K^+ Adsorption Kinetics of Fluvo-Aquic and Cinnamon Soil Under Different Temperature

The K+ adsorption kinetics of fluvo-aquic soil and cinnamon soil under different temperatureswere studied. The results showed: 1) The first order equations were the most suitable forfitting the adsorption under various temperature levels with constant K+ concentration indisplacing fluid. With temperature increasing, the fitness of Elovich equation increased,while those of power equation and parabolic diffusion equation decreased; 2)the apparentadsorption rate constant ka and the product of ka multiplied by the apparent equilibriumadsorption qincreased when temperature increased, while the apparent equilibrium adsorptionqreduced; 3)temperature influenced hardly the reaction order, the order of concentrationand adsorpton site were always 1 under various temperatures, if they were taken intoaccount simultaneously, the adsorption should be a two-order reaction process; 4)theGibbs free energy change △G of potassium adsorption were negative, ranged from -4444.56to -2450.63Jmol-1,and increased with temperature increasing, while enthalpy change △H,entropy change △S, apparent adsorption activation Ea, adsorption activation energy E1and desorption activation energy E2 were temperature-independent; 5)the adsorption wasspontaneous process with heat releasing and entropy dropping, fluvo-aquic soil releasedmore heat than cinnamon soil.

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg^(–1) for every 100 kg ha^(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha^(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg^(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha^(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha^(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg^(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha^(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha^(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.

Long-term organic and inorganic fertilizations enhanced basic soil productivity in a fluvo-aquic soil

The improvement of soil productivity depends on a rational input of water and nutrients, optimal field management, and the increase of basic soil productivity（BSP）. In this study, BSP is defined as the productive capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local field management. Based on 19-yr data of the long-term agronomic experiments（1989–2008） on a fluvo-aquic soil in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer（DSSAT ver. 4.0） crop growth model was used to simulate yields by BSP of winter wheat（Triticum aestivium L.） and summer maize（Zea mays L.） to examine the relationship between BSP and soil organic carbon（SOC） under long-term fertilization. Five treatments were included：（1） no fertilization（control）,（2） nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers（NPK）,（3） NPK plus manure（NPKM）,（4） 1.5 times of NPKM（1.5NPKM）, and（5） NPK plus straw（NPKS）. After 19 yr of treatments, the SOC stock increased 16.7, 44.2, 69.9, and 25.2% under the NPK, NPKM, 1.5NPKM, and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value. Among various nutrient factors affecting contribution percentage of BSP to winter wheat and summer maize, SOC was a major affecting factor for BSP in the fluvo-aquic soil. There were significant positive correlations between SOC stock and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize（P〈0.01）, and yields by BSP of winter wheat and summer maize increased 154 and 132 kg ha^（–1） when SOC stock increased 1 t C ha^（–1）. Thus, increased SOC accumulation is a crucial way for increasing BSP in fluvo-aquic soil. The manure or straw combined application with chemical fertilizers significantly enhanced BSP compared to the application of chemical fertilizers alone.

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on Evolution of Available Phosphorus and Phosphorus Pool in Shandong Fluvo-aquic Soil

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of long-term located fertilization on soil phosphorus,the changes of soil available phosphorus（ OlsenP）,the evolution of soil total phosphorus（ TP） and the ratio change of Olsen-P to TP（ PAC） by 33-year fertilization experiments in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in Shandong fluvo-aquic soil. Eight treatments were designed as no fertilization（ CK）,nitrogen fertilizer（ N）,nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer（ NP）,nitrogen and potassium fertilizer（ NK）,phosphate and potassium fertilizer（ PK）,nitrogen-phosphate-potassium fertilizer（ NPK）,reduced NPK fertilizer（ N（15） PK）,and increased NPK fertilizer（ N（25） PK）. Meanwhile,eight organic fertilizer-added treatments were designed based on the application of inorganic fertilizer the same as the above ones. The results showed that TP,Olsen-P and PAC of treatments added with organic fertilizer were higher than those without organic fertilizer,and those of the treatments applied with phosphate fertilizer were higher than those of no phosphate fertilizer. With the increase of years,soil P pool decreased due to crop absorption,nutrient loss and morphological transformation and other causes under the treatments of without and only phosphate fertilizer,while remained stable under the treatments added with organic fertilizer. The PAC values were generally lower in fluvo-aquic soil,and it could be improved by the application of organic fertilizer. On the whole,the application of chemical phosphate fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer could improve the phosphorus content in soil and ensure the supply of phosphorus nutrition. This study would provide scientific basis for fertilization management and soil fertility in fluvo-aquic soil.

