Hybrid rice yield response to potted-seedling machine transplanting and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer application combined with urea topdressing

Machine transplanting and the application of slow-release nitrogen(N) fertilizer(SRNF) have played vital roles in the modernization of rice production. We aimed to determine the effects of potted-seedling transplanting—a new machine-transplanting method—and SRNF on hybrid rice yields. A 2-year splitplot experiment(2016–2017) was conducted in Meishan, Sichuan province, China, using two machinetransplanting methods(potted-seedling and blanket-seedling) and three N treatments. Total green leaf area, high-effective leaf area and its rate at heading, net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves 7 days after heading, glutamate synthase(GOGAT) and glutamine synthase(GS) activity after heading, dry matter production, and N accumulation at heading and maturity increased under the potted-seedling method or 70% SRNF as a base + 30% urea application at the panicle initiation stage(SBUP). Stem diameter and number of small and of all vascular bundles at the neck–panicle node in potted-seedling plants increased as a result of increasing numbers of effective panicles, secondary branches, and spikelets. In pottedseedling plants, treatment with SBUP increased the number of large and total vascular bundles at the panicle–neck internode and the number of differentiated and surviving secondary branches and spikelets and decreased the number of ineffective tillers and degenerated secondary branches and spikelets. We conclude that the potted-seedling machine transplanting method and SRNF combined with urea topdressing can strengthen the source–sink relationship in rice, resulting in higher yields.

Field Establishment of Cashew （Anacardium occidentale L,） Transplants as Affected by Nursery Periods

Field establishment of cashew has been seriously hampered by long delay in the nursery. This has led to transplanting of overgrown seedlings resulting in high transplant mortality, especially during the first dry season on the field. The experiment was set up to study field establishment of cashew transplants as affected by the nursery periods. Four nursery periods were tried. These were cashew transplanted at 3, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after sowing （WAS）. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block with three replicates. Records were taken on morphological parameters and survival percentage of the transplants till fruiting. Cashew seedlings transplanted at 12 WAS had better morphological plant parameters compared to other transplants. At 3 months after transplanting （MAT）, cashew transplants of 12 WAS were 172.6%, 93.7% and 38.5% taller than transplants of 3, 4 and 8 WAS, respectively and the differences were significant （P 〈 0.05）. Similarly, seedlings transplanted at 12 WAS had 245.4%, ! 51.9% and 99.4% more leaves than those of 3, 4 and 8 WAS at 3 MAT, respectively. However, the survival percent of cashew seedlings transplanted at 12 WAS were 66.7% followed by that of 3 WAS with 75.0% within 12 MAT. No transplant mortality was incurred in seedlings transplanted at 4 and 8 WAS up to 12 MAT. For optimum growth and high survival rate, transplanting cashew seedlings between 4 and 8 WAS will be encouraged so as to have high plant stands, thereby, reducing supply in the following planting season.

Optimized design and experiments of a rotary-extensive-type flowerpot seedling transplanting mechanism

To realize the mechanization of flowerpot seedling transplanting,a creative mechanism to transplant flowerpot seedlings was designed.The mechanism is based on noncircular gear in combination with a transplanting arm equipped with an extensive seedling pick-up device to transplant the flowerpot seedlings from the growing tray to the flowerpot,which in accordance with the transplanting agronomy requirements.The working principles of a theoretical model and kinematic characteristics of the transplanting mechanism were analyzed.The computer-aided analysis and optimization software based on Visual Basic 6.0 was developed and used to obtain a set of special trajectory and attitude parameters satisfying the transplanting operation requirements.The optimized parameters were used for virtual manufacturing and simulation testing of the transplanting mechanism.The virtual prototype testing results are consistent with the theoretical analysis,verifying the structural design validity and rationality.The high-speed photography was used in a bench test of the transplanting mechanism with“Salvia Splendens”pot seedlings as test samples.The trajectory and attitudes of the theoretical analysis,virtual test,and physical prototype test were essentially identical.The bench test results showed that the success rate was 91.67%for the seedling pick-up device penetrating into the root mass at 35 mm,thus,the quality of the extracting seedling was satisfactory.

