Effect of integration of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization gypsum on dealkalization of bauxite residue

The synergistic impact of mechanical ball milling and flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum on the dealkalization of bauxite residue was investigated through integrated analyses of solution chemistry,mineralogy,and microtopography.The results showed a significant decrease in Na_(2)O content(>30 wt.%)of FGD gypsum-treated bauxite residue after 30 min of mechanical ball milling.Mechanical ball milling resulted in differentiation of the elemental distribution,modification of the minerals in crystalline structure,and promotion in the dissolution of alkaline minerals,thus enhancing the acid neutralization capacity of bauxite residue.5 wt.%FGD gypsum combined with 30 min mechanical ball milling was optimal for the dealkalization of bauxite residue.

Influence of Thermally Treated Flue Gas Desulfurization(FGD) Gypsum on Performance of the Slag Powder Concrete

The feasibility of flue gas desulphurization （FGD） as concrete admixture was studied. A combined concrete admixture of the thermally-treated FGD gypsum and slag powder was explored. The FGD gypsum was roasted at 200℃ for 60 min and then mixed with the slag powder to form FGD gypsum-slag powder combined admixture in which the SO3 content was 3.5wt%. Cement was partially and equivalently replaced by slag powder alone or FGD gypsum-slag powder, at concentration of 25wt%, 40wt%, and 50wt%, respectively. The setting times, hydration products, total porosity and pore size distributions of the paste were determined. The compressive strength and drying shrinkage of cement mortar and concrete were also tested. The experimental results show that, in the presence of FGD gypsum, the setting times are much slower than those of pastes in the absence of FGD gypsum. The combination of FGD gypsum and slag powder provides synergistic benefits above that of slag powder alone. The addition of FGD gypsum provides benefit by promoting ettringite formation and forms a compact microstructure, increasing the compressive strength and reduces the drying shrinkage of cement mortar and concrete.

Utilization of Thermally Treated Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Gypsum and Class-C Fly Ash (CFA) to Prepare CFA-Based Geopolymer

The feasibility of utilization of flue gas desulfurization （FGD） gypsum and Class-C fly ash （CFA） to prepare CFA-based geopolymer were studied. The results showed that geopolymer made from 90% CFA and 10% FGD gypsum （FGDG） which was thermally treated at 800 ℃ for 1 h obtained the better compressive strength of 37.0 MPa. The micro characteristics and structures of the geopolymer samples of CFA and CFA-FGDG were tested by XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDXA after these samples cured at 75 ℃ for 8 h followed by 23 ℃ for 28 d. Both the geopolymer samples of CFA and CFA-FGDG have significant asymmetric stretching of A1-O/Si-O bonds and Si-O-Si / Si-O-A1 bending band. In geopolymer sample of CFA-FGDG, a small quantity of lathy products probably being the ettringite wrapped over the spherical fly ash particle, and the concentration of sulfur is much more than that in geopolymer sample of CFA. It is indicated that FGD gypsum may react during alkali-activated and geopolymeric process.

Transformation of Flue-Gas-Desulfurization Gypsum to α-Hemihydrated Gypsum in Salt Solution at Atmospheric Pressure

Direct phase transformation of flue gas desulfurization gypsum in hot salt solution at atmospheric pres-sure was investigated.The effects of temperature,salt species,salt concentration,solids content,pH and modifier were examined.The crystals obtained under different conditions and solubility of calcium sulfate in contact with solid gypsum were also determined.α-Calcium sulfate hemihydrate crystals of stubby columnar shape and regular pentahedral sides were obtained under the following conditions：salt concentration 20%-30%,operation tempera-ture 95-100 °C,solids mass content in the slurry 10%-30% and neutral pH.Thermodynamic analysis revealed that phase transformation of calcium sulfate dihydrate to α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate occurs because of the difference in solubilities between the two solid gypsum phases in this system.