A comparison of measured ^(137)Cs and excess ^(210)Pb levels in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area

This contribution analyzes the similarities and differences between the measured activities of 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex) in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area, discusses the influence of soil texture on the measurement of 210Pbex, and presents differences between the two types of soils. Fields A and B were selected to represent the fields that contain cultivated brown and cinnamon soils, respectively. From either study field, one site of sectioned core and six bulk cores were collected to measure 137Cs levels, 210Pbex levels, and the particle-size composition of soil samples. Three undisturbed soil samples were collected to measure capillary and aeration porosities. The 137Cs inventories for the two study fields are very similar. The 137Cs is a man-made radionuclide, which means that its measured levels for soils are unaffected by soil texture. In contrast, levels of the naturally occurring 210Pbex of soils from Field A were lower than those of Field B by about 50%. In contrast to aquatic sediments, levels of 210Pbex in terrestrial surface soils are affected by the emanation of 222Rn from the soils. It can be assumed that the coarser the soils, the greater the emanation of 222Rn; in addition, the lower the measured 210Pbex, the greater the underestimate of this value. The cultivated brown soils in Field A are coarser than the cultivated cinnamon soils in Field B. As a result, 222Rn in Field A will diffuse more easily into the atmosphere than that in Field B. As a consequence, the measured 210Pbex in soils from Field A is much lower than the actual value, whereas the value measured for Field B is much closer to the actual value.

丛枝菌根真菌对褐土玉米氮素吸收和土壤N_(2)O排放的影响

探究不同氮肥水平下丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对褐土玉米土壤N_(2)O排放和氮转化功能基因的影响,为阐明AM真菌在褐土N_(2)O排放中的作用和效应提供理论依据。设置氮肥用量(NⅠ:105 mg/kg;NⅡ:210 mg/kg)、AM真菌(M0:不接种AM真菌;M1:接种根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices);M2:接种摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae);M3:接种Rhizophagus intraradices+Funneliformis mosseae等比例混合)双因素盆栽试验。测定植株地上部全氮含量、土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量和N_(2)O排放量,采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)法分析土壤硝化功能基因(amoA-AOA和amoA-AOB)和反硝化功能基因(nirS、nirK和nosZ)的丰度。结果表明,两种施氮水平下,接种AM真菌均可显著降低土壤N_(2)O排放通量和累积排放量,不同AM真菌处理下N_(2)O累积排放量表现为:M0>M2>M1>M3。相同AM真菌处理的土壤N_(2)O排放通量和累积排放量在NⅡ施氮水平高于NⅠ施氮水平;相同AM真菌处理的玉米菌根侵染率在NⅡ施氮水平低于NⅠ施氮水平。与M0相比,NⅠ条件下M1、M2和M3处理土壤铵态氮含量分别降低24.5%、20.8%和45.3%,硝态氮含量分别降低19.7%、14.9%和30.2%,植株地上部全氮含量分别增加16.3%、35.2%和59.6%;与M0相比,NⅡ条件下M1、M2和M3处理土壤铵态氮含量分别降低20.9%、24.8%和40.0%,硝态氮含量分别降低36.3%、25.6%和45.2%,植株地上部全氮含量分别增加33.2%、43.9%和95.4%。两种施氮水平下,AM真菌可显著降低土壤硝化功能基因(amoA-AOA和amoA-AOB)丰度,增加反硝化功能基因(nirS、nirK和nosZ)丰度。AM真菌与N_(2)O排放通量呈极显著负相关。本盆栽试验条件下,接种AM真菌均可增强两种氮肥用量玉米植株氮素吸收能力,调节硝化、反硝化相关功能基因的丰度,减少土壤N_(2)O气体的排放,且两种AM真菌混合处理的N_(2)O减排效应强于单一AM真菌接种。

