Permeability Prediction Using Hydraulic Flow Units: Baltim North Gas Field, Nile Delta, Egypt

168 core samples data of two production wells in the Baltim North field were used to identify the complex discrepancies in reservoir pore geometry which governing the Abu Madi reservoir fluid flow properties. Permeability prediction from well logs is significant goal when the core data is rarely available in most cases because of its expensive cost. The hydraulic flow unit approach was used to classify reservoir rocks according to its pore aperture size in the cored wells. The predicted permeability was calculated from core porosity and core permeability relationship for each flow unit. The difference between Neutron porosity and Density porosity was recognized to distinguish different hydraulic flow units. The higher difference indicates higher quality flow unit and vice versa. For model’s verification the predicted permeability was plotted against the laboratory measured permeability in all studied wells and shows highly matching.

Factor Controlling Reservoir Properties and Flow Unit Determination in the Ilam Formation of Dezfol Embayment at Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, Southwest of Iran

Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in this area that has been less studied. This paper focused on reservoir properties in this formation using petrography and petrophysics data. According to the petrography studies Ilam Formation composed of limestone as dominant lithology. Detailed petrographic analyses, have led to identification of 10 micro-facies which are represented as a carbonate ramp depositional model. Also petrographic analyses are revealed that cementation, dissolution, compaction and dolomitization are most important digenetic processes. Detailed petrographic analyses and petrophysics data showed that due to mud-supported nature of more facies (inherited low reservoir potential from their depositional settings), diagenetic process plays an important role in increasing of reservoir quality. However cementation and dissolution had negative and positive effects on Ilam reservoir formation, respectively. Finally at the end for better correlation and to create a flow unit, according to the petrography data and using petrophysics log, this reservoir is divided into 5 units (flow unite) by using Geolog software and then they have been correlated across the field.

Permeability prediction using hydraulic flow units and electrofacies analysis

It is essential to characterize fluid flow in porous media to have a better understanding of petrophysical properties.Many approaches were developed to determine reservoir permeability among which the integrated analysis of hydraulic flow unit(HFU)and electrofacies(EF)is considered to be useful one.However,the application of HFU and EF analysis has not been totally understood with a limited data to develop correlation for less distance offset wells.In this study,an attempt was made to show the application of integrating HFU and EF for reliable estimation of permeability using core and wireline log data in one of the gas fields in Pakistan.The results obtained indicate that the integrated approach proposed in this study can be used,especially in less distance offset wells when a limited number of data are available for petrophysical characterization.

An Integrated Method of Data Mining and Flow Unit Identification for Typical Low Permeability Reservoir Prediction

With the development of oilfield exploration and mining, the research on continental oil and gas reservoirs has been gradually refined, and the exploration target of offshore reservoir has also entered the hot studystage of small sand bodies, small fault blocks, complex structures, low permeability and various heterogeneous geological bodies. Thus, the marine oil and gas development will inevitably enter thecomplicated reservoir stage;meanwhile the corresponding assessment technologies, engineering measures andexploration method should be designed delicately. Studying on hydraulic flow unit of low permeability reservoir of offshore oilfield has practical significance for connectivity degree and remaining oil distribution. An integrated method which contains the data mining and flow unit identification part was used on the flow unit prediction of low permeability reservoir;the predicted results?were compared with mature commercial system results for verifying its application. This strategy is successfully applied to increase the accuracy by choosing the outstanding prediction result. Excellent computing system could provide more accurate geological information for reservoir characterization.

Classification and Denominationof Flow Units for Clastic Reservoirsof Continental Deposit

On the basis of other researchers' achievements and the authors' understanding of flow units, a proposal on classification and denomination of flow units for clastic reservoirs of continental deposit is put forward according to the practical need of oilfield development and relevant theories. The specific implications of development and geology are given to each type of flow units, which has provided a scientific basis for oil development.

