Designing Advanced Liquid Electrolytes for Alkali Metal Batteries:Principles,Progress,and Perspectives

The ever-growing pursuit of high energy density batteries has triggered extensive efforts toward developing alkali metal(Li,Na,and K)battery(AMB)technologies owing to high theoretical capacities and low redox potentials of metallic anodes.Typically,for new battery systems,the electrolyte design is critical for realizing the battery electrochemistry of AMBs.Conventional electrolytes in alkali ion batteries are generally unsuitable for sustaining the stability owing to the hyper-reactivity and dendritic growth of alkali metals.In this review,we begin with the fundamentals of AMB electrolytes.Recent advancements in concentrated and fluorinated electrolytes,as well as functional electrolyte additives for boosting the stability of Li metal batteries,are summarized and discussed with a special focus on structure-composition-performance relationships.We then delve into the electrolyte formulations for Na-and K metal batteries,including those in which Na/K do not adhere to the Li-inherited paradigms.Finally,the challenges and the future research needs in advanced electrolytes for AMB are highlighted.This comprehensive review sheds light on the principles for the rational design of promising electrolytes and offers new inspirations for developing stable AMBs with high performance.

Amelioration of the mineral compositions and microstructures of the special ore sinters

Mineral compositions and microstructures of fluorine bearing magnetite concentrate and vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate are studied. The results show that a boride and a catalytic oxidation agent have great effects on ameliorating the mineral compositions and microstructures of these sinters, and the catalytic agent is more effective. Comparing these two kinds of ores, the performance of fluorine bearing magnetite concentrate is better. Addition of 0.01% catalyst into fluorine bearing magnetite concentrate can increase calcium ferrite content from 15% 20% up to 34% 39%, and its microstructure changes from large cavities and thin framework into intermediate cavities and thick framework, and the microcracks disappear.

Determination of Plasma Parameters in a Dual-Frequency Capacitively Coupled CF_4 Plasma Using Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Optical emission spectroscopy measurements of dual-frequency capacitively coupled CF4 plasmas were carried out. The gas temperature （Tg） was acquired by fitting the optical emission spectra of a CF B-X system in 201～206 nm. The atomic fluorine concentration and the electron temperature （Te） were obtained by trace rare gas optical emission spectroscopy and a modified Boltzmann plot technique, respectively. It was found that the gas temperature was about 620±30 K at 50 mTorr and the atomic fluorine concentration increased while the electron temperature decreased with increasing gas pressure and power of high frequency （60 MHz）. With increasing low frequency （2 MHz） power, the electron temperature also increased, but the atomic fluorine concentration was insensitive to this change. The generation and disappearance mecha- nisms of F atoms are discussed.