An analytical scheme on the initial transient process in a simple helical flux compression generator, which includes the distributions of both the magnetic field in the hollow of an armature and the conducting current...An analytical scheme on the initial transient process in a simple helical flux compression generator, which includes the distributions of both the magnetic field in the hollow of an armature and the conducting current density in the stator, is developed by means of a diffusion equation. A relationship between frequency of the conducting current, root of the characteristic function of Bessel equation and decay time in the armature is given. The skin depth in the helical stator is calculated and is compared with the approximate one which is widely used in the calculation of magnetic diffusion. Our analytical results are helpful to understanding the mechanism of the loss of magnetic flux in both the armature and stator and to suggesting an optimal design for improving performance of the helical flux compression generator.展开更多
In this paper we present an approach to calculate the time-varying equivalent inductance and resistance of helical flux compression generators accurately. This approach is based on the 2D filamentary method and uses t...In this paper we present an approach to calculate the time-varying equivalent inductance and resistance of helical flux compression generators accurately. This approach is based on the 2D filamentary method and uses the dynamic matrix concept. By using this method, it is possible to consider both the effects of the armature presence and frequency on the inductance and resistance of the HFCGs. The latter effect has not been discussed in previous open literature. The validation of the presented method has been verified by measurement results.展开更多
Useful electrical pulses of a few hundred kilowatts lasting for several microseconds can be obtained by the depolarization process of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics. In this paper, taking account of the dielectric rel...Useful electrical pulses of a few hundred kilowatts lasting for several microseconds can be obtained by the depolarization process of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics. In this paper, taking account of the dielectric relaxation, and finite resistance, a new mathematical model of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics subjected to normal-mode shock wave is suggested. Explosive shock wave techniques have also been used to investigate the response of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics with inductive loads in experiments. The predictions from the model have a good agreement with observed results. In addition, an explosive ferroelectric generator composed of explosive shock wave generators, electric units, and additional capacitors is design to power small-size helical flux compression generators. The test results with the maximal output energy of up to 80 J are given and experimental results are also considered.展开更多
A lattice Boltzmann flux solver(LBFS)is presented for simulation of fluid flows.Like the conventional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)solvers,the new solver also applies the finite volume method to discretize the gov...A lattice Boltzmann flux solver(LBFS)is presented for simulation of fluid flows.Like the conventional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)solvers,the new solver also applies the finite volume method to discretize the governing differential equations,but the numerical flux at the cell interface is not evaluated by the smooth function approximation or Riemann solvers.Instead,it is evaluated from local solution of lattice Boltzmann equation(LBE)at cell interface.Two versions of LBFS are presented in this paper.One is to locally apply one-dimensional compressible lattice Boltzmann(LB)model along the normal direction to the cell interface for simulation of compressible inviscid flows with shock waves.The other is to locally apply multi-dimensional LB model at cell interface for simulation of incompressible viscous and inviscid flows.The present solver removes the drawbacks of conventional lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)such as limitation to uniform mesh,tie-up of mesh spacing and time interval,limitation to viscous flows.Numerical examples show that the present solver can be well applied to simulate fluid flows with non-uniform mesh and curved boundary.展开更多
Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects,...Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we re-examine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No 0475012） and partially by Technology ＆ Science Foundation of China Academy of Engineering ＆ Physics （Grant No 20040210）.
文摘An analytical scheme on the initial transient process in a simple helical flux compression generator, which includes the distributions of both the magnetic field in the hollow of an armature and the conducting current density in the stator, is developed by means of a diffusion equation. A relationship between frequency of the conducting current, root of the characteristic function of Bessel equation and decay time in the armature is given. The skin depth in the helical stator is calculated and is compared with the approximate one which is widely used in the calculation of magnetic diffusion. Our analytical results are helpful to understanding the mechanism of the loss of magnetic flux in both the armature and stator and to suggesting an optimal design for improving performance of the helical flux compression generator.
文摘In this paper we present an approach to calculate the time-varying equivalent inductance and resistance of helical flux compression generators accurately. This approach is based on the 2D filamentary method and uses the dynamic matrix concept. By using this method, it is possible to consider both the effects of the armature presence and frequency on the inductance and resistance of the HFCGs. The latter effect has not been discussed in previous open literature. The validation of the presented method has been verified by measurement results.
文摘Useful electrical pulses of a few hundred kilowatts lasting for several microseconds can be obtained by the depolarization process of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics. In this paper, taking account of the dielectric relaxation, and finite resistance, a new mathematical model of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics subjected to normal-mode shock wave is suggested. Explosive shock wave techniques have also been used to investigate the response of PZT95/5 ferroelectric ceramics with inductive loads in experiments. The predictions from the model have a good agreement with observed results. In addition, an explosive ferroelectric generator composed of explosive shock wave generators, electric units, and additional capacitors is design to power small-size helical flux compression generators. The test results with the maximal output energy of up to 80 J are given and experimental results are also considered.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11272153)
文摘A lattice Boltzmann flux solver(LBFS)is presented for simulation of fluid flows.Like the conventional computational fluid dynamics(CFD)solvers,the new solver also applies the finite volume method to discretize the governing differential equations,but the numerical flux at the cell interface is not evaluated by the smooth function approximation or Riemann solvers.Instead,it is evaluated from local solution of lattice Boltzmann equation(LBE)at cell interface.Two versions of LBFS are presented in this paper.One is to locally apply one-dimensional compressible lattice Boltzmann(LB)model along the normal direction to the cell interface for simulation of compressible inviscid flows with shock waves.The other is to locally apply multi-dimensional LB model at cell interface for simulation of incompressible viscous and inviscid flows.The present solver removes the drawbacks of conventional lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)such as limitation to uniform mesh,tie-up of mesh spacing and time interval,limitation to viscous flows.Numerical examples show that the present solver can be well applied to simulate fluid flows with non-uniform mesh and curved boundary.
文摘Corrections of density effects resulting from air-parcel expansion/compression are important in interpreting eddy covariance fluxes of water vapor and CO2 when open-path systems are used. To account for these effects, mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air are two critical parameters in treating those physical processes responsible for density variations. Based on various underlying assumptions, different studies have obtained different formulas for the mean vertical velocity and perturbation of the density of dry air, leading to a number of approaches to correct density effects. In this study, we re-examine physical processes related to different assumptions that are made to formulate the density effects. Specifically, we re-examine the assumptions of a zero dry air flux and a zero moist air flux in the surface layer, used for treating density variations, and their implications for correcting density effects. It is found that physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero dry air flux account for the influence of dry air expansion/compression on density variations. Meanwhile, physical processes in relation to the assumption of a zero moist air flux account for the influence of moist air expansion/compression on density variations. In this study, we also re-examine mixing ratio issues. Our results indicate that the assumption of a zero dry air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to dry air, while the assumption of a zero moist air flux favors the use of the mixing ratio relative to the total moist air. Additionally, we compare different formula for the mean vertical velocity, generated by air-parcel expansion/compression, and for density effect corrections using eddy covariance data measured over three boreal ecosystems.