Petrophysical Analysis and Flow Units Characterization for Abu Madi Pay Zones in the Nile Delta Reservoirs

Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petrophysics are studied using an assembly of well log data from 8 wells together with core plugs measurements. Petrophysical analysis showed a good reservoir quality with average water saturation increasing toward the East and Southeast of the study area. Using a multi-linear regression technique on well logs and core data, permeability is estimated at well locations for flow unit characterization and flow capacity calculation. Results showed that five hydraulic flow units are identified through the studied wells, with relatively good correlation. Such correlation indicated a good continuity in the net pay zone of Abu Madi Formation in the Nile Delta reservoirs. The developed hydraulic flow units (HFUs) are classified according to its hydraulic conductivity into two main categories: the first category comprises the units with low permeability (K 1270 mD). The reservoir flow capacity (RFC) of these units indicated the development of 4 distinct classes (~11, ~30, ~80, and greater than 130 D.ft). The wells within the Northwestern part of the study area showed three HFUs that relatively vary from those located at the Southeast where two HFUs are only developed. In addition, the Southeastern part of the reservoir is characterized by good RFC as indicated by the development of high order HFUs (3, 4, and 5) compared to the Northeastern part with predominated low order HFUs (1, 2, and 3). Such results are crucial for the efficient field development and profound reservoir management of oil and gas fields in the Nile Delta.

Study on Flow Unit of Heavy Oil Bottom Water Reservoir with Over-Limited Thickness in Offshore Oilfield

The upper Ming section of L oilfield is a typical offshore heavy oil bottom-water reservoir with thick fluvial layers. All horizontal wells are developed by natural energy. Due to the few drilling holes and influence by the resolution of seismic data, it is difficult to describe reservoirs with thickness over 20 meters. In this paper, seismic resonance amplitude inversion technology is introduced to restore the real response of thick reservoirs and interbeds by drilling and drilling verification, and the geological bodies with different thickness are displayed by frequency division RGB three primary colors. Flow units of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water are divided according to the three major factors of interlayer, lithologic internal boundary and water-oil thickness ratio which have the greatest influence on horizontal well development, thick sand bodies are divided into 10 different flow units in three levels, each unit is separated from each other, and the reservoir structure, water-cut characteristics and water-flooding characteristics are different. The reliability of the research is improved by using the dynamic data of horizontal wells and newly drilled passing wells, which provides a basis for tapping the potential of heavy oil reservoirs with bottom water.

A Brief Review of High Entropy Alloys and Serration Behavior and Flow Units

Multicomponent alloys with high entropy of mixing,e.g.,high entropy alloys（HEAs）and/or multiprincipal-element alloys（MEAs）,are attracting increasing attentions,because the materials with novel properties are being developed,based on the design strategy of the equiatomic ratio,multicomponent,and high entropy of mixing in their liquid or random solution state.Recently,HEAs with the ultrahigh strength and fracture toughness,excellent magnetic properties,high fatigue,wear and corrosion resistance,great phase stability/high resistance to heat-softening behavior,sluggish diffusion effects,and potential superconductivity,etc.,were developed.The HEAs can even have very high irradiation resistance and may have some self-healing effects,and can potentially be used as the first wall and nuclear fuel cladding materials.Serration behaviors and flow units are powerful methods to understand the plastic deformation or fracture of materials.The methods have been successfully used to study the plasticity of amorphous alloys（also bulk metallic glasses,BMGs）.The flow units are proposed as：free volumes,shear transition zones（STZs）,tension-transition zones（TTZs）,liquid-like regions,soft regions or soft spots,etc.The flow units in the crystalline alloys are usually dislocations,which may interact with the solute atoms,interstitial types,or substitution types.Moreover,the flow units often change with the testing temperatures and loading strain rates,e.g.,at the low temperature and high strain rate,plastic deformation will be carried out by the flow unit of twinning,and at high temperatures,the grain boundary will be the weak area,and play as the flow unit.The serration shapes are related to the types of flow units,and the serration behavior can be analyzed using the power law and modified power law.