氮肥施用和秸秆还田对东北地区褐土稳定性有机碳的影响

为探究长期施用氮肥和秸秆还田措施下农田土壤总有机碳(TOC)的稳定性,以辽宁省国家农业环境阜新观测实验站连续8 a施肥的定位试验田为研究对象,采用有机质酸碱提取和密度分级实验、金属氧化物形态提取实验、碳14定年和次氯酸钠氧化实验等手段,系统研究了长期施用氮肥和秸秆下农田土壤TOC的含量、化学组成及其年龄特征。结果表明:相对于对照组(不施氮肥),单施氮肥处理组的TOC含量降低了5.5%,而氮肥配施秸秆组则升高了2.8%,但两个处理土壤碳氮比均高于对照。随着氮肥和秸秆的加入,土壤有机质酸碱可提取部分的总占比降低,其中胡敏酸从63.6%降低到49.5%,酸碱不可提取部分(即胡敏素)的占比升高(25.9%~39.0%);各处理间土壤TOC的轻、重组分级没有显著差异,均以重组有机碳为主要成分,占TOC的62.3%±0.4%。同时,重组分中可提取的碳和铁铝的比值非常低,表明重组分里的土壤有机质除了与铁铝氧化物结合之外,很可能大部分以团聚或者包被的形式与黏土结合。碳14定年结果显示,3个处理组中土壤的年龄在距今2000 a左右,试验区农田土壤以长期稳定有机碳为主。研究表明,氮肥施用和秸秆还田向土壤中增加新有机碳,增加了土壤中矿质结合的胡敏素类有机质;而所产生的激发效应导致土壤中部分原有的稳定有机碳降解,减少了腐植酸类有机质。新增有机碳的不稳定性及激发效应导致的原有稳定有机碳的降解,制约了氮肥施用和秸秆还田对土壤TOC累积的贡献。

短期磷耗竭对褐土磷形态及细菌群落的影响

磷肥是作物高产的一个重要保障,然而过量施磷及其低利用率,易造成土壤中磷的累积,加剧磷矿耗竭和水体富营养化风险。因此研究土壤中累积磷素的耗竭特征,能为提高土壤累积磷的高效利用和降低环境风险提供理论依据。本研究以玉米为试验作物,以初始有效磷含量分别为17.23 mg·kg^(-1)(T1)、40.2 mg·kg^(-1)(T2)、108.62 mg·kg^(-1)(T3)和181.33 mg·kg^(-1)(T4)的褐土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,以连续种植5茬玉米的方式耗竭土壤中的累积磷,分析磷耗竭过程中土壤有效磷、磷形态(改进的Hedley法测定)、土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的变化。结果表明,褐土磷耗竭过程中,有效磷含量总体呈下降趋势,而且初始含量越高,降幅越大。对于活性磷组分,T1处理显著升高,T2、T3和T4处理显著降低;中等活性磷含量降低,在耗竭中呈现先降低后升高的趋势,主要受稀盐酸提取态磷(Dil.HCl-Pi)和氢氧化钠提取态有机磷(NaOH-Po)的影响;稳定性磷含量升高,其中主要为浓盐酸提取态无机磷(Conc.HCl-Pi)和残渣态磷(Residual-P)含量升高。土壤有效磷和有机质与磷形态显著相关。磷耗竭过程影响了细菌群落结构和组成,T4处理最为明显。在门分类水平上,T4处理蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)等相对丰度在耗竭过程中显著下降;芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)等相对丰度在耗竭过程中显著上升;在属分类水平上,类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、norank_f_AKYG1722和节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)等相对丰度在耗竭过程中显著下降;norank_f_67-14和沙壤土杆菌(Ramlibacte)等相对丰度在耗竭过程中显著上升。属分类水平上相对丰度前40的多个细菌属与有效磷、活性磷、有机质显著相关。类诺卡氏菌属和节杆菌属等可能会促进中等活性磷转化为有效磷和活性磷;微枝形杆菌属和斯克尔曼氏菌属等则可能利用土壤中的稳定性磷。褐土磷耗竭会降低土壤有效磷含量,显著消耗土壤活性磷中的无机磷NaHCO3-Pi和中等活性磷中的有机磷NaOH-Po,增加土壤中稳定性磷的含量。土壤磷耗竭过程中,门分类水平上的放线菌门、厚壁菌门等菌门和属分类水平上的类诺卡氏菌属、微枝形杆菌属、和斯克尔曼氏菌属等菌属与有效磷间相互影响。本研究为褐土磷耗竭过程中磷形态转化及微生物调控提供了理论依据,为土壤累积磷的利用提供支撑。

