficient increases with the increase of the ratio of the projected exit flow area to the cross sectional area of the nozzle input section when the rectangular cut depth doesn't exceed the distance from the center of the hemisphere to the nozzle end; conversely,the discharge coefficient decreases with the increase of the ratio; for a given nozzle,the discharge coefficient varies with Reynolds number.

Non-Axisymmetric Mass Transfer Phenomenon behind an Orifice in a Curved Swirling Flow

The purpose of this paper is to understand the mechanism of non-axisymmetric wall-thinning that caused a pipe break in the pipeline of the Mihama nuclear power plant in 2004. The wall thinning was caused by the flow accelerated corrosion which affects low carbon steel pipelines. The mass transfer rate measurement of the wall thinning behind an office in a curved swirling flow is carried out in a closed-circuit water tunnel using a benzoic acid dissolution method. The experimental results indicate that the high mass transfer rate is observed on one side of the pipe behind the orifice, which is similar to the observation of the wall-thinning rate in the Mihama case. This result suggests that the influence of the secondary flow in the long elbow combined with the swirling flow can produce the non-axisymmetric mass transfer phenomenon behind the orifice.

Flow-Accelerated Corrosion in Pipe Wall Downstream of Orifice for Water and Air-Water Bubble Flows

An orifice is used widely as a flow meter or a contraction device in pipeline systems in hydro-power plants, thermal power plants, and chemical plants because of its simple construction, high reliability, and low cost. However, it is well known that flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) occurs on the pipe wall downstream of the orifice. Some of the authors have examined FAC through experimental and numerical analyses and have reported that one of the major governing parameters of FAC for single-phase water flow is the pressure fluctuation p’ on the pipe wall, and also that pipe wall thinning rate TR can be estimated by p’. In addition, they have presented the effects of the ori-fice geometry on p’ or TR, and have described a method for suppressing p’ or TR. In the present study, FAC for a two-phase air-water bubble flow is examined and compared with the single-phase water flow experimentally. Further, it is shown that because p’ is also considered a governing parameter of FAC for a two-phase air-water bubble flow, TR can be estimated using p’. It is also indicated that, by using a downstream pipe with a smaller diameter than that of the upstream pipe, p’ or TR can be suppressed.

THE MOTION OF A SPHERICAL PARTICLE IN THE STOKES FLOW OUTSIDE A CIRCULAR ORIFICE

For any study ofa suspension entering a pore, the knowledge of the force and moment exerted on a solute particle in an arbitrary position outside the pore is essential, 'This paper for the first lime presents approximate analytical expressions (in closed form) of all the twelve force and moment coefficienis for a sphere outsied a circular orifice, on the basis of a number of discrete data computed by Yan et al(1987).These coefficients are then applied to calculate the trajectory and angular velocity of a spherical particle approaching the pore at zero Reynolds number. The trajectory is in excellent agreement with the available experimental results. An analysis of the relative importance of the coefficients shows that the rotation effect cannot be neglected near the pore opening or near the wall, and that the lateral force effect must be taken into account in the neighborhood of the edge of the pore opening. It is due to neglecting these factors that previous theoretical results deviate from the experimental ones near the pore opening. The effects of the ratio of the particle to pore radii as well as the influences of the graritytbuoyance on the particle trajectory, velocity distribution and rotation are discnssed in detail. It is pointed out that in the experiments of neutrally-buoyant suspensions, the restriction on the density of the particle is most demanding for a large particle size.The expressions of forces and moments presenled herein are complete, relatively accurate and convenient, thus providing a good prerequisite for further studies of any problems involving the entrance of particles to a pare.