Pore size determination using normalized J-function for different hydraulic flow units

Pore size determination of hydrocarbon reservoirs is one of the main challenging areas in reservoir studies.Precise estimation of this parameter leads to enhance the reservoir simulation,process evaluation,and further forecasting of reservoir behavior.Hence,it is of great importance to estimate the pore size of reservoir rocks with an appropriate accuracy.In the present study,a modified J-function was developed and applied to determine the pore radius in one of the hydrocarbon reservoir rocks located in the Middle East.The capillary pressure data vs.water saturation(PceSw)as well as routine reservoir core analysis include porosity(4)and permeability(k)were used to develop the J-function.First,the normalized porosity(4z),the rock quality index(RQI),and the flow zone indicator(FZI)concepts were used to categorize all data into discrete hydraulic flow units(HFU)containing unique pore geometry and bedding characteristics.Thereafter,the modified J-function was used to normalize all capillary pressure curves corresponding to each of predetermined HFU.The results showed that the reservoir rock was classified into five separate rock types with the definite HFU and reservoir pore geometry.Eventually,the pore radius for each of these HFUs was determined using a developed equation obtained by normalized J-function corresponding to each HFU.The proposed equation is a function of reservoir rock characteristics including 4z,FZI,lithology index(J*),and pore size distribution index(3).This methodology used,the reservoir under study was classified into five discrete HFU with unique equations for permeability,normalized J-function and pore size.The proposed technique is able to apply on any reservoir to determine the pore size of the reservoir rock,specially the one with high range of heterogeneity in the reservoir rock properties.

Manipulating internal flow units toward favorable plasticity in Zr-based bulk-metallic glasses by hydrogenation

This work intends to manipulate the internal flow units in Zr_(55)Cu_(30)Ni_(5)Al_(10)bulk-metallic glasses(BMGs)through plasma-assisted hydrogenation to generate a positive microalloying effect on plasticity.Based on the cooperative shear model theory,serration-flow statistics during nanoindentation loading and creep tests during the holding stage were used to analyze the influence of hydrogen on the behavior of flow units in BMGs.Experimental observations showed that the hydrogen in the Zr_(55)Cu_(30)Ni_(5)Al_(10)BMGs caused mechanical softening,plasticity improvement,and structural relaxation.Analysis also showed that the average volume,size,and activation energy of internal flow units in the BMGs all increased as a result of the increase in the hydrogen content.The hydrogenation in the BMGs was found to lead to a prolifera-tion of shear bands,which promoted plasticity.The aggregation of these internal flow units reduced the stress required for plastic deformation through shear bands,ultimately causing softening and structural relaxation.

Estimation of reservoir and remaining oil prediction based on flow unit analysis

Through natural partition and clustering analysis,four kinds of flow units were distinguished in Pu53 block,Pucheng Oilfield. Taking the short-term cycle as studying unit,the two-dimensional distribution of each type of flow units was forecasted and the short-term cycle was classified into four types based on the two-dimensional characteristics of the flow units. The remaining oil was predicted by conceptual simulation,qualitative analysis and quantitative modeling. The results showed obvious control of the characteristics of reservoir flow units to the remaining oil. E and G units in type I and type II short-term cycles which are distributed continuously in large areas are mostly flooded,while the uncontrolled small isolated G flow unit in type III short-term cycles which were mainly made of F flow unit and F flow unit with continuous distribution become the accumulating place for remaining oil. Thus the development adjustment strategy should optimize the development of small-scale E and G units,strengthen the development of type III short-term cycles,and block out type I short-term cycles. This strategy improves the development of Pu53 block obviously.

抽水蓄能电站单机容量与机组转速选择

通过分析国内外已建抽水蓄能电站机组主要技术参数,研究抽蓄电站定转速混流式水泵水轮机水头与单机容量、参数水平的关系,提出了不同水头段抽水蓄能电站单机容量和比速系数选择原则,推荐了合适的机组额定转速范围,可提高抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机选型设计的工作效率和成果质量。