Calcium sulfate whisker prepared by flue gas desulfurization gypsum:A physical–chemical coupling production process

In this paper,the solid waste desulfurization gypsum produced by coal-fired power plants was used as a raw material to prepare calcium sulfate whiskers with high application prospects.Calcium sulfate whiskers with uniform morphology and high aspect ratio can be prepared by hydrothermal method in sulfuric acid solution.A new process of desulfurization gypsum activated by high-energy grinding to reduce the reaction temperature and sulfuric acid concentration was developed.Through the comparison of product morphology,the best grinding time was determined to be 3.5 h.The mechanism of desulfurization gypsum through physical–chemical coupling to reduce energy consumption was clarified.The activation of desulfurization gypsum by grinding and the acidic environment provided by the sulfuric acid solution made the calcium sulfate solution reached rapid saturation and accelerated the nucleation rate.By calculating the conversion and crystallization rate of calcium sulfate whiskers,it was found that there were obvious"autocatalytic"kinetic characteristics during the crystallization process.

Promotion of conversion activity of flue gas desulfurization gypsum into α-hemihydrate gypsum by calcination-hydration treatment

The massive accumulation of flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum produced in the wet limestone-gypsum flue gas desulfurization process not only encroaches on lands but also causes serious environmental pollution.The preparation ofα-hemihydrate gypsum(α-HH)is an important way to achieve high-value utilization of FGD gypsum.Although the glycerol-water solution approach can be used to produceα-HH from FGD gypsum under mild conditions,the transition is kinetically unfavorable in the mixed solution.Here,an easy pretreatment was used to activate FGD gypsum by calcination and hydration to readily complete the transition.The pretreatment deteriorated the crystallinity of FGD gypsum and caused it to form small irregular flaky crystals,which dramatically increased the specific surface area.Additionally,most of the organics adsorbed onto FGD gypsum surfaces were removed after pretreatment.The poor crystallinity,increased specific surface area,and elimination of organics adsorbed onto crystal surfaces effectively improved the conversion activity of FGD gypsum,thereby promoting dihydrate gypsum(DH)dissolution andα-HH nucleation.Overall,the phase transition of FGD gypsum toα-HH is facilitated.

Fluoride Ion Adsorption Effect and Adsorption Mechanism of Self-Supported Adsorbent Materials Based on Desulfurization Gypsum-Aluminate Cement

The adsorption method has the advantages of low cost,high efficiency,and environmental friendliness in treating fluorinated wastewater,and the adsorbent material is the key.This study combines the inherent anion-exchange adsorption properties of layered double hydroxides(LDHs).Self-supported porous adsorbent materials loaded with AFm and AFt were prepared from a composite cementitious system consisting of calcium aluminate cement(CAC)and flue gas desulfurization gypsum(FGDG)by chemical foaming technique.The mineral composition of the adsorbent material was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and Scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Through the static adsorption experiment,the adsorption effect of the mineral composition of the adsorbent on fluoride ions was deeply analyzed,and the adsorption mechanism was revealed.XRD and SEM showed that the main hydration phases of the composite cementitious system consisting of CAC and FGDG are AFm,AFt,AH_(3),and CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O.FGDG accelerates the hydration process of CAC and inhibits the transformation of AFt to AFm.The AFt content increased,and the AFm content decreased or even disappeared as the amount of FGDG increased.Static adsorption experiment results showed that AFm and AFt in adsorbent materials could significantly enhance the adsorption of fluoride ions.The adsorption of F^(−)in aqueous solution by PAG tends more towards monolayer adsorption with a theoretical maximum capacity of 108.70 mg/g and is similar to the measured value of 112.77 mg/g.