Design and experiment of double planet carrier planetary gear flower transplanting mechanism

At present,there is a lack of miniaturized and highly reliable plug seedling transplanting mechanism in flowerpots planting operation,in order to meet the needs of large displacement and high vertical uprightness for flower transplanting,the paper combined the transmission characteristics of the non-circular gear planetary gear train with the swing flexibility of the cam gear and proposed a double planet carrier planetary gear transplanting mechanism.The linkage of the mechanism performs variable speed rotation relative to the first planet carrier,the linkage serves as the second planet carrier,and the transplanting arm performs variable speed swing relative to the linkage.A mathematical model of a single planetary carrier mechanism was first established using the method of open linkage group solution domain synthesis,then established the kinematic equations of the second planet carrier and the transplanting arm.The two parts are combined to form the mathematical solution model of the proposed mechanism.The initial trajectory was planned according to the trajectory requirements of seedlings planting operation,the non-circular gear pitch curve in the first planet carrier was obtained and the length of the first planet carrier is 120 mm.Then using the key points’angular deviation between the initial trajectory and the improved trajectory to obtain the cam parameters which driving the transplant arm,consequently determined the length of the second planet carrier is 69.25 mm and the length of the transplant arm is 112.4 mm.Finally,the prototype of the mechanism was manufactured,and the test verified the correctness of the design method of the double planet carrier planetary gear flower potting transplanting mechanism.The transplanting success rate of this mechanism reached 94.43%,and the plug seedlings planted in flowerpots had high uprightness.This research can provide a reference for the automatic development of research on flower transplanting machines.

定植期和定植密度对温室单头切花菊外观品质的影响

定植期和种植密度是影响切花菊外观品质的重要栽培措施.本文以单头切花菊‘神马＇（Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Shenma）为材料,研究定植期和密度对温室单头菊外观品质的影响.结果表明,在试验的定植期和密度范围内,随着定植期的延迟、密度的增加,单头菊株高增加,单株叶数、茎直径减小,单株鲜质量降低,花颈长度增加,花朵直径减小,但密度对株高的影响不大.在上海地区非加温温室单头切花菊生产中,以生产A级产品为目标的适宜定植期为8月中旬,适宜种植密度为64株·m^-2;以生产B级产品为目标的适宜定植期为8月中旬至9月初,适宜种植密度为72～80株·m^-2.本研究为建立基于光、温和密度的温室单头切花菊外观品质预测模型提供了参考.

花卉幼苗自动移栽机关键部件设计与试验

为实现盆栽花卉幼苗机械化移栽作业,减轻人工操作劳动强度,该文对花卉穴盘苗自动移栽机的关键部件进行设计。基于机器视觉技术获取花卉幼苗生长信息,采用区域目标像素统计的方法对幼苗生长状况进行评价,并对优质种苗进行定位,剔除缺苗、劣苗。为满足不同规格穴盘通用性和种苗无损操作要求,设计了弹簧驱动柔性可调的幼苗根部夹持手爪,通过对手爪的力学分析计算,优化其中关键零件的结构参数。移栽机控制系统由PC上位机扩展多路电机驱动节点,以满足多轴控制需要。基于自动移栽机试验平台,对各关键部件进行试验测试,结果表明系统移栽作业效率小于800工作循环/h时,夹持手爪能够对幼苗进行可靠操作,移栽成功率95%以上,此外视觉系统对幼苗识别准确率87%以上。

花卉穴盘苗取栽一体式自动移栽机构设计与试验

为得到一种高效简便、通用性好的花卉自动移栽机械,设计了一种取苗和栽苗一体式花卉自动移栽机构,通过夹苗针相对移栽臂的运动规律设计,实现"双尖嘴"工作轨迹,建立了该机构运动学模型,并应用自主开发的计算机分析和优化软件,分析了机构参数变化对"双尖嘴"轨迹和姿态的影响,优选出符合取栽一体式移栽要求的机构参数,并通过模型仿真和样机试验相结合的方法,对该机构进行了验证分析,结果表明:仿真轨迹、样机测试轨迹与理论轨迹三者基本一致,验证了该取栽一体式移栽机构设计的正确性和可行性。试验选用"万寿菊"花卉穴盘苗,苗龄35d,平均苗高约10 cm,试验设定机构转速为35 r/min(移栽速度70株/min)时,平均取苗成功率为97.27%,平均栽苗成功率为77.62%,表明该取栽一体式移栽机构具有较好的实用性。该研究可为自动化移栽关键技术的研究提供参考。

盆栽花卉移栽机取苗机构的现状分析

针对目前盆栽花卉幼苗移栽人工作业劳动强度大、作业效率低和成本高等现状,归纳总结出目前盆栽花卉自动化取苗机构存在的问题:取苗机构的研究停留在初始阶段、农机与农艺的标准不统一、国内盆栽花卉取苗机构通用性差和取苗机构多采用针插式,即直接插入基质的方式.对国内外取苗机构的发展现状进行分析发现,可以通过对盆栽花卉自动化取苗机构设计方法的改进,促进取苗精度和自动化程度的提高,促进盆栽花卉农艺技术与机械化、自动化和信息化紧密结合,研制出适合我国设施农业种植现状的取苗机构和实现盆栽花卉的无损移栽技术,以期为进一步盆栽花卉幼苗移栽整机研发和集成提供参考.