基于并联融合模型的加密流量分类方法

网络流量加密的广泛应用给加密流量快速准确分类带来了新的挑战。针对该问题,提出了一种并联融合卷积神经网络与循环神经网络的分类方法,卷积神经网络与循环神经网络分别提取加密流量的空间特征与时序特征,根据时空特征对加密流量进行分类,实验表明,该文所提出模型相较于现有的单一模型和串联融合模型在识别准确率上分别提高了14.07%和2.79%,训练效率下降了10%以内,该文所提出模型性能优于现有模型。

混流式水电机组一次调频运行区分级划分方法——以拉西瓦水电站为例

混流式水电机组变水头宽负荷一次调频性能,是构建灵活电力平衡体系、保证频率稳定的重要内核。在水电站稳定性试验前提下,本文提出以一次调频电气特性为基准的运行区分级划分方法。该方法以调节时间、稳定时间和积分电量合格与否为分级划分基准,利用区域面积、区域中心和区域综合性能进行系统评价。以西北地区调频电厂拉西瓦水电站为例,通过与实验数据对比验证数学模型。在确认计算准确性基础上,以调频性能为优化目标,探究管径、转动惯量、积分增益等水机电参数对运行区分级划分的影响规律。最后,总结水机电参数对调频性能与运行区的贡献度占比,指出混流式水电机组变水头宽负荷一次调频运行优化的方向。

泵站-水库原水调水系统经济运行方式优化

为提高泵站-水库原水调水系统中泵站的运行效益,最大限度降低输水系统的运行成本.通过分析该类输水系统特性以及供水方式,基于遗传算法构建泵站机组流量分配模型,优化分配泵站运行流量.在此基础上,考虑泵站时间维度上的运行方式,结合亳州加压泵站的工程状况和区域分时电价,以单位提水费用最小为优化目标,构建经济运行模型.将该方法应用于亳州供水工程,结果表明模型效果显著,并对历史运行区间内周期输水量进行离散计算,拟合得出周期内单位提水费用最低工况,进而对拟合结果进行分析.结果表明:所构建经济运行模型具有较好的适用性,可降低工程运行费用,为工程优化调度提供指导;受到泵站运行效率和分时电价的影响,泵站单位提水费用随调水量增加先降低后升高.

基于熵权-TOPSIS耦合法的大南湖七矿含水层富水性评价

为查明大南湖七矿主采煤层顶板含水层的富水性分布情况,在分析矿井水文地质资料的基础上,选取区内地质钻孔作为评价对象,确定影响含水层富水性的主控指标—砂岩等效厚度、脆塑性比、砂泥岩互层数、岩石取芯率、砂地比及渗透系数,并建立相应的归一化专题图。通过熵权-TOPSIS法耦合的综合预测方法,建立了主要含水层富水性评价模型。利用ArcGIS绘制含水层富水性分区图,将研究区富水性分为三个等级,即富水性极弱、富水性较弱、富水性中等。利用区内钻孔单位涌水量、井下异常钻孔涌水量和物探对分区结果进行验证。结果表明:区内3煤上含水层以弱-中等富水性为主,3~7煤含水层主要为极弱-弱富水性,评价结果与实际初步探查情况基本一致,为煤矿水害防治和水资源合理化利用提供一定的参考依据。

不同暴雨条件下扇形和羽形流域的洪水规律

为了探讨降雨过程时空分布不均匀性对河道径流的影响,以沂河、沭河流域为例,利用瞬时单位线法和马斯京根法计算重现期为10、 20、 50 a的3 d特征暴雨和2019年台风“利奇马”暴雨在2个流域中的洪水流量,得出各防洪控制站在不同暴雨条件下的洪水规律。结果表明:扇形流域内洪水汇流较集中,容易发生洪灾;羽形流域内各支流洪水交错汇入干流,近水先去,远水后去,洪水较缓和,沂河的防汛压力大于沭河的防汛压力;在相同降雨量条件下,沂沭河流域内临沂站在从北向南的降雨过程中更易形成大洪峰,斜午站、石拉渊站和重沟站在从南向北的降雨过程中更易形成大洪峰;莒县站位于沭河上游,控制流域包含多个支流和3个水库,流域形状为属于羽形流域的沭河流域中的扇形流域,具有洪水汇流集中的特点,沭河莒县站的防汛压力大于沭河其他防洪控制站的防汛压力,而且当沭河流域出现大范围同步降雨过程时,莒县站更易形成大洪峰。