Wet Gas Meter Development Based on Slotted Orifice Couple and Neural Network Techniques

A slotted orifice has many superiorities over a standard orifice. For single-phase flow measurement, its flow coefficient is insensitive to the upstream velocity profile. For two phase flow measurement, various characteristics of its differential pressure （DP） are stable and closely correlated with the mass flow rate of gas and liquid. The complex relationships between the signal features and the two-phase flow rate are established through the use of a back propagation （BP） neural network. Experiments were carried out in the horizontal tubes with 50ram inner diameter, ooerated with water flow rate in the range of 0.2m^3·h^-1 to 4m3·h^-1, gas flow rate in the range of 100m^3·h^-1 to 1000m^3·h^-1, and pressure at 400kPa and 850kPa respectively, where the temperature is ambient temperature. This article includes the principle of wet gas meter development, the experimental matrix, the signal processing techniques and the achieved results. On the basis of the results it is suggested that the slotted orifice couple with a trained neural network may provide a simple but efficient solution to the wet gas meter development.

Design and Range of Application of Slot Bushings with Volumetric Orifice Fields

A design of a slot bushing with a volumetric field has been developed, which allows to produce continuous fibers from melts with difficult processing characteristics in order to produce fibers with better operating characteristics. The operability of the design was confirmed when solving two problems of special technological complexity. 1. 400 and 800 orifice bushings for production of continuous fibers from the basalt melt have been developed and recommended for manufacture. 2. The process of production of continuous fibers from standard glass using 2400 orifice bushing with perforated plates instead of orifice tips without air cooling, has been realized for the first time.

Experimental study on prediction model of wet gas pressure drop across single-orifice plate in horizontal pipes in the low gas phase Froude number region

The pressure drop prediction of wet gas across single-orifice plate in horizontal pipes had been solved satisfactorily under an annular-mist flow in the upstream of orifice plates.However,this pressure drop prediction is still not clearly determined when the upstream is in an intermittent flow or stratified flow,which is corresponding to a region of low FrG(gas phase Froude number)in the flow pattern map of wet gases.In this study,the wet gas pressure drop across a single-orifice plate was experimentally investigated in the low FrG region.By the experiment,the flow pattern transition in the downstream of single-orifice plates,as well as the effects of FrG and FrL(liquid phase Froude number)on UG(gas phase multiplier),were determined and compared when the upstream is in the flow pattern transition and the stratified flow region,respectively.Prediction performances were examined on the available pressure drop models.It was found that no model could be capable of jointly predicting the wet gas pressure drop in the low FrG region with an acceptable accuracy.With a new method of correlating FrG and FrL simultaneously,new correlations were proposed for the low FrG region.Among which the modified Chisholm model shows the best prediction accuracies,with the prediction deviations of UG being within 7%and 3%when the upstream is in flow pattern transition and stratified flow region,respectively.

高速轴配流中旋转径向小孔流量系数的实验研究

针对高转速轴配流中旋转径向小孔出流流量系数开展了实验研究。研究中涉及到两种流动方向,即自旋转缸体中心流过径向小孔向外离心运动称为正向流动,反之则为反向流动。结果表明:旋转小孔出流流量系数同时显著地受离心力和科氏力的影响;因离心力的赋能作用,正向流动时流量系数随转速的增加而变大,反向流动时离心力对小孔内流动有抑制作用,使流量系数随转速的增加而变小;两个方向的科氏力综合效果使正向流动流量系数随出流雷诺数增加而变小,反向流动流量系数随出流雷诺数的增加而变大;当出流雷诺数足够大时,两种流动方向、不同孔型的流量系数各自都有一个稳定值;各种孔型的正向流动流量系数稳定值分布均在0.65~0.80范围内。

改进7N喷头阻隔CO扩散有效性的模拟研究

为弥补常规组合式喷头存在的挡烟空隙不足,在普通7N喷头的基础上改进,设计出一种侧喷式7N喷头,并开展了数值模拟研究。通过对比下游截面处CO总质量通量、流场分布以及温度的变化情况,验证了改进喷头挡烟的有效性。在此基础上,分析了改进喷头在不同火源功率、流量、粒径下的作用效果。结果表明,普通喷头形成的雾幕能够有效降低通道温度,但并不能阻隔CO的扩散。在同样条件下,改进后的雾幕能够有效抑制CO蔓延,降温能力也有所提高,且其作用效果随喷头流量的增大更加显著。在流量为11.42 L/min时,下游CO质量通量及最高温度较改进前分别降低了71.64%、30.05%;即使火源功率增大至5 MW,改进后的雾幕仍能有效限制CO扩散;总体来看,粒径对CO的阻挡影响并不明显,对2 MW火灾的降温效果也在粒径200 m时达到最佳。