盆栽红掌移栽手爪设计与工作参数优化

为实现盆栽红掌花卉在盆间移栽领域的自动化移栽作业,该文进行了盆栽红掌移栽手爪设计,并采用试验方法对移栽手爪进行了工作参数优化,可实现红掌花苗从110 mm×90 mm规格花盆移栽到至170 mm×150 mm规格花盆的移栽任务。移栽手爪采用两侧同时抱抓的形式,实现对花苗的聚叶、抓取、固定功能,通过机构创新设计,在提高抓取成功率的同时,避免出现伤苗情况。根据红掌花苗生长特点及种植情况,对移栽手爪的工作过程进行了分析,选取升降气缸气压、钢针插入斜度和钢针插入点到中心的距离作为因素,选取花苗脱离花盆后的提取效果作为试验指标,进行盆栽红掌移栽手爪作业性能的二次回归正交旋转组合试验,确定最优工作参数。试验结果表明,针对种植在110 mm×90 mm规格花盆的花苗,当升降气缸气压为0.36 MPa,钢针插入斜度为28°,插入点到中心的距离为38.12 mm时,可达到良好的移栽效果,具有较高的移栽成功率,能够应用到实际生产当中。研究结果可为盆间移栽领域自动化移栽机的研制与开发提供参考。

暗紫贝母的繁殖器官在海拔梯度上的变异

在青藏高原东部的一个高山坡面上,沿着海拔设置高、中、低3个海拔部位,并在高、低海拔之间进行暗紫贝母植株的对换移植实验,然后测定各部位的生态因子、暗紫贝母植株花、果实和种子的特征。结果表明,1)生态因子中积雪融化时间、气温及土壤含水量在各海拔之间有明显的差异;2)花部特征中花被片的长度和宽度,雄蕊花药和花丝的长度,花柱和柱头裂片的长度都是高海拔部位最长,低海拔部位最短;3)对花生物量来说,高海拔部位比低海拔部位大39.4%;从花与地上部分二者生物量的比率来看,高海拔部位比低海拔部位大12.3%,两个指标都是高海拔部位排名第一;4)单粒果实重以低海拔部位最重,达到1282 mg,比高海拔部位大48.3%;5)单粒果实种子数以高海拔部位最少,比低海拔部位少了38.1%;6)高海拔部位的种子百粒重达到142.3 mg,而低海拔部位种子百粒重只有94.6 mg。移植实验进一步验证了上述的测定结果,这说明暗紫贝母繁殖器官确实要受海拔的影响,而且主要跟海拔梯度上的融雪时间、气温(尤其是零下低温)、紫外线强度、访花昆虫等有关。

花卉穴盘苗自动移栽机构改进设计与试验分析

为减少花卉穴盘苗取栽一体式自动移栽机构带苗现象,提高移栽效果,对移栽机构末端执行器进行了改进设计,并结合机构自身特性以及移栽工作要求,重新分析和确定了移栽机构优化目标,应用自主开发的计算机分析和优化软件,通过目标导向法,优选出一组机构参数并试制样机。分析了花卉育苗基质物理特性对移栽的影响,选取3组不同育苗基质及含水率的向日癸穴盘苗进行试验,试验表明:基质成分为纯泥炭的穴盘苗,其钵苗根系生长包络性好,便于取苗,取苗成功率为98%,栽苗成功率为83.9%,带苗率为13.8%。比较机构改进前后的试验结果,移栽效果和带苗现象均得到明显改善。基质成分中随着珍珠岩和沙子比例增加,钵苗根系包络性变差,钵体强度降低,取苗和栽苗成功率下降,而带苗现象增加。试验结果验证了改进设计后机构的有效性以及在不同育苗基质条件下的适应性,为解决移栽机构带苗问题提供参考。

基于离散单元分析与物场分析的盆花移栽手爪优化

该文针对盆花移栽作业过程中出现的移栽手爪提取基质不完整的现象,基于离散单元分析方法,利用EDEM(enhanced discrete element method)软件建立起机构(移栽手爪)、作用对象(带有根系的盆花基质)、作用条件(花盆)间的离散元仿真模型,对手爪钢针的插入和提离过程进行离散元仿真分析,确定基质断层为提取基质不完整的原因,并通过对基质提离过程进行受力分析发现,导致基质发生断层现象的根本原因是基质提离总阻力大于基质内部所能提供的最大凝聚力。鉴于如上分析,利用物场分析方法提出在原有系统中添加揉盆机构的解决方案,通过对揉盆机构工作过程进行离散元仿真分析发现,在揉盆机构的作用下基质与花盆之间产生了缝隙,使花盆对基质由于粘附作用产生的摩擦阻力降低,减小了基质提离总阻力,证明在工作过程中揉盆机构可以通过减小基质提离总阻力来解决基质断层问题。分别对添加揉盆机构前后的样机进行3组100盆的花苗移栽试验,移栽手爪完整提取基质成功率从84.67%提升到97.67%。该研究将EDEM离散单元分析与物场分析方法结合应用在机构优化设计过程,可以为盆间自动化移栽领域的设备研制与开发提供参考。