Evaluation of flue gas desulfurization gypsum as a low-cost precipitant for phosphorus removal from anaerobic digestion effluent filtrate

Land application of anaerobic digestion(AD)effluent as a fertilizer is desirable for nutrient recycling,but often supplies excess phosphorus(P),which contributes to surface water eutrophication.Reducing the P content in AD effluent filtrate using calcium(Ca)treatment prior to land application is a potential strategy for improving effluent disposal and meeting the discharge standard.This study took flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum,a by-product of coal-fired power plants,as a low-cost Ca source,and combined with traditional phosphorus removal agents to achieve high phosphorus removal efficiency with less chemical cost.As the results showed,FGD gypsum dosages of 20 mmol/L Ca(3.44 g/L)and 40 mmol/L Ca(6.89 g/L)removed up to 97.1%of soluble P(initially 102.8 mg/L)within 60-90 minutes.Combining FGD gypsum treatment with traditional chemical treatments using calcium hydroxide[Ca(OH)2]or ferric chloride(FeCl3)could achieve>99%P removal with reduced chemical costs.This study demonstrated that FGD gypsum is an efficient calcium-based precipitant for phosphorus removal,offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach to enhance wastewater treatment practices and meet discharge standards in wastewater management.

Use of flue gas desulfurization gypsum to reduce dissolved phosphorus in runoff and leachate from two agricultural soils

Controlling dissolved phosphorus(DP)loss from high P soil to avoid water eutrophication is a worldwide high priority.A greenhouse study was conducted in which flue gas desulfurization gypsum(FGDG)was applied by using different application methods and rates to two agricultural soils.Phosphorus fertilizer was incorporated into the soils at 2.95 g kg^(-1)to simulate soil with high P levels.The FGDG was then applied at amounts of 0,1.5,and 15 g kg^(-1)soil on either the soil surface or mixed throughout the soil samples to simulate no-tillage and tillage,respectively.Ryegrass was planted after treatment application.The study showed that FGDG reduced runoff DP loss by 33%and leachate DP loss 38%in silt loam soil,and runoff DP loss 46%and leachate DP loss 14%in clay loam soil,at the treatment of 15 g kg^(-1)FGDG.Mixing applied method(tillage)provided strong interaction with higher FGDG.To overall effect,the mixing-applied method performed better in controlling DP loss from silt loam soil,while surface-applied(no tillage)showed its advantage in controlling DP loss from clay loam soil.In practice it is necessary to optimize FGDG concentrations,application methods,and DP sources(runoff or leachate)to get maximized benefits of FGDG application.The FGDG application had no negative effects on the soil and ryegrass.

Influence of crystal-transforming agent on the performance and mechanism ofα-high-strength gypsum prepared from FGD gypsum

This paper investigates the impact of flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum's crystal modifier on the characteristics and microcosmic mechanism ofα-high strength gypsum.The results demonstrate that all three crystal modifiers can convert FGD gypsum toα-high-strength gypsum.Citric acid(CA)has the most significant influence onα-high-strength gypsum,and the preparedα-high-strength gypsum is short columnar,with an aspect ratio in the range of 1-3,and has a faster setting time,a larger specific surface area,and a smaller standard consistency,higher compressive strength,greater surface hardness,and smaller crystal particle size.The initial setting time of theα-high-strength gypsum manufactured with CA crystal modifier was decreased by 36%compared to the blank sample,the final setting time was lowered by 37.5%,and the water consumption of the standard consistency was reduced by 8%.The maximum strength is 32 MPa after 2 h,the absolute dry compressive strength is up to 38 MPa,and the surface hardness is improved by 24.43%.

Investigation on the relationship between the fine particle emission and crystallization characteristics of gypsum during wet flue gas desulfurization process

The relationship between the fine particles emitted after desulfurization and gypsum crystals in the desulfurization slurry was investigated,and the crystallization characteristics varying with the operation parameters and compositions of the desulfurization slurry were discussed.The results showed that the fine particles generated during the desulfurization process were closely related to the crystal characteristics in the desulfurization slurry by comparison of their morphology and elements. With the higher proportion of fine crystals in the desulfurization slurry,the number concentration of fine particles after desulfurization was increased and their particle sizes were smaller,indicating that the optimization of gypsum crystallization was beneficial for the reduction of the fine particle emission. The lower p H value and an optimal temperature of the desulfurization slurry were beneficial to restrain the generation of fine crystals in the desulfurization slurry. In addition,the higher concentrations of the Fe3＋ions and the F- ions in the desulfurization slurry both promoted the generation of fine crystals with corresponding change of the morphology and the effect of the Fe3＋ ions was more obvious.With the application of the desulfurization synergist additive,it was beneficial for the inhibition of fine crystals while the thinner crystals were generated.

