Effects of Vermicompost on Agronomic Characters and Yield and Quality of Flue-cured Tobacco

The effects of vermicompost on the agronomic characters and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco were investigated. The results showed that, the field growth periods of various treatments were 117-118 d, 1-2 days longer than that of the CK. The numbers of effective leaves of the treatments applied with vermicompost were 0.1-0.3 leaf more than the CK. The highest yield and the highest proportion of high-grade tobacco occurred in treatment 3 as 2 095.5 kg/m^2 and 49%, respectively, which were higher than those in the CK by 6.58 kg and 5.3%. In conclusion, the treatment with the application of vermicompost at 7 500-10 500 kg/hm^2 was the best.

Effects of Soil Amendment on Growth,Yield and Output of Flue-cured Tobacco in South Anhui Province

[Objective] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil amend- ment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material on growth and develop- ment, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in South Anhui Province. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted. The agronomic traits, yield and output value, as well as appearance quality and flavor of flue-cured tobacco were evaluated. [Re- suit] The soil amendments composed of biochars and inorganic mineral materials could significantly increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf size, yield and output of flue-cured tobacco, as well as proportion of first-grade tobacco leaves at the middle and late growth period. The yield in the X3 treatment group （70% T20 ＋ 30% ZC） was highest, and it was higher than that in the control group by 398 kg/hm2. Com- pared with that in the control group, the output of flue-cured tobacco in the X3 treatment group was increased by 10 290 yuan/hm2. In terms of appearance quality and flavor, the flue-cured tobacco leaves in the soil amendment treatment groups were all better than those in the control group. [Conclusion] The application of soil amendment composed of biochar and inorganic mineral material is an effective mea- sure to improve tobacco-growing soil, promote tobacco growth and development, im- prove tobacco yield and output and improve tobacco leaf quality in South Anhui re- gion.

Characterization of 124 Flue-cured Tobacco Germplasm Resources

[Objective] This study aimed to characterize 124 flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources, and to provide reference for making the best use of the existing flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources. [Method] A total of 124 flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources were studied via field experiment and statistic analysis to investigate characteristics of their growth period, morphologic characters, main agronomic traits, and economic characters. [Result] There were significant differences among the 124 flue-cured tobacco germplasm resources in growth period, morphologic characters, main agronomic traits, and economic characters. The coefficients of variation （CV） varied in a range of 7.9%-22.5%. Among them, CV of bud stage was higher, and that of corolla length was lower. Many germplasm resources were attacked seriously by black shank disease at the end of field experiment, including those with disease index higher than 90, like Kutsaga 110, TI706, Ky 151, KM10, Longshe, Chaoxian Kangchi, Kutsaga 51E, Yongding No.1, and those with disease index among 75-90 such as Liaoyan No. 8, Lingnong No.2, Shandong Duoye, 581, Cunjingyan, KRK26, and Special 400. The tobacco root knot nematode invasion was light in some germplasm or never happened in other germplasm resources. TMV happened sporadically. CV 87, Yunyan 99, Yunyan 85, K326, Yunyan 87, Zhubuo No.1, T64 and T66 produced higher yield, production value, proportion of good leaves and sold at a higher price. Finally, we screened out the germpalsm resources with good comprehensive economic values and high disease resistance such as CV 87, Yunyan 99, Yunyan 85, K326, Yunyan 87, Zhubuo No.1, T64, T66, Honghuadajinyan, G-28, Taiyan No. 8, 77089-12, Yunyan 97, K346, V2, K149, NC567, NC297, Yunyan 201, Yunyan 203, KRK22. [Conclusion] This study provides reference for making better use of tobacco germplasm resources, and breeding new varieties.