混合驱动五杆花卉盘栽机构的优化设计与试验

为实现盘栽机构的轻简化和运动设计的灵活性,该文以一种混合驱动五杆机构来实现花卉穴盘苗盘栽运动。根据工作要求拟定机构轨迹,以变速电机最小角速度波动为目标,基于遗传算法优化得到机构中机架位置为(0,-150)和(-267.20,61.87),五杆机构的杆长分别为152.80、324.55、336.56、100.40、302.60、341.00 mm。建立花卉盘栽机构三维模型,利用ADAMS进行了机构运动仿真,验证了机构优化设计结果的正确性。对混合驱动五杆花卉盘栽机构控制系统进行了设计,试制样机并开展了花卉盘栽试验。通过进行花卉移栽试验,测试得到花卉移栽轨迹高度为265 mm,取苗倾角为140°,取苗时入钵摆角为6.92°、出钵摆角为6.27°,取苗环扣宽度小于3 mm,植苗倾角为90°,植苗时入盘摆角为13.19°、出盘摆角为4.19°,植苗段垂直轨迹大于40 mm。花卉移栽的平均成功率为87.16%,表明混合驱动五杆花卉盘栽机构可以实现花卉盘栽工作。研究拓展了混合驱动的应用领域,可为全自动花卉盘栽装备的研发提供参考。

铁皮石斛离体开花结实研究初报

为了缩短石斛兰的育种周期，采用正交试验方法，探讨了 ABA、TDZ 及 NAA 对铁皮石斛离体开花的影响，并进行了离体结实及育苗移栽试验。结果表明：TDZ 对铁皮石斛花芽诱导率及正常花开放率的影响分别达极显著水平和显著水平，ABA 和 NAA 则无显著性差异，适宜铁皮石斛离体开花的培养基是 MS＋TDZ（0．05～0．1 mg/L）＋NAA（1．0 mg/L），其花芽诱导率最高达50％，正常花开放率最高达84％；正常结实植株占总授粉植株的30％，与自然栽培植株相比，离体果实发育时间缩短110～140 d，但种子萌发及育苗移栽正常。

移栽期与摘花梗对湖北麦冬产量的影响

探讨了不同的移栽期和摘花梗与否对湖北麦冬产量的影响,结果表明,不同的移栽期对湖北麦冬产量存在极显著的影响,以3月25日移栽的产量最高。在开花期摘花梗的比不摘花梗的产量要高。

花卉幼苗智能移栽机设计与仿真分析

为了改善目前盆栽花坛花卉幼苗移栽人工作业劳动强度大和作业效率低的现状,设计了花卉穴盘幼苗智能移栽机。综合国内外研究现状,介绍了智能移栽机的工作原理和作业流程。对花卉幼苗移栽机关键部件—末端定位机构和移栽夹持手爪进行虚拟样机设计,其中夹持手爪采用兼顾主动夹持和伸缩的操作方式,既有利于增加夹持力度,又可以防止幼苗根部基质对夹持手指的粘连。根据移栽作业预期效率和精度,基于ADAMS软件对3自由度移栽定位机构运动和移栽夹持手爪夹持力度进行仿真试验,对其各自驱动元件参数进行校核,保证其选型满足设计使用要求。

盆花移栽手爪创新设计

为实现盆花的自动化移栽,以减轻劳动负担、提高移栽效率。以红掌为例,本文根据人工作业工艺流程,确定了先聚拢花叶,再抓取花茎,最后固定花苗的动作要求。按照此动作要求,设计了一套盆花移栽手爪,分别提出了能够有效地抓取花茎并且固定花苗的抓取固定装置方案,以及能够在抓取过程中聚拢叶子的聚拢装置方案。根据红掌花苗实际尺寸对盆花移栽手爪进行了结构设计,并利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对其进行了静力学仿真模拟。模拟实验表明,手臂整体力学性能良好,抓取时手臂受力主要集中在上部连接点及折角处,应对其进行加固处理。

移栽地膜棉早熟增产效应研究

对移栽地膜棉和移栽棉的土壤物理性状、根系活力、花芽分化特点、干物质积累分配及叶面积变化等进行试验研究 ,结果表明 :移栽地膜棉覆膜能增加土壤温度 ,保持土壤水分含量相对稳定性 ,降低土壤容重 ;花芽分化期提前 3d ,花芽分化强度较移栽棉每日每株高 0 .5个 ;移栽地膜棉比移栽棉皮棉单产增 32 .4%,达极显著水平 ,10月 2 0日前收花量高

花卉种苗移植机器人的设计与性能试验

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