不同施肥模式下褐土的有机碳组分及碳固存效应变化

[目的]基于长期定位试验,研究长期有机无机肥配施下褐土有机碳含量及其组分构成的演变特征,以深入了解有机肥对土壤碳固存能力的影响机制,为通过科学养分管理实现褐土生态环境稳定和提高生产力提供理论依据。[方法]有机无机肥配施试验于1992年在山西寿阳旱地农业生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站进行,种植制度为一年一季玉米。试验采用氮、磷、有机肥三因素四水平正交设计,共18个处理,本研究选择其中的9个处理:N_(0)P_(0)M_(0)、N_(1)P_(1)M_(0)、N_(2)P_(2)M_(0)、N_(3)P_(3)M_(0)、N_(4)P_(4)M_(0)、N_(2)P_(1)M_(1)、N_(3)P_(2)M_(3)、N_(4)P_(2)M_(2)、N_(0)P_(0)M_(6)。N_(0)、N_(1)、N_(2)、N_(3)、N_(4)的施N量分别为0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm^(2),P_(0)、P_(1)、P_(2)、P_(3)、P_(4)的施P_(2)O_(5)量分别为0、37.5、75、112.5、150 kg/hm^(2),M_(0)、M_(1)、M_(2)、M_(3)、M_(6)的有机肥用量分别为0、22.5、45、67.5、135 t/hm^(2)。以5年为1个周期,分别在1996、2001、2006、2011、2016、2020年玉米收获后,采集0-20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤有机质含量,以及有机碳各组分含量,分析碳投入与土壤有机碳及其各碳组分含量之间的关系,探讨固碳速率和固碳效率在不同碳投入下的响应。[结果]连续试验29年后,与不施肥处理N_(0)P_(0)M_(0)相比,化肥有机肥配合处理N_(2)P_(1)M_(1)、N_(3)P_(2)M_(3)、N_(4)P_(2)M_(2)和N_(0)P_(0)M_(6)的土壤有机碳含量分别提高了25.7%、72.4%、30.3%和220%,各项碳组分含量均显著增加。与初始值相比,化肥处理N1P1M0、N3P3M0、N4P4M0的土壤颗粒有机碳含量分别降低了0.41、0.89和0.41 g/kg,易氧化有机碳含量分别大幅降低了40.3%、26.4%和9.6%。各处理土壤碳库管理指数的年际变化总体表现为先大幅降低再逐渐上升的趋势,其中N0P0M6处理碳库管理指数最高,较N0P0M0处理提高了6.6倍。长期施肥定位试验中,化肥配施有机肥处理N_(2)P_(1)M_(1)、N_(3)P_(2)M_(3)、N_(4)P_(2)M_(2)的土壤总有机碳固定速率在0.22~0.58 t/(hm^(2)∙a),远高于化肥处理N_(1)P_(1)M_(0)、N_(2)P_(2)M_(0)、N_(3)P_(3)M_(0)、N_(4)P_(4)M_(0),土壤有机碳各组分的固持速率变化趋势与总有机碳基本一致。现阶段土壤各组分有机碳储量和增加量与累积碳投入间呈显著正线性相关关系(P<0.01),且仍未出现饱和现象。[结论]长期有机无机肥配合施用显著增加了褐土有机碳及其组分含量,提高了土壤固碳速率和固碳潜力,且施用高量有机肥最有利于农田土壤碳固持和维持土壤肥力。因此,长期有机培肥是有效提高褐土土壤质量和增强土壤碳“汇”功能的农田施肥措施。