Major Cultivation Technology of HQ No.1, a New Flue-cured Tobacco Cultivar

The transplanting period, density, the number of left leaves and fertilizer amounts of HQ No.1 were explored in Hengyang. The results showed that with transplanting periods of March 5-March 15, and planting space of 120 cmx（50-60） cm, agronomic and economic characters of tobaccos showed insignificant differences. Specifically, plant height was growing upon the number of left leaf and fertilizer amount; tobacco yield and output value kept increasing upon fertilizer, and both reached maximums with pure N at 195 kg/hm^2, showing significant differences with the treatment of pure N at 135 kg/hm^2; the number of left leaf had the least effects on agronomic and economic characters of tobaccos. The research indicated that highly-qualified HQ No.1 can be produced, given that tobaccos are transplanted during March 10-March 15, planting density of 15 000-16 500 seedlings/hm^2, the number of left leaves of 22-24 leaves per seedling, and pure N of 150-165 kg/hm^2 in Hengyang.

Study on Effect of Engran Series of Microbial Organic Fertilizers on Flue-cured Tobacco

[Objective] This study was conducted to provide theoretic support for improving yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco by applying microbial organic fertilizers. [Method] A field plot experiment was conducted to study the effects of the Engran series of microbial organic fertilizers on growth and development, diseases and pests and economic traits of flue-cured tobacco. [Result] The result showed that the treatment of conventional fertilization ＋ Engran microbial agent could promote the growth and dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco during the growth period in the field, enhance the disease resistance of tobacco, and improve yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco and income of tobacco growers. Compared with T1,the proportion of high-grade tobacco, the proportion of mid-high grade tobacco,yield, output value and average price increased by 4.4%, 3.8%, 5.48%, 11.51% and5.73% respectively. [Conclusion] The treatment of conventional fertilization ＋ Engran microbial agent showed outstanding performance, is optimum for field production,and could be applied to Flue-cured tobacco.

Effects of Different Biochar Dosages and Types on Growth, Yield and Output Value of Flue-cured Tobacco in Hanzhong Area

[Objective] This study was to investigate the effects of different biochar dosages and trpes on growth, yield and output value of flue-cured tobacco in Hanzhong. [Methods] In May-September of 2013, Xiaonanhai Town, Nanzheng County, Hanzhong City, a field experiment was carded out to study the effects of- biochardosage and type on tobacco agronomic traits, yield and output value in each growth period. [Results] Biochar application significantly increased plant height, stem diameter and leaf size in the early growth pedod, and raised tobacco yield, output value and the proportion of high grade leaf： With the increase of biochar dosage, tobacco agronom~ traits were significantly improved, and yield, output value and proportion of high-grade tobacco leaves also increased significantly, and the highest tobacco yield and output value occurred at the dosage of 900 kg/hm2. Agronomic traits of tobacco leaves with the application of rice husk char and wheat straw char were significantly better than those with the application of peanut shell char, appli- cation of rice husk char was more conducive to the development of leaves in the vigorous pedod and stems in the squaring period, but straw char was beneficial to improvement of plant height and leaf number in the vigorous period and leaf growth in the squaring period, and application of rice husk char had the best effect on the increases of yield and output value of tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] Application of biochar is an effective measure forimproving tobacco-planting soil and promoting the growth and development of tobacco in Hanzhong, biochar application amount should be controlled at about 600-900 kg/hm2, and rice husk char is the preferred choice as soil improvement material.

Effects of Spraying Plant Extract Mixture on Growth and Development and Diseases of Flue-cured Tobacco