含孔板微通道内随流气泡运动的两相格子Boltzmann模拟

带有气泡的两相流系统存在于各种工业过程中,涉及复杂的相界面变化,但气泡在管道中伴随液相流动时,通过孔板的运动过程尚未有充分的研究结果.相场格子Boltzmann模型在模拟复杂界面方面具有优势,适合研究气泡两相流在含孔板微通道内的运动,分析We数、气泡相对大小和孔板表面润湿性等因素对气泡动力学特性的影响.数值计算结果显示,随着We数增加,气泡表面张力减小,导致其穿过孔板结构时更易被撕裂,峰值速度降低.在研究的参数范围内存在两个临界直径比,这两个临界值将气泡通过孔板的运动分成三种形态,而且临界直径比会随We数的增加而减小.另外,随着接触角的增大,孔板表面对气体的吸附能力加强,气泡与孔板表面的接触面积增加,引起穿过孔板气泡的质量减少和气泡通过的速度增加.

矩形射流口几何构型对合成双射流工作特性影响分析

合成双射流技术作为一种新型的主动流动控制技术,除具备常规合成射流结构简单、响应迅速等特点外,还能有效解决控制流场与环境流场间压差引起振膜失效的问题,兼具能量利用率高、结构灵活和易于一体化集成等优点。合成双射流工作特性易受射流口大小、形状等几何构型的影响,为进一步研究合成双射流工作特性,设计了25组不同矩形射流口几何参数的合成双射流激励器,通过PIV实验得到合成双射流激励器射流口处流场结构与频率特性的关系,分析射流口几何参数对激励器腔体亥姆霍兹共振频率的影响,并总结出最佳长宽比-深纵比关系;结合数值模拟研究激励器几何参数特性,探究射流口几何参数对射流速度分布与轴切换现象的影响规律,并与PIV实验结果进行对比验证。结果表明小长宽比矩形射流口所形成的射流在空间上的分布更集中,射流峰值速度更大;而大长宽比矩形射流口形成的射流的速度较低,且单股射流易受压力差作用发生偏转,但涡量分布更加均匀,与环境流体的能量交换更充分。

某水电站泄洪底孔消能工体型优化

针对某水电站消能区狭窄、左岸水电站尾水渠易受到影响的问题,为了将水舌导向消力池中央,进行了挑流导向方案和面流扩散方案体型优选,最终推荐体型为面流扩散式消能工,并采用模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法对原设计体型和推荐体型的流态、底板时均压强、脉动压强、流速分布、冲刷特性和消能率进行了对比研究.结果表明:原设计窄缝方案消能效果良好,但水舌主流集中在左右岸两侧,造成了两岸局部冲刷;而面流扩散式方案使下泄水流形成自由面流流态,并快速扩散至整个河道,消能区扩大,有效地降低了底板时均压强、脉动压强、临底流速,且流速和压强分布更加均匀,使得下游河道的冲刷坑深度减小了34%,冲刷范围减小了35%,保障了左岸水电站的安全运行,推荐方案可为类似工程提供参考.