Preparation of calcium ferrite by flue gas desulfurization gypsum

At present,the continuous accumulation of the flue gas desulfurization(FGD)gypsum in steel plants leads to the serious environmental issues and resource waste.To achieve green and sustainable development for the steel industry,it is significant to improve the usage of by-product gypsum.Employing the sintering FGD gypsum,ferric oxide,and graphite carbon as raw materials,the effects of the carbon content,reaction time,and molar ratio of CaO to Fe_(2)O_(3)on the desulfurization rate of gypsum were studied based on the orthogonal experiment.The results show that the order of the three influencing factors on the desulfurization rate of FGD gypsum is:molar ratio of CaO to Fe_(2)O_(3)>reaction time>carbon content.Under the optimal conditions of 20 wt.%carbon content,4 h reaction time,and 1:1 molar ratio of CaO to Fe_(2)O_(3),the desulfurization rate of desulfurization gypsum is 95.79%,and 97.57 wt.%of calcium ferrite appears in the solid product,which can be used as sintering additive to increase the economic benefits of enterprises and realize the green ecological development mode of internal generation and internal digestion of solid waste in iron and steel enterprises.

新型高效脱硫吸收剂提高火电厂FGD系统灵活性的试验研究

石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫工艺中吸收剂石灰石(主要成分为CaCO_(3))反应活性低,在机组深度调峰快速升负荷、燃煤含硫变化大时净烟气SO_(2)排放质量浓度经常存在超标问题。为此以某电厂600 MW机组为例,采用一种新型高效脱硫吸收剂进行试验,结果表明:新型高效脱硫吸收剂的加入可在3min内快速提高烟气脱硫(flue gas desulfurization,FGD)系统的脱硫效率,抑制SO_(2)排放质量浓度在快速升负荷的超标现象,同时可增加FGD系统最大出力,拓宽FGD系统对高硫分煤种的适应能力,提高电厂燃煤采购的灵活性。

FGD Capacity Prediction of Thermal Power Plants in China

Through analyzing the proportion of SO2 emission from thermal power plants in the nationwide SO2 emis- sion in USA, Japan etc. developed countries, and the developmental course of thermal power installed capacity and the FGD capacity in USA, the FGD capacity of thermal power plants in China is forecasted from two angles. One is to predict FGD capacity in accordance with the policy in force in China. The other is to predict FGD capacity based upon the emission right trading policy. As compared, it is held that FGD equipment should be mainly installed on the large size units burning high sulfur coal according to the emission right trading policy. Such a method of work not only can economize large amount of investments and operation costs, but also can realize the same environmental effect.

石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫费用分析

分析燃煤电厂烟气脱硫治理费用的构成及新老机组、不同工艺在治理费用方面的区别;以主流烟气脱硫工艺即典型的石灰石-石膏法烟气脱硫工艺为对象,以煤的含硫量为0.5%、1.0%、2.0%为测算分析条件,以现行的国家及行业规定的有关财务费用、税收及取费标准等规定为依据,测算单位SO2控制费用及单位千瓦时SO2控制费用;对测算的结果进行不确定性、敏感性等的分析;得出投资约占总成本费用的45%、煤的含硫量对电价增量的敏感性较小、而对脱除每千克SO2经济性的敏感性很大的结论;提出烟气脱硫应当首先在高硫煤电厂进行,烟气脱硫的合理成本应计入电价,积极促进排污交易以降低SO2排放总量,加强对烟气脱硫设施监督管理等的建议。