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of plant extract mixture on growth and development,photosynthetic indexes and disease control of flue-cured tobacco.[Method]Using field test method,a total of five treatments were designed in the test,including T1(control,conven-tional pesticide control),T2(conventional pesticide control+spraying plant extract mixture at 15 and 30 d post transplanting),T3(conventional pesticide control+spraying plant extract mixture at 15,30 and 45 d post transplanting),T4(conventional pesticide control+spraying plant extract mixture at 15,30,45 and 60 d post transplanting),and T5(conventional pesticide control+spraying plant extract mixture at 15,30,45,60 and 75 d post transplanting).In addition,flue-cured tobacco in treatments T2-T5 were sprayed with antiviral agent once at 30 d post transplanting,and sprayed with quality promoting agent at 30 and 75 d post transplanting,respectively.[Result]The agronomic traits and photosynthetic indexes of all treatments were improved by spraying plant extract mixture,and those in T5 treatment were the best.Spraying plant extract mixture had significant control effect on brown spot;the disease index in T5 treatment was the lowest,and the control effect was the best.The results showed that spraying plant extract mixture promoted the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco,reduced the disease index of brown spot,and improved the quality of tobacco leaves.[Conclusion]Spraying plant extract mixture has positive effect on growth and development and disease control of flue-cured tobacco.

Effects of Soil pH on Growth and Dry Matter Accumulation of Tobacco Plants

In order to clarify the relationships between soil pH and flue-cured tobacco growth and dry matter accumulation, effects of soil pH on root morphology and vigor, aboveground agronomic traits and dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco were investigated by pot experiment. The results showed that on the whole, the intensity of soil pH on flue-cured tobacco growth and dry matter accumulation ranked as pH=6＇s 〉 pH=7＇s 〉 pH=5＇s 〉 pH=4＇s 〉 pH=8＇s. Acidic soil （pH=4） was not conducive to the early growth of tobacco plants, reduced root vigor and affected dry matter accumulation; and alkaline soil （pH=8） was not conducive to the growth of tobacco roots and shoot, reduced root vigor and affected dry matter accumulation. In conclusion, the suitable pH of soil for growth of flue-cured tobacco in Xiangxi is 5-7, but weakly acidic soil is the best.

Effects of the Combined Use of Tobacco Special Inorganic Fertilizer and Cake Organic Fertilizer on the Quality of Tobacco K326

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of the combined use of cake organic fertilizer and tobacco special fertilizer on the growth and development as well as the quality of tobacco leaves.[Method] Different ratios of cake organic fertilizer and tobacco special fertilizer were applied.Then,the agronomic traits and leaf quality determining factors were measured and analyzed at different growing stages.[Result] Compared with the control,the tobacco plant height was increased by 3.01％-5.84％,while the number of valid leaves was increased by 5.56％-20.39％ in all the treatments with combined use of fertilizers.The ratio of sugar to nicotine of leaf was closer to 10±1,and the ratio of nitrogen to nicotine of leaf was closer to 1±0.1.In addition,the combined use of 750 kg/hm2 tobacco special base fertilizer and 292 kg/hm2 cake organic fertilizer had a better effect for improving the agronomic traits and flavor qualities than all the other treatments.[Conclusion] This study will provide reference for developing special full-aroma tobacco leaf product and new tobacco special fertilizers in Hunan.

Study on Application Effect of Earthworm Manure on Tobacco in Hengnan

Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effect of earth-worm manure on agronomic traits, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. [Method] A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different amount of earthworm manure on growth and economic benefit of tobacco. [Result] The results showed that： the application of earthworm manure could promote vegetative growth of tobacco to different degrees, and significantly increase high-grade tobacco yield and output value, thereby increasing the total output value of tobacco. Among the different application amounts, basal application of earthworm manure 4 500 kg/hm2 could significantly increase the proportion of high-grade tobacco and tobacco output, improve benefit and maintain sustainable production capacity. [Conclusion] This study provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of tobacco-planting soil with earth-worm manure.

Effect of Preparations of Bamboo Vinegar and Copper Sulfate on Green Algae and Tobacco Seedling Growth

To provide theoretical and technical basis for the application of preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate in the prevention of green algae in floating system for tobacco seeding,the soaking and spraying methods were employed to study the effect of different concentrations of preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate on green algae and tobacco seedling growth. The results showed that the preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate of different concentrations played a strong role in inhibiting green algae growth and had better effect than copper sulfate. Spraying 1∶ 200 preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate could significantly promote tobacco seedling growth,and the leaf fresh weight increased by 15. 80% compared with CK,with significant difference; spraying 1∶ 50 preparations was not conducive to tobacco seedling growth. It was recommended to spray 1∶ 200 preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate in floating system for tobacco seeding,which could promote tobacco seedling growth and reduce green algae to varying degrees.