多孔孔板空化流动特性实验研究

多孔孔板常作为节流元件安装在管道中,但孔板下游的空化流动容易导致管道振动,对系统产生不利影响,本文通过实验测量不同孔隙率孔板在不同空化阶段产生的振动及对应的压差和流量。结果表明,随着空化程度的不断加剧,全频段振动加速度级显著增大,峰值逐渐也增大,振动加速度呈现宽频特性。通过空化振动曲线中拟合曲线的斜率不同,可以区分出不同空化阶段以及临界空化数,孔隙率小于1.8的孔板临界空化数随孔隙率的增大迅速减小,当孔隙率大于1.8,初生及持续空化数随孔隙率增速变缓,阻塞空化数基本不变,即适当增大孔隙率有利于延缓空化的发生。根据空化流阻曲线,未发生空化时孔板流阻系数基本不变,空化初生时流阻系数略有减小,而后随着空化不断加剧,流阻系数迅速增大,孔隙率越大,流阻越大,流阻受空化数的影响越大。综合考虑孔板的振动和流阻特性,建议孔板孔隙率应保持在1.8~2.0之间。

调神通窍针刺治疗卒中后抑郁临床疗效观察

目的:观察调神通窍针刺治疗卒中后抑郁(post-stroke depression,PSD)的临床疗效。方法:将60例PSD患者按照随机数字表方法分为常规针刺组和调神针刺组各30例。两组均予脑卒中常规诊疗方案治疗,在此基础上,常规针刺组取百会穴、印堂穴、太冲穴等腧穴行常规针刺治疗;调神针刺组取百会穴、神庭穴、前顶穴等腧穴行调神针刺治疗,两组均每日治疗1次,每周治疗6天,连续治疗4周。治疗后观察两组临床疗效及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton depression scale,HAMD)评分、双侧大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)平均血流速度和脑储备能力评分的变化。结果:治疗后两组临床疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后两组HAMD评分和脑储备能力评分均较治疗前降低(P<0.05),双侧MCA平均血流速度较治疗前增快(P<0.05),且调神针刺组HAMD评分、脑储备能力评分低于常规针刺组(P<0.05),MCA平均血流速度大于常规针刺组。结论:调神通窍针刺可明显改善PSD患者的抑郁状态及脑血流速度,提高脑储备能力。

阻抗孔位置及直径对含长连接管调压室阻抗特性和三维流场影响研究

含长连接管的调压室可通过在连接管内设置小于其管径的阻抗孔来增强调压室的阻抗特性。为研究长连接内阻抗孔的位置及直径两种因子对此类调压室阻抗特性的影响规律,以水头损失系数和流量系数为优化目标,以位置和直径为优化变量,基于正交优化设计方法和CFD数值模拟软件,计算分析了各组合方案下的调压室阻抗系数和三维流场的变化规律。结果表明,阻抗孔前后水流湍流强度增幅明显,距离连接管两端端部越近,对调压室大井和管道系统内流场影响程度越大;当阻抗孔位于连接管顶部与调压室大井连接处,可最大程度发挥阻抗孔的阻抗效果,以阻抗孔与连接管管径比0.8为例,水头损失系数增幅约30%;连接管直径增大有效降低调压室局部流场压强最值浮动范围;阻抗孔位于靠近连接管顶部且不在大井连接处时,水流流出调压室时连接管及下游隧洞总体湍流强度较小,流场更稳定。

某双油路离心式喷嘴雾化性能分析

燃油喷嘴的雾化对于解决航空发动机燃烧室问题是至关重要的,为探究某双油路离心式喷嘴的雾化性能,运用两相界面追踪流体体积(Volume of Fluid,简称VOF)方法对该喷嘴的内外部流场进行数值仿真。以双油路离心喷嘴的雾化锥角、质量流率以及液膜厚度作为雾化性能指标,分别模拟出主油路单独供油、副油路单独供油以及主副油路同时供油三种不同工作模式在不同压差条件下喷嘴燃油流动的稳态情况,获得双油路离心喷嘴的雾化性能指标并对其影响规律进行研究。结果显示:数值仿真能较好地模拟出喷嘴的雾化特性,随着压差增大,扩口式主油路单独工作时的雾化锥角减小,平口式副油路单独工作时的雾化锥角增大。当主、副油路同时工作时,雾化锥角随压差的增大而增大且始终处于单路单独工作时的雾化锥角之间;质量流率随着压差的增大而增大且增幅逐渐减缓;液膜厚度在低压区随压差的增大而迅速减小,随后趋于稳定。