Savonius型转轮三角阵列减流性能研究

为了助力海洋牧场减流防护工程,研究Savonius型转轮阵列减流性能。作者建立Savonius型转轮三角阵列尾流场数值模型,并通过水池实验验证准确性,基于可靠数值模型探究转轮阵列尾涡减流机理,研究三角阵列结构参数LX、LY,以及动力参数TSR、初始流速、旋向对整体减流性能的影响规律。结果表明,下游转轮产生的涡流呈现非对称分布,并且产生更多涡流的转轮拥有更好的减流效果。另外,LX为3D和LY为2D时减流性能最佳。最后对比发现,在叶尖速比为0.9~1.1减流效果更好;初始流速大小不影响减流效果;下游转子对称分布时,随着上游转子改变旋转方向,减流效果出现明显差异。

基于神经网络模型的致密砂岩储层流动单元分类与评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地WQ北部长6油层组为例

为了明确鄂尔多斯盆地WQ北部地区致密砂岩储层流动单元对剩余油分布的影响,通过岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、X衍射分析、高压压汞测试等方法分析了研究区长6储层的基本特征,并结合测井和神经网络模型分析,明确了区内长6储层流动单元类型、特征、分布规律,及其与储层的关系。结果表明:研究区长6油层组为典型的低孔-特低渗储层,主要发育长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和长石溶孔为主,储层孔隙结构以细喉大孔型和细喉小孔型为主。共发育4类储层流动单元。其中,长6^(2-1)小层以Ⅲ、Ⅳ类单元为主,长6^(1-2)小层主要发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ类流动单元,长6^(1-1)小层仅见零星分布的Ⅰ类流动单元,有利储层主要分布在长61-2小层。

基于SSOM的流动单元划分方法及生产应用——以渤海湾盆地F油田古近系沙三中亚段湖底浊积水道为例

在储层构型级次划分的基础上,归纳总结了渤海湾盆地F油田古近系沙三中亚段湖底浊积水道各级渗流屏障与构型界面的关系,并采用监督模式下的自组织映射神经网络算法开展流动单元定量评价,明确了构型模式控制下的流动单元分布规律。研究结果表明:(1)渤海湾盆地F油田沙三中亚段储层可划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ等4类流动单元。(2)基于SSOM算法的流动单元识别结果表现出较高的预测准确率,其中,256组训练样本的整体回判准确率为82.81%,110组测试样本的识别准确率为80.91%,能够满足地质油藏研究的需求。(3)垂向上,不同类型的单一水道内部发育的流动单元类型不同,造成流动单元垂向分布的差异性。Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类优质流动单元发育在浊积水道体系演化的中期,主要分布在二类单一水道;Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类流动单元发育在浊积水道体系演化的早期和晚期,其中,Ⅲ类流动单元分布广泛,在一类、二类、三类单一水道均有分布,Ⅳ类流动单元发育在一类、三类单一水道。侧向上,受水道体系不同沉积演化阶段的影响,流动单元的侧向分割方式不同。流动单元与非渗透层接触样式发育在浊积水道体系早期沉积旋回中,接触界面明显,属于一类水道沉积砂体;流动单元间的相互接触样式则发育在水道体系中晚期沉积旋回中,属于二类、三类水道沉积砂体。(4)平面上,受单一水道侧向迁移和垂向加积作用的影响,复合水道内部流动单元平面展布差异性明显。Ⅲ类流动单元在单砂体内部广泛发育,井间连续性好,在浊积主水道、浊积水道及水道漫溢沉积砂体处均有发育;渗流能力较好的Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类流动单元分布局限、连续性差,仅在浊积水道主流线方向及主水道砂体处有分布,呈不连续的点状或带状分布;Ⅳ类流动单元呈环带状分布在Ⅲ类流动单元的外缘,在浊积水道漫溢沉积砂体处发育。