钾镁平衡施肥对烤烟生长与产质量的影响

【目的】探明钾、镁养分平衡供给对烤烟光合特性与产质量的影响,为烤烟生产中钾镁肥科学施用提供依据。【方法】以云烟87为材料,在贺州烟区柳家镇(L)和朝东镇(C)2个试验点开展钾镁肥配比施用试验,设置CK:叶面喷施清水;T1:有机酸钾镁Ⅰ溶液(K2O 9%,MgO 7.5%);T2:有机酸钾镁Ⅱ溶液(K_(2)O 9%,MgO 3.75%)共3个处理,比较不同配比钾镁营养对烤烟生长、叶片质体色素及光合性能、烤后烟叶化学成分与经济性状的影响。【结果】钾镁配合施肥显著促进烤烟的生长,柳家镇和朝东镇试验点中,株高和叶片数均以有机酸钾镁Ⅰ溶液处理提高效果最显著,其中,株高分别较CK提高16.05%和12.16%,叶片数分别提高9.29%和8.97%。柳家镇试验点有机酸钾镁Ⅱ溶液处理烟株的最大叶面积显著大于有机酸钾镁Ⅰ溶液,增幅达5.73%。钾镁配合施肥处理显著提高烟叶质体色素含量与净光合速率,钾镁平衡施肥处理显著提高烟叶产量,其中,上等烟比例和产值以朝东镇试验点效果较好,2个试验点产量与产值均以有机酸钾镁Ⅱ溶液处理较佳。在烤烟化学成分方面,钾镁配合施肥处理显著提高烟叶总钾、总镁含量,降低钾镁比;提高下部叶总糖和还原糖含量,改善烟叶化学成分的协调性。【结论】施用钾镁平衡肥能不同程度促进烟株生长与产量提高,利于烟叶质体色素积累和光合性能提高,协调烟叶化学成分,改善烟叶品质;增产与增值效果以喷施相同钾肥的基础上配施低镁处理较佳。

施氮量对云烟121上部烟叶代谢及品质的影响

为提高烤烟上部叶品质与可用性,筛选出曲靖烟区云烟121适宜的施氮量,分别施用纯氮82.5、105.0和127.5 kg·hm^(-2)进行大田试验,测定不同处理的农艺性状、上部成熟鲜烟叶的超微结构及烘烤后的外观质量、化学成分、感官质量等指标,并进行代谢组学分析,综合评价不同施氮量处理下云烟121的生长情况与上部烟叶品质。结果表明,3个施氮量处理烟株的长势无明显差异,其中105.0 kg·hm^(-2)处理烟株的综合发病率最低。随着施氮量的增加,云烟121上部叶片中的叶绿体降解减缓,淀粉粒与嗜锇颗粒体积增大,其中105.0 kg·hm^(-2)处理烟叶的嗜锇颗粒数量最多。施氮水平影响云烟121上部叶的代谢模式,且主要集中在莽草酸和苯丙烷代谢途径。在105.0 kg·hm^(-2)处理下,云烟121上部叶烤后的外观质量、化学成分、感官质量、经济性状均优于其他施氮水平。由此表明,施用纯氮105.0 kg·hm^(-2)能够有效提高曲靖烟区云烟121上部叶的品质与可用性。