日光温室长期施肥条件下耕层土壤计量化学变化特征

【目的】施肥是保持设施蔬菜地土地生产力的重要措施,但长期高量水肥条件下土壤中碳、氮和磷的化学计量特征并不清楚。【方法】本试验采用室外调查采样结合化验分析的方法,研究褐土区蔬菜保护地不同年限(5、15、20、30a)和大田土壤主要养分碳、氮和磷的化学计量特征。【结果】(1)不同种植年限随着年限增加土壤表层有机质量先增加后降低并趋于稳定,15 a时有机质量达到最大值,比大田增加99.4%;土壤全氮量和全磷量随年限增加整体变化趋势类似有机质量,各年限土壤全氮量和全磷量分别是大田的1.4~2.6倍和1.7~4.5倍,全氮量15 a达最高,而20 a种植年限的全磷量最高。(2)与大田相比,不同种植年限土壤C∶N、N∶P和C∶P化学计量比均随年限增加而递减并趋于稳定,变化分别在8.7~10.3、1.2~1.6和7.7~15.6范围内。土壤表层C、N、P量的增加速度排序为P>N>C,表现为化学计量比C∶P变异最大,N∶P次之,C∶N变异较小。【结论】尽管大棚内肥料投入较高,但目前该褐土区域土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P化学计量比在一定范围内维持相对稳定。从长远来看,针对本研究设施蔬菜地磷的持续快速积累而碳相对不足的问题,应采取降低磷肥施用量、控制氮肥、增施有机肥尤其是C∶N比高的有机肥等措施,以阻控C∶P进一步下降,维持C∶N和N∶P的平衡。

Effect of Rare Earths on Fractionation and Transformation of Soil Available Nitrogen

The effect of rare earths (RE) on fractionation and transformation of available nitrogen in a yellow cinnamon soil was studied with soil cultivation. The results show that under the dry condition, when the extraneous RE are added to the soil, both concentrations of soil ammonium N and hydrolysable N increase, and the concentrations of soil nitric N decrease. The concentrations of soil available N increase with the increase of RE concentrations in soils when the RE concentrations are low, but it decreases with the increase of high RE concentrations in soils. The NOEC (no observed effect concentration) of the extraneous RE to available N in the soils is 443.8 mg·kg -1 . Under the inundated condition, low RE concentrations in soil has no significant effect on soil ammonium N and hydrolysable N. However, when the soil RE concentrations are high, both of them decrease with the increase of RE concentrations. The NOEC of the extraneous RE to soil ammonium N and hydrolysable N are 171.2 and 256.9 mg·kg -1 , respectively.

Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain, China

When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change.

Transformation and Availability of Various Forms of Zinc in Soils

The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertillizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and chemically sequential extraction procedure.Zn added into the soils was found to be rapidly transformed into the various forms. In the cinnamon soil,the amount of Zn transformed into the carbonate bound form was the highest,and the carbonate bound form was proven by the analyses of intensity factor and capacity factor to be the primary available Zn pool.But in the carbonate meadow soil,the Zn transformed was relatively homogeneously distributed in the various forms though the amount of Zn transformed into the Mn-oxide bound form was relatively high,and the organically bound,Mn-oxide bound and amorphous Fe-oxide,bound forms were found to be the main available Zn pool.Fertilizer-P took part in the regulation and control of available Zn in the soils to a certain degree.In the carbonate meadow soil,application of P fertilizer probably aggravated Zn deficiency at low Zn rate,while it was favorable to the storage of available Zn in the case of high Zn rate.

Effects of Long-term Located Fertilization on the Physico-chemical Property of Soil Humus

A systematic study concerning the effects of a long-term stationary fertilization on content and property of soil humus in fluvo-aquic soil sampled from Malan Farm, Xinji City, Hebei, and arid red soil and paddy red soil sampled from the Institute of Red Soil, Jinxian County, Jiangxi was conducted. The results showed that long-term fertilization had effects not only on the content and composition of soil humus, but also on the physico-chemical property of humus. With applying organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, E4 and E6 values of humic acid decreased in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil, but increased in paddy red soil. In paddy red soil, E4 and E6 values of humic acid increased also with a single application of chemical fertilizer, but E4 and E6 values had less change of humic acid in fluvo-aquic soil and arid red soil. The effects on the visible spectroscopic property of f ulvic acid were different from that of humic acid. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase E4 and E6 values of f ulvic acid in three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the E4 and E6. Long-term fertilization could also influence the ultraviolet spectroscopic property of humus. With a single application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer, the ultraviolet absorbance of humic acid and f ulvic acid increased in the three types of soil. But this effect was obvious only in short wave length, and the effect could decrease if the wave length increased. With a single application of chemical fertilizer the ultraviolet absorbance of fulvic acid could increase, but it of humic acid increased only in fluvo-aquic soil. Long-term application of organic manure or combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer could increase the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil. Single application of chemical fertilizer had less effect on the content of total acidic groups, carboxy groups and phenolic hydroxy groups of humic acid and fuvic acid in the three types of soil.

