Intelligent architecture modeling for multilevel fluvial reservoirs based on architecture interface and elements

At present,the architecture modeling method of fluvial reservoirs are still developing.Traditional methods usually use grids to characterize architecture interbeds within the reservoir.Due to the thin thickness of this type of the interlayers,the number of the model grids must be greatly expanded.The number of grids in the tens of millions often makes an expensive computation;however,upscaling the model will generate a misleading model.The above confusion is the major reason that restricts the largescale industrialization of fluvial reservoir architecture models in oilfield development and production.Therefore,this paper explores an intelligent architecture modeling method for multilevel fluvial reservoirs based on architecture interface and element.Based on the superpositional relationship of different architectural elements within the fluvial reservoir,this method uses a combination of multilevel interface constraints and non-uniform grid techniques to build a high-resolution 3D geological model for reservoir architecture.Through the grid upscaling technology of heterogeneous architecture elements,different upscaling densities are given to the lateral-accretion bedding and lateral-accretion bodies to simplify the model gridding.This new method greatly reduces the number of model grids while ensuring the accuracy of lateral-accretion bedding models,laying a foundation for large-scale numerical simulation of the subsequent industrialization of the architecture model.This method has been validated in A layer of X oilfield with meandering fluvial channel sands as reservoirs and B layer of Y oilfield with braided river sands as reservoirs.The simulation results show that it has a higher accuracy of production history matching and remaining oil distribution forecast of the targeted sand body.The numerical simulation results show that in the actual development process of oilfield,the injected water will not displace oil in a uniform diffusive manner as traditionally assumed,but in a more complex pattern with oil in upper part of sand body being left behind as residual oil due to the influences of different levels of architecture interfaces.This investigation is important to guiding reservoir evaluation,remaining oil analysis,profile control and potential tapping and well pattern adjustment.

Ichnofabrics and Their Environmental Interpretation from the Fluvial Deposits of the Middle Triassic Youfangzhuang Formation in Western Henan, Central China

Fluvial deposits from the Middle Triassic Youfangzhuang Formation in Henan Province, China contain a low-diversity trace fossils. Vertical dwelling burrows of opportunists dominate in active channel, whereas horizontal deposit-feeding, grazing, and vertical dwelling burrows occur in overbank deposits. Seven recurrent ichnofabrics were distingushed. The Palaeophycus tubularis ichnofabric pre- serves below scour interface between two fluvial cycles. The Skolithos linearis ichnofabric forms in middle to high-energy, soft substrates in the middle and upper parts of active channel deposits under semi-arid climate. The Skolithos linearis-Planolites montanus ichnofabric occurs in the sediments just a little above the Skolithos linearis ichnofabric and is formed in middle-energy, soft substrates in the up- per part of active channel deposits. The Planolites montanus ichnofabric is mostly preserved in associa- tion with medium- to thick-bedded brown-red silty mudstones or siltstones in low-energy, perennial muddy bottom ponds in overbank settings. The Taenidium barretti ichnofabric is interpreted as peri- odically exposed ephemeral ponds or low-energy distal floodplain. The Skolithos isp. ichnofabric com- monly occurs in middle to high-energy firm ground of proximal foodplain or crevasse-splay deposits. The root trace iehnofabric occurs in the crevasse splay deposits. The presence of thin palaeosols and the abundance of calcretization in mudstones indicate a seasonal climate ranging from humid to semi-arid, with high temperature, rainfall, and well-defined dry and wet seasons.

试论河流地貌学的新进展和趋势

河流地貌学研究河流动力的侵蚀-搬运-堆积过程(源-汇系统)、河流地貌的时空演化,及其与地球内部构造活动和地球表层气候和环境之间的相互关系。介绍了河流地貌学与表层地球系统科学的关系、研究内容和发展趋势、前沿问题和研究机遇。河流侵蚀、搬运和堆积在构造-气候相互作用中起着重要的媒介作用,是地球内部和外部相互作用的重要纽带。随着高精度数字地形模型定量分析、地表侵蚀速率的定量测定、沉积物测年以及地貌演化数值模拟等新技术和新方法的应用,促进了不同时间和空间尺度流域地形、水系发育、河流地貌动力过程、河流地貌空间分布特征及其对构造、气候和人类活动等的响应和反馈的研究。未来除了更深入地理解流域尺度物质和形态的变化规律和机制外,加强河流地貌过程的定量表达,将流域地貌研究与表层地球系统的热点科学问题相联系,进一步开展学科交叉,服务于国家战略,才能提高河流地貌学、乃至地貌学科的竞争力。

鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系盒8段河流扇沉积模式及勘探意义

根据野外露头及岩心的分析化验资料,在源-汇系统分析的基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系盒8段的古气候环境及沉积相特征进行了详细研究。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地二叠系盒8段Sr/Cu的值多大于10,V/Cr值多小于2.0,地层厚度差小于30 m,未出现明显的突变,古沉积坡度为0.5°~1.0°,古地貌开阔平缓且无明显坡折带,沉积水体较浅,是在古气候干旱、古地形平缓的背景下,受阶段性洪水作用主导的事件沉积。(2)盒8段沉积期,盆地不存在大面积汇水区,沉积体系中河流并未进入湖泊水体,而是向东南流出盆地或是消失在内陆干旱地区,全盆地以洪泛平原沉积为主,表现为河道与泛滥平原交互分布的沉积格局,形成了河流扇沉积模式。(3)湖水进退往复,洪水期与枯水期间歇发育,洪水期多期次决口河道接力搬运使得粗粒级砂岩向湖盆长距离延伸,枯水期发育厚层泥质沉积可作为区域性盖层,形成了良好的储盖组合,勘探潜力大。

Paleo-fluvial sedimentation on the outer shelf of the East China Sea during the last glacial maximum

Evidence from lithology, foraminiferal assemblages, and high-resolution X-ray fluorescence scanning data of core SFK-1 indicates tidally influenced paleo-fluvial sedimentation during the last glacial maximum (LGM) on the outer shelf of the East China Sea. The paleo-fluvial deposits consist of river channel facies and estuarine incised-valley-filling facies. Different reflections on the seismic profile across core SFK-1 suggest that the river channels shifted and overlapped. River channel deposition formed early in the LGM when sea level fell and the estuary extended to the outer shelf. Channel sediments are yellowish- brown in color and rich in foraminifera and shell fragments owing to the strong tidal influence. Following the LGM, the paleo-river mouth retreated and regressive deposition of estuarine and incised-valley-filling facies with an erosion base occurred. The river channel facies and estuarine incised-valley-filling facies have clearly different sedimentary characteristics and provenances. The depositional environment of the paleo-river system on the wide shelf was reconstructed from the foraminiferal assemblages, CaCO3 content and Ca/Ti ratio. The main results of this study provide further substantial constraints on the recognition of late Quaternary stratigraphy and land-sea interactions on the ECS shelf.

Hydrodynamic processes and depositional styles of glacierassociated deposits in the Moxi basin, Southwest China

This study aims to understand the particle size distribution and depositional styles of glacierassociated deposits in the Moxi basin in southwest China. Based on field surveys, 28 samples from glacier-associated deposits(including glacial till,fluvioglacial, debris flow, river and lake deposits)were collected and tested in the laboratory. The results showed that the glacier-associated deposits can be differentiated based on particle gradation,particle size distribution and accumulated percentages. We evaluated the evolution of a former dammed lake in the Moxi basin based on glacierassociated deposits. The results of this study also indicated that the Moxi Platform was not formed by a single depositional process but is composed of both fluvioglacial and debris flow deposits. This research shows that the depositional style analysis is useful in identifying different glacier-associated deposits in high mountain regions. Moreover, the evaluation of the differences in particle sizes of the glacierassociated deposits is useful in reconstructing geohazard events in periglacial regions, and this information can help in identifying and reducing the potential risks associated with geo-hazards.

Sedimentary facies of Maastrichtian to Danian deposits in Amur River area,Russian Far East

Sedimentary facies of the Tsagayan Formation is distributed in the eastern Zeya-Bureya Basin has been analyzed. The formation is of the Maastrichtian to Danian in age and characterized by the cyclicity of the fining-upwards successions. Analysis of environmental changes during the K/T boundary is the focus of this study. Five facies have been identified: Facies A, thick and laterally extensive coarse-grained to medium-grained sandstone units, interpreted as channelfill deposits; Facies B, parallel-laminated to massive mudstone units interpreted as interchannel lakes and flood plain deposits; Facies C, sheet-like medium-grained to fine-grained sandstones interpreted as crevasse splay deposits; Facies D, coal to coaly mudstone beds interpreted as deposits of peatlands; Facies E, very poorly sorted sandy mudstone beds interpreted as debris flow deposits. Fluvial environments with the low-relief flat topography was inferred. A channel transported large volumes of clasts, and a flood basin with interchannel lakes and peatlands was deciphered. Any distinct change of sedimentary environments has not been identified throughout the Tsagayan Formation (including the K/T boundary). However, two beds of debris flow deposits were identified. The one occurs at the uppermost part of the lower Tsagayan Subformation and contains dinosaur fossils. The other is intercalated in the upper Tsagayan Subformation.