有机肥对云南曲靖烟区烤烟根黑腐病及产质量的影响

为研究云南曲靖烟区有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤性状和烤烟产质量的影响,采用田间调查统计和常规数据分析的方法,研究施用不同有机肥替代部分化肥对烤烟农艺性状、病害发生情况、烤烟外观质量和经济性状的影响。结果表明,有机肥替代部分常规化肥与单一施用常规化肥比较能显著提高烤烟农艺性状、降低病害发生、提高烤烟产量和产值,施用有机肥处理显著提高烤烟株高5.4%~11.1%,茎围3.5%~10.6%,最大叶面积4.6%~13.8%,分别降低黑胫病和根腐病发病率16.7%~33.4%和21.9%~42.1%,提高产量9.2%~22.0%,产值16.32%~30.54%,上等烟比例3.9%~6.3%。总之,在云南曲靖烟区,有机肥替代部分化肥能增加烤烟田间长势、降低病害发生和增加烤烟产量产值。该研究为有机肥在烤烟生产中的合理应用提供科学依据。

不同烤烟新品种在吉林省通化区域适用性研究

为解决吉林省烤烟种植品种单一的问题,该研究在吉林省通化市柳河县以“吉烟九号”为对照,对9个烤烟新品种“中烟特香301”“云烟301”“硃砂烟”等在农艺性状、经济性状、主要化学成分、外观质量评价和评吸鉴定结果等方面进行分析。结果表明:“硃砂烟”在农艺性状、产量产值、外观质量评价、感官分值和主成分分析上表现最好,特别是在经济性状和评吸鉴定结果上具有明显优势;其次“中烟特香301”农艺性状优和经济性状表现好,化学成分协调分值、评吸鉴定结果也较好;“中川208”农艺性状和经济性状的表现属中等,但在外观质量和评吸鉴定结果中表现较好。三个品种主成分分析排序为“硃砂烟”>“中烟特香301”>“中川208”。三个品种需进一步重点考察。

海拔高度对烟叶生长代谢及烤后品质的影响

为明确四川凉山烟区不同海拔高度对烟叶生长以及烤后品质的影响,以烤烟品种YKS-9为供试品种,在四川凉山1800、2000、2200 m三种海拔高度处进行试验,研究海拔高度对YKS-9农艺性状、烤后烟叶品质、鲜烟叶超微结构和叶片代谢的影响。结果表明,海拔2000 m高度处的烟株农艺性状及烤后烟叶品质较好,2200 m高度处农艺性状及烤后烟叶品质最差;随着海拔升高,烟叶细胞内液泡体积增大,细胞内产生更多、更小的线粒体,且叶绿体内淀粉粒数目增多、体积增大,但叶绿体片层数和垛叠程度减少。代谢组学分析结果显示,3个处理组间共筛选出102种显著差异代谢物,其中多数糖类(D-半乳糖酸、D-甘露糖、D-阿洛糖、D-塔格糖)、部分氨基酸类(L-天门冬氨酸、L-瓜氨酸、L-苏氨酸、D-脯氨酸、2,3-二羟基-3-甲基丁酸、丙氨酸)、莽草酸代谢相关物质(L-苯丙氨酸、莽草酸、奎尼酸)相对含量均随海拔升高呈现先升后降趋势;而嘌呤代谢物质(鸟苷、腺嘌呤)以及苯丙烷代谢相关物质(山奈酚、芸香苷、绿原酸)相对含量随海拔升高急剧上升。整体而言,在四川凉山烟区海拔2000 m处种植烤烟最为适宜,1800 m处次之,2200 m处较差。

稻壳生物炭老化对烤烟生长发育的影响

生物炭因特殊的结构和性质,被广泛用于土壤改良。本文采用室外盆栽法,研究了稻壳生物炭老化对烤烟生长发育的影响。结果表明:施用新鲜稻壳生物炭或老化稻壳生物炭均可提高烤烟根体积和根系活力,对株高、茎围和最大叶长也有一定的促进作用,从而在一定程度上提高了烤烟的产量和质量。总体来看,以施用新鲜稻壳生物炭或15%H_(2)O_(2)氧化老化稻壳生物炭的效果较好。