氮肥减施对黄褐土区小麦——玉米轮作体系产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

为了明确黄褐土区小麦—玉米轮作体系最佳的氮肥减施量,2018—2020年在黄褐土区设置不施氮肥(CK)、常规施肥(FP,施氮225 kg/hm^(2))、优化施肥(CF,施氮180 kg/hm^(2))、常规施肥基础上减氮10%(90%FP,施氮202.5 kg/hm^(2))、常规施肥基础上减氮20%(80%FP,施氮180 kg/hm^(2))、常规施肥基础上减氮30%(70%FP,施氮157.5 kg/hm^(2))、控失尿素和普通尿素7∶3配施(CRU,施氮180 kg/hm^(2))共7个处理,探讨氮肥减施对小麦—玉米轮作体系产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响。结果表明,所有施氮处理中,2个轮作周年,CF处理小麦、玉米产量均最高,CRU处理次之,两者无显著差异。与FP处理相比,在减氮20%条件下,2个轮作周年,CF处理和CRU处理小麦产量分别提高3.62%和2.57%,玉米产量分别提高3.53%和1.85%;80%FP处理小麦、玉米产量均降低,但不显著。减氮30%处理小麦、玉米产量均较FP处理明显减产。2个轮作周年,CF处理和CRU处理土壤中有机质、全氮和水解氮含量较高,高于其他处理,但两者差异不显著,70%FP处理总体上较FP处理显著降低土壤水解氮含量。2个轮作周年,CF处理和CRU处理小麦、玉米的氮肥回收率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均较高,两者差异不显著,但均显著高于FP处理。其中,CRU处理小麦和玉米的氮肥回收率分别提高32.1%~50.8%和41.7%~44.2%,氮肥农学效率分别提高31.7%~35.6%和29.5%~31.9%,氮肥偏生产力分别提高27.4%~28.9%和26.9%~27.7%。综上,黄褐土区小麦—玉米轮作体系中,减氮20%条件下优化施肥、控失尿素和普通尿素7∶3配施均能提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,而减氮30%则存在减产风险。综合考虑,控失尿素和普通尿素7∶3配施并一次性施肥为黄褐土区小麦—玉米轮作区的最佳施肥措施。

长期施用牛粪对褐土抗生素抗性基因多样性的影响

为探明长期施用牛粪对土壤抗生素抗性基因多样性的影响,以山西寿阳褐土长期定位试验为依托,选择5个施肥处理:CK(不施肥)、N_(2)P_(1)M_(1)(N:120 kg·hm^(-2);P:37.5 kg·hm^(-2);牛粪:22500 kg·hm^(-2))、N_(4)P_(2)M_(2)(N:240 kg·hm^(-2);P:75 kg·hm^(-2);牛粪:45000 kg·hm^(-2))、N_(3)P_(2)M_(3)(N:180 kg·hm^(-2);P:75 kg·hm^(-2);牛粪:67500 kg·hm^(-2))和N_(0)P_(0)M_(6)(牛粪:135000 kg·hm^(-2)),采集玉米生长中期耕层(0~20 cm)土样,通过高通量实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应,对土壤中的抗生素抗性基因(antibiotics resistance genes,ARGs)、可移动遗传元件及相关分类学基因等,共384个基因进行定量检测,分析其多样性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性。结果表明,随着牛粪施用量的增加,ARGs相关基因多样性逐渐增加,5个处理共有的ARGs相关基因亚型有64个,N_(0)P_(0)M_(6)处理特有ARGs相关基因亚型有21个,显著高于其他处理,各处理中含量最高的ARGs相关基因亚型为:AAC(6’)-Im、ANT(4’)-Ia、aadA5、AAC(3)-Via和copA;各处理中含量最高ARGs家族类型为氨基糖苷类、多药类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类-林可霉素类-链阳性霉素B类(MLSB)抗生素;不同处理间ARGs相关基因亚型的β-多样性差异显著,冗余分析表明,对ARGs差异影响最大的环境因子是pH、全氮和有机质。综上,畜禽粪肥还田虽然可以提升土壤肥力,促进作物生长,但同时也会造成ARGs的扩散和传播,今后的农业生产中需综合考虑环境生态效益,加大有机肥无害化处理力度,从而控制ARGs的环境风险。