浅析脱硫石膏综合利用的技术可行性

电厂实施烟气脱硫后所产出的脱硫石膏得到有效利用是推动各电厂脱硫装置正常运行的前提条件。根据国内外文献调研和部分电厂、建材行业等的实地调研,电厂脱硫石膏可作为天然石膏替代品,用作水泥缓凝剂或用于制作石膏制品、改良土壤、矿井与路基回填等。从技术层面考虑,上述综合利用途径在国内外均有了一定实践经验,存在的技术难点也能得到较好的解决,从而为电厂烟气脱硫的实施提供了支持。

烧结脱硫石膏的综合利用现状

近年来,烧结烟气脱硫石膏的利用正在被越来越多的人重视,本文在总结国内外烧结脱硫石膏的研究和应用现状的基础上,就其存在的一些问题和发展趋势提出几点自己的看法,并结合脱硫石膏性质提出了一些烧结脱硫石膏的资源化利用途径和建议。

当前火电厂脱硫石膏现状及利用的研究

从烟气脱硫石膏的来源与性能介绍了电厂脱硫石膏可作为天然石膏替代品,并阐述了燃煤电厂烟气脱硫石膏的特性和国内脱硫石膏的利用现状,结合我国实际,对燃煤电厂脱硫石膏综合利用现状进行了分析。

烟气脱硫石膏对围垦滩涂土壤的脱盐作用

依靠自然降水淋洗和植物演替,围垦滩涂土壤脱盐需要数十年。烟气脱硫石膏可以通过钙（Ca^2＋）钠（Na^＋）交换将这一自然脱盐过程缩短到数年内。自2011年起,在长江三角洲崇明岛围垦滩涂进行了现场试验,烟气脱硫石膏的施用量为0,15,30,45和60 t/hm^2。结果表明,在年平均降雨量为1 050 mm的条件下,施用烟气脱硫石膏的第2年,滩涂盐碱地表层土壤（0～30 cm）脱盐效果明显,用土壤交换性钠百分率表达的土壤碱化度（ESP）下降了53%。滩涂草本植物的物种数量和覆盖度随烟气脱硫石膏施用比例增加而提高（P〈0.05）,在现场1m×1m样方中发现有盐生草本碱蓬、蒲公英、野艾蒿,甚至苜蓿和喜旱莲子草等非盐生植物取代了原优势盐生植物芦苇。较高烟气脱硫石膏处理过的围垦滩涂木本植物的成活率也明显高于未处理的控制地块（P〈0.05）。安全使用烟气脱硫石膏可望大规模地有效改善围垦滩涂盐碱土壤质量和生态环境。

烟气脱硫石膏对崇明滨海盐碱地理化性质及旱稻生长的影响

利用烟气脱硫石膏改良滨海滩涂盐碱地,可以加快盐碱土壤的脱盐过程,改善农作物的生长环境。选择上海崇明东滩的滩涂盐碱地,采用已获得的技术参数和烟气脱硫石膏配比(60 t/hm^2),通过现场试验研究了烟气脱硫石膏对滨海滩涂盐碱地土壤理化性质和旱稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,在滩涂盐碱地施用烟气脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤并种植旱稻,土壤中的盐分组成发生了明显变化,土壤pH、交换性Na^+及土壤碱化度(ESP)显著降低。旱稻收获后改良土壤中的有机质、总氮、速效钾等营养物质含量均较未改良土壤低,土壤速效磷含量则降低了近7倍,从而降低了径流中可溶性磷进入水体的风险。同时,改良土种植的旱稻主要根系指标、地上部分株高以及地下、地上生物量均显著增加(P<0.05),旱稻的主要产量指标及总产量也较未改良区域显著性增加。因此,施用烟气脱硫石膏能够显著改良滨海滩涂盐碱地的理化性质,促进旱稻的根系和植株生长,从而提高旱稻的产量,并改善农业生态环境。