Characteristics of Quaternary deposits near Songjianghe Town on west slope of Changbai Mountain

On the basis of field survey, microscope sighting, TL dating and scanning electron microscope analysis, the characteristics of Quaternary deposits near Songjianghe Town on the west slope of Changbai Mountain are analyzed and described. There were two phases of volcanism during Mid-Late Quaternary. One occurred before 15.22×104 aB.P. and the other happened between 14.27×104 aB.P. and 1.41×104 aB.P. Volcanism is a landform-making process which makes the rough relief in the studied area become higher and higher. Flow water is a main erosion agency and it cuts into the basalts making river valleys. The Quaternary fluvial deposits distributed on terraces first come from the weathered debris of basement rocks, then they are transported and deposited by flow water. After 1.41×104 aB.P., the river water quickly cuts into the newly formed basalts making a deep valley. Volcanism in the studied area is a main landform-making event in Mid-Late Quaternary.

河控型浅水三角洲前缘河道砂体结构特征--以渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷BZ34油区明下段Ⅱ油组为例

新近系明化镇组下段(明下段,N1ml)为黄河口凹陷BZ34油区的主力含油层段,该时期主要发育河控型浅水三角洲前缘沉积。为更好地表征前缘砂体的结构特征及展布规律,以BZ34油区明下段Ⅱ油组为例,综合应用岩芯、地震属性和测井等资料,分析总结了该地区的砂体沉积类型、砂体结构及沉积模式。研究结果表明:BZ34油区明下段Ⅱ油组砂体以浅水三角洲前缘水下分流河道为主;依据测井形态和叠置关系,将其砂体结构类型划分为4种:块状切叠型河道、层状叠置型河道、层状孤立型河道和指状孤立型河道;砂体结构展布特征及成因主要受古地形、沉积物供给速率、基准面旋回和古气候等因素影响。BZ34油区的水下分流河道沉积,具有垂向上交错叠置、平面上摆动连片的分布特征,与鄱阳湖现代河控浅水三角洲河道的沉积特征类似。该研究对BZ34油区后期部署加密调整井和剩余油挖潜工作具有指导意义。

川南地区二叠系龙潭组页岩储层特征及勘探潜力

二叠系龙潭组是目前四川盆地页岩气勘探开发的新热点层位。通过偏光显微镜鉴定、场发射扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射测试、有机碳含量测定及高压压汞分析、现场解析气实验等手段和方法,对川南地区二叠系龙潭组页岩储层进行了综合研究。研究结果表明:(1)川南地区二叠系龙潭组为一套陆相曲流河沉积,河漫沉积的页岩发育,其矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物,含少量碳酸盐矿物。(2)研究区页岩储层主要发育粒间(缘)孔与微裂缝,局部发育粒内孔与溶蚀孔,偶见有机质孔隙,其中黏土矿物层间微裂缝最为发育。孔隙结构表现为以微孔为主,介孔(孔径为2~50 nm)次之,孔径普遍较小,分选较差,孔隙和喉道半径差异较大,非均质性强。(3)研究区页岩储层中煤岩含气量最高,炭质泥岩与泥岩次之,泥质粉砂岩、粉砂岩与细砂岩含气量最低。与龙马溪组页岩储层相比,龙潭组泥岩孔隙度与总含气量更好,渗透率较差,其中炭质泥岩的孔隙度和总含气量最佳。(4)研究区二叠系龙潭组勘探潜力较大,烃源岩中有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型,其次为Ⅱ_(2)型;其R_(o)值平均约为2.8%,达到高熟阶段;TOC含量变化范围大,炭质泥岩中的TOC一般大于15%。(5)川南地区二叠系龙潭组发育河漫平原沉积,富有机质泥页岩分布稳定,具备良好的页岩气形成条件,估算其天然气资源量约为2.4×10^(12)m^(3),有利勘探区主要位于川南古蔺—叙永地区。

乌江重庆段河道演变及其对航运的影响

为探究近年来乌江重庆段河道演变特征及其对航运的影响,在2016—2020年泥沙原型观测基础上,结合径流泥沙特性变化,分析了泥沙冲淤特征及河道演变规律,得出如下结论:(1)除主汛期外,三峡水位消落期及汛末是主要输沙期;(2)上游武隆峡谷段河道底床呈下降趋势、河口底床呈抬升趋势,河道坡降总体表现出减缓趋势;(3)相对于峡谷河段,宽阔河段的年泥沙冲淤变幅更为显著;(4)常年回水区河道走沙条件差,基本处于淤积状态;(5)变动回水区以上河道泥沙冲淤主要受河道形态控制。总体而言,从演变趋势来看,当前的来水来沙条件有利于减少河道泥沙淤积,重点险滩段冲淤发展态势较缓,河势整体稳定,河道演变对航运影响较小。研究成果可为乌江河道演变与治理相关研究提供借鉴。