褐土区典型县域耕地土壤肥力时空演变特征及主控因素

【目的】探明褐土区典型县域耕地土壤肥力时空演变特征及主控因素,为合理施肥及土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】基于山西省寿阳县1983、2007和2017年的土壤肥力(包括土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量和pH值)数据,采用内梅罗指数法计算土壤肥力综合指数;通过随机森林(RF)方法定量土壤肥力演变的主控因素;利用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,确定土壤肥力综合指数及其主控因素的时空演变特征和分布格局。【结果】(1)1983—2017年间寿阳县耕地土壤肥力水平总体呈上升趋势,肥力综合指数由1.16增至1.42,增加了0.26。土壤肥力指标变化具有明显的阶段性,1983—2007年,有机质、全氮和速效钾增幅明显,年均增加量分别为0.09 g·kg^(-1)、0.0021 g·kg^(-1)和1.61 mg·kg^(-1),而有效磷增幅不显著;2007—2017年,有机质、全氮和有效磷增幅明显,年均增加量分别为0.20 g·kg^(-1)、0.01 g·kg^(-1)、0.24 mg·kg^(-1),而速效钾增幅不显著。(2)RF分析结果显示,1983年寿阳县耕地土壤肥力的主控因素为全氮和有机质,贡献率分别为75.3%和17.8%;2007年土壤肥力的主控因素则为速效钾、有效磷和全氮,贡献率分别为31.8%、27.1%和26.8%;2017年变为全氮、速效钾和有效磷,贡献率分别为31.8%、27.1%和26.8%。(3)寿阳县耕地土壤肥力主控因素的变化存在显著的空间差异特征。1983—2007年,全域土壤有机质整体呈现增加趋势;全氮除在西北部和中部降低外,在其他区域均呈增加趋势;有效磷则呈现北部降低、南部增加的变化特征;速效钾在全域呈增加趋势。2007—2017年,有机质在东南部增加较快,其他区域增加较慢;全氮则呈现在县域中部减少、其他区域增加的变化趋势;有效磷在县域东部下降,其他区域上升;速效钾则呈现在东部和西部下降、中部上升的空间变化特征。【结论】34年以来,寿阳县耕地土壤肥力总体呈上升趋势,有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾是影响土壤肥力演变的主控因素,有机质、全氮和有效磷在南部增长较快,速效钾则在东部增长较快。未来建议寿阳县采取全区尤其是中部增氮,全区稳磷控钾的养分调控策略。

镉的登陆顺序对金霉素竞争吸附-解吸的影响研究

采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了3种镉的登陆顺序对金霉素在褐土中的竞争吸附和解吸作用的影响。结果表明,镉的3种不同登陆顺序中,金霉素在褐土中的吸附解吸都可以通过Freundlich等温吸附方程拟合,均表现出良好的线性关系。当同时以及先加入镉时,高浓度镉对金霉素的吸附有抑制作用,同时会加剧解吸滞后现象,预示可能存在一定的潜在环境风险;而当后加入镉时,不同浓度镉对金霉素吸附影响不大,解吸滞后现象减弱。

Distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria in different soil types following manure application

ARB was investigated in different soil types following manure application.CTC-manure induced more resistance of soil indigenous microbes in fluvo-aquic soil.Lactobacillus,Dyella,Ralstonia,and Bacillus were the key different genera.Manure control is an effective way to reduce the risk of soil ARB.

山西褐土肥力监测现状及对策建议

褐土是山西省分布最广、面积最大的一个土类,对山西粮食生产影响很大。通过探讨常规施肥条件下褐土耕地质量定位监测点肥力现状,在摸清褐土耕地质量家底及变化情况的基础上,提出了褐土肥力培育对策建议,对于提升耕地质量、促进农业发展、保障国家粮食安全等具有重要的意义。