Annual Fluxes of Heavy Metal Elements in Atmospheric Dry and Wet Depositions in the Pearl River Delta Economic Region, Guangdong Province

There are 158 sampling points to be set up in the Pearl River delta economic region. The collecting period is mostly one year, namely, from July 2007 to July 2008. The eight heavy metal elements of Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd in 474 dry and wet deposition samples were tested in terms of the standard procedures. Their average annual fluxes have no obvious difference between dry deposition and wet deposition. So these elements might be at an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium state between dry deposition and wet deposition.

Simulating Dry Deposition Fluxes of PM_(10) and Particulate Inorganic Nitrogen over the Eastern China Seas During a Severe Asian Dust Event Using WRF-Chem Model

A WRF-Chem model including a comprehensive gas-phase nitrogen chemistry module was used to simulate a severe dust event appearing in the eastern China on 19-25 March, 2002. The modeling result well reproduced PM10 concentrations in various distances from the dust sources and the transport pathway of the dust strom. The results showed that both the concentrations and the dry deposition fluxes of PM10 increased over the China seas during the dust event following the passage of a cold front system. The maximum fluxes of PM10 in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea during the dust event were 5.5 and 8.4 times of those before the event, respectively. However, the temporal variations of the dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen differed over the Yellow Sea from those over the East China Sea. Nitrate and ammonium in the whole northern China rapidly decreased because of the intrusion of dust-loaded air on 19 March. The dust plume arrived in the Yellow Sea on 20 March, decreasing the particulate inorganic nitrogen in mass concentration accordingly. The minimum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium in the Yellow Sea were about 3/5 and 1/6 of those before the dust arrival, respectively. In contrast, when the dust plume crossed over the Yangtze Delta area, it became abundant in nitrate and ammonium and increased the concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate inorganic nitrogen over the East China Sea, where the maximum dry deposition fluxes of nitrate and ammonium increased approximately by 4.1 and 2.6 times of those prior to the dust arrival.

Study on the Characteristics of Atmospheric Dry and Wet Deposition in the Upper Reaches of Baiyangdian

To study the characteristics of atmospheric dry and wet deposition in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian,two sampling sites in Baoding City were monitored for 1 year from September 2018 to August 2019.The results showed that the dry and wet deposition fluxes of total nitrogen(TN)during the monitoring period were 6.87 and 6.46 kg/(hm^(2)·a),respectively.The ratio of wet to dry deposition of TN was approximately 1∶1,with wet deposition being dominated by ammonium nitrogen deposition.The dry and wet deposition fluxes of total phosphorus(TP)were 0.228 and 0.125 kg/(hm^(2)·a),and it was dominated by dry deposition.The average concentration of TN in wet deposition exceeded the standard threshold for eutrophic waters,and its ecological effects on the Baiyangdian basin should be concerned.Wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus had a significantly positive correlation with rainfall,while their deposition concentrations were negatively correlated with rainfall.The dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus was influenced by the amount of dustfall and climatic factors such as rainfall,temperature,and humidity,which mainly occurred from April to August.

Estimation of the Total Dust Column and Dry Deposition Flux over the Yellow Sea,China Based on Shipboard Sun Photometer Measurements:Case Study

The total dust column and the dry deposition flux were calculated based on the optical properties that were measured by a shipboard sun photometer POM-01 MK II in a cloud-free and nonfrontal dust condition on 24 April 2006. The total dust column was calculated by using an integration method of the particle size distribution; the mean value was 1.42±0.30 g m 2. A linear correlation between the total dust column and the aerosol optical depth （AOD） with a linear factor of 2.7 g m 2 over the Sahara was applied to calculate the total dust column in this study; the results were lower than these calculated by the integration method. A reasonable factor of 3.2 g m^-2 was achieved by minimizing the standard deviation （SD） of the two methods. The two layers model, which includes the deposition processes of turbulent transfer, Brownian diffusion, impaction and gravitational settling over the sea＇s surface, was used to calculate the dry deposition flux; the mean value was 5.05±2.49 μg m^-2 s^-1. A correlation among the total dust column, dry deposition flux, AOD, and effective radius was discussed. The correlation between the total better than that between dust column and the AOD was the total dust column and the effective radius; however, the correlation between the dry deposition flux and the effective radius was better than that between the dry deposition flux and the AOD.

Wet Deposition Fluxes and Related Atmospheric Chemistry at Three Sites in Mexico

Wet deposition was collected in Mexico City (MC), Metropolitan Area of Monterrey (MAM) and El Chico National Park (