河流砾-砂过渡带位置变化的控制因素及其指示意义

河流自山区流至下游盆地过程中,当所搬运的碎屑物在磨损和分选作用下逐步变细至中粗卵砾尺度时,河床沉积在一段相对短的距离内从砾石迅速转变为砂,这一粒度陡变的河段被称为砾-砂过渡带(Gravel-sand Transition,GST)。河流砾-砂过渡带现象具有时间和空间的普遍性。砾-砂过渡带被埋藏在地层中成为砾岩-砂岩过渡带,沉积盆地充填碎屑中的砾岩-砂岩过渡带的位置变化所反映的砾-砂过渡带时空演化历史对区域构造与气候变化有明确的指示意义。基于已有文献,对地质演化时间尺度下砾-砂过渡带的位置变化控制因素及其地质指示意义进行梳理和展望。对世界范围沉积盆地内砾-砂过渡带时空演化历史的重建表明,盆地沉降速率、沉积物供给量与供给沉积物初始粒度分布是控制砾-砂过渡带在盆地内相对位置的主要因素,且不同盆山关系下砾-砂过渡带空间变化具有不同的地质意义。盆山相对位置固定背景下,盆地沉积序列内砾-砂过渡带在垂直造山带方向上的水平迁移反映山脉隆升等构造活动或气候变化引起的盆地沉降速率、沉积物供给量变化;盆山相对汇聚背景下,前陆盆地内砾-砂过渡带向前陆方向的持续迁移反映盆地基底与造山带之间的汇聚过程,砾-砂过渡带迁移速率是约束地壳缩短速率的有效指标。

瓯江流域沉积物重金属污染分布特征、污染程度和来源分析

对浙南瓯江流域表层沉积物进行了粒度、分粒级提取和重金属元素含量分析,并结合富集因子和地质累积指数研究该流域重金属污染特征和影响因素。结果显示:(1)根据粒度特征,瓯江流域可分为河流段、感潮河段上游、感潮河段下游三段,每段沉积物的物质组成和重金属含量具有显著差异;(2)瓯江上游河流段大多数地区沉积物中重金属元素含量低于或接近背景值,主要来源于自然风化过程;(3)瓯江下游河段存在轻度-中度水平的Cu、Cr、Ni、Zn污染,与温州地区高强度的经济活动和产业类型有关;(4)瓯江流域重金属含量受到“粒度效应”影响,细颗粒沉积物中元素含量较高,泥沙运移、沉积物来源等对重金属含量具有一定影响。

胜利油田孤岛油区馆陶组上段沉积结构单元

结构单元分析法 (Architectural ElementAnalysis)作为一种比较成熟的研究方法 ,已广泛应用于古代河流沉积研究。本文首次根据钻孔资料分析胜利油田孤岛油区馆陶组上段 5～ 1 +2砂层组河流沉积的结构单元。该段 5～ 1 +2砂层组岩石类型简单 ,可分为 1 1个岩相类型。根据界面特征、岩相组合、内部几何形态、外部几何形态和垂向剖面特征等划分出 6个结构单元 :河道滞流沉积 (CHL)、侧向加积砂坝 (LA)、天然堤 (LV)、决口扇 (CS)、决口水道(CR)和洪泛平原细粒 (FF)。其中洪泛平原细粒 (FF)、决口扇 (CS)和侧向加积砂坝 (LA)结构单元最为发育 ,其次是天然堤 (LV)和决口水道 (CR)结构单元 ,而河道滞流沉积 (CHL)结构单元则不甚发育。决口扇 (CS)结构单元是馆陶组上段砂体发育的主要单元之一 ,且富含油气资源。因此 ,进一步加强决口扇的研究对油气资源的勘察是十分必要的。

分支河流体系的概念及其对油气勘探开发的意义

主要介绍分支河流体系(DFS)的基本概念、特征及其研究意义。分支河流体系是在运用Google Earth对全球700余个现代沉积盆地中的冲积河流沉积体系进行统计的基础上提出的新术语,它主导了所有现代沉积盆地的沉积区,在挤压、拉张和走滑等背景条件下都有发育。分支河流体系具有6条判别标准,其表面的河道体系有6种类型,而分支河流体系自身有5种终端类型。分支河流体系的沉积模式可以显示出比单个河道相模式范围更大的河流沉积体系特征,对深入认识陆相含油气盆地的沉积体系及指导油气勘探等具有重要的意义。