土壤调理剂与叶面钾肥配合施用对烟叶产质的影响

本研究旨在评估酸性土壤调理剂与叶面钾肥配合施用对烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)农艺性状、产量和品质的影响。通过田间试验,分析了单独使用酸性土壤调理剂以及与不同类型钾肥(硫酸钾、磷酸二氢钾和硫酸钾镁)喷施相结合的效果。结果表明,酸性土壤调理剂能显著改善烟株的农艺性状并提升产量。在施用土壤调理剂的基础上,叶面喷施钾肥进一步促进了烟叶的早衰和落黄,提高了上中等烟叶的比例,其中以硫酸钾和磷酸二氢钾处理的效果最为明显。就烟叶品质而言,硫酸钾喷施显著改善了烟叶的外观质量;而磷酸二氢钾处理则在化学成分协调性方面表现更佳。此外,硫酸钾镁喷施显著增加了烟叶中的总糖和还原糖含量。钾含量分析显示,C3F等级烟叶的钾含量得到显著提升,而B2F等级的提升幅度较小。综上所述,酸性土壤调理剂与叶面钾肥的合理配合施用能够有效提高烟叶的产量和品质,为烤烟生产提供了重要的肥料管理策略。

秸秆还田对土壤养分和烟草生长发育的影响

[目的]研究大麦、玉米秸秆还田对植烟土壤养分、常发性病害发生流行、烟草农艺性状、烟叶经济和化学性状的影响。[方法]采用田间随机区组试验,设置不还田+常规烟草复合肥(CK)、常规烟草复合肥+6000 kg/hm^(2)大麦秸秆还田(T_(1))、常规烟草复合肥+6000 kg/hm^(2)玉米秸秆还田(T_(2)),测定烟株移栽后土壤化学性质、农艺性状、烟叶产量产值和化学性状并调查病害发生情况。[结果]T_(2)处理后土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量较CK分别增加了10.31%、44.19%、26.09%和130.35%,T_(1)、T_(2)处理促进了烟草农艺性状;田间气候斑点病、普通花叶病的发病率和病情指数均表现为CK>T_(1)>T_(2),黑胫病发病率和病情指数表现为CK>T_(2)>T_(1);T_(1)、T_(2)处理提高了烟草产量、产值和上等烟比例;C3F烟叶化学成分协调性表现为T_(2)>T_(1)>CK。[结论]大麦、玉米秸秆还田可提高土壤肥力,促进烟草农艺性状和烟叶化学性状,降低病害发生流行,有利于优质清香型烤烟形成。

丽江烟区烤烟高可用性上部叶适宜采收期研究

为明确丽江市玉龙县烟区烤烟上部叶最佳采收期,优化烟叶供需结构,为卷烟原料高质量供给提供技术支撑。采用完全随机区组试验,研究烤烟上部叶采收期(提前8 d、正常和延迟8 d)对鲜烟叶成熟采收特征及叶绿素含量、烟株农艺性状、气候性斑点病和普通花叶病发生、烤后烟叶化学成分和经济性状影响。结果表明,随着延迟采收上部叶,其茎叶夹角由锐角逐渐变成钝角,叶面落黄和叶脉变白程度明显加剧,绒毛脱落和成熟斑增多;农艺性状差异不显著,上部烟叶中SPAD值逐渐降低,由高到低依次为T1(未熟)处理、T2(成熟)处理、T3(过熟)处理;田间气候斑点病、普通花叶病的发病率和病情指数由高到低均表现为T3处理、T2处理、T1处理。适当延迟采收上部叶能提高烟草产量、产值、上等烟比例,可改善上部叶品质,使烟叶各化学成分更适中,不同处理烟叶化学成分协调性由高到低表现为T3处理、T2处理、T1处理。丽江市玉龙县烟区上部烟叶应适当延迟4~6 d,以获得较好质量且可用性高的优质上部烟叶。