大巴山前陆盆地形成及演化与油气勘探潜力分析

根据野外地质调查、地震资料解释以及大量岩心分析化验等资料 ,探讨了大巴山前陆盆地的形成及演化 ,分析了油气勘探潜力。研究结果表明 ,大巴山前陆盆地形成始于燕山中幕 ,盆地演化经历了J1 J12 陆内坳陷湖盆阶段、J22 J3 前陆盆地阶段、K1 N盆地萎缩阶段以及喜马拉雅期最终定型阶段。大安寨段和凉高山组两套优质烃源岩的有机质丰度高 ,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型和Ⅱ2 型为主。侏罗系发育大安寨段、凉高山组自生自储型和下沙溪庙组下生上储型 3套生储盖组合。有利勘探区带包括大巴山前冲断带、川北凹陷带和川中低隆起带。

古河型演化模式及其影响因素的沉积体系分析

从古代河流沉积体系中识别出了河型随时间演化的 6种模式 :辫状体系→曲流体系 ,曲流体系→辫状体系 ,辫状体系→网状体系 ,网状体系→辫状体系 ,网状体系→曲流体系 ,曲流体系→网状体系。依据具体实例讨论了 3类河型的 6种转化模式的特点及其成因 ,分析了对应于各演化模式的古河型可能的空间分布特征。系统总结了古代冲积河型演化的一些主要影响因素 :①河道比降 ;②河岸及河漫滩物质组成 ;③植被覆盖度 ;④流域来沙量大小及来沙组成 ;⑤流量变率 ;⑥气候因素 ;⑦构造因素 ;⑧海平面变化。认为这些因素对河型的控制往往彼此相关 ,但在不同时期、不同地点其影响作用的相对大小有所不同。与现代冲积河型空间转化的影响因素相比 ,地质构造作用和古气候变化是古代河型演化的主要控制因素。

1631年湖南省常德地震的再考证

1631年(明崇祯4年)在常德附近发生了一次破坏性地震,前人对该地震作过探讨研究,曾给出了4个等震线图和震中定位。文中在重新查阅历史记载资料的基础上,重新绘制了该地震的等震线,其极震区的烈度为Ⅸ度,相对应的震级为级。以该地震内圈等震线的几何中心为震中,根据梅世蓉-萨瓦连斯基有关震中烈度、震级和震源深度之间的统计关系,以及谢毓寿的统计结果,得到的震源深度为15～18km。最后文中还讨论了历史资料考证、判别的问题和不同地基条件的影响。

垦西油田馆陶组河流沉积高分辨率层序地层研究

河流相地层沉积环境特殊 ,难于用传统的地震层序分析方法来进行层序划分与解释 ,Cross分析基准面与成因地层形成的过程响应原理 ,是利用高分辨率地层方法来研究河流地层的理论基础。高分辨率等时地层对比的关键是不同级别基准面旋回的识别。利用岩芯资料及其沉积标志 ,分析沉积微相类型及组合关系 ,可识别短期基准面旋回。在建立测井曲线响应模板的基础上 ,根据短期旋回的叠加样式 ,可识别中期基准面旋回。把基准面旋回转换点作为高分辨率等时地层对比的优选位置 ,进行连井剖面地层对比 ,建立河流地层高分辨率地层格架。以基准面旋回变化特征为研究对象 ,分析了河流相地层发育的过程演化规律及其沉积相横向迁移、纵向组合叠加关系与基准面旋回变化之间的藕合。通过深入研究 ,认为馆陶组地层形成的环境区别于传统的模式所指的环境 ,在分析了古典模式的基础上 ,指出了本区河流地层模型的独特之处。

对华北中元古代海侵初期“河流相”沉积的重新认识:以天津蓟县剖面为例

作为中元古代海侵初期一套厚达400余米的非成熟含砾砂岩地层,常州沟组第一段曾被解释为一套河流相沉积序列。然而,来自于蓟县剖面的实际资料表明需要重新审视前人的解释。在蓟县剖面常州沟组最底部的含细砾粗砂岩中,双向交错层理及冲刷面的频繁发育表明了其具有潮汐作用的沉积特点,这种认识否定了海侵初期大面积发育河流而衍生出的"河侵"的错误概念,并且从另一侧面表明华北克拉通在中元古代早期地壳尚未稳定,不具备形成厚400余米的河流沉积背景。因此,对中元古代初期"河流相"的再审视,为古地理环境重建提供了一个思考的新途径和重要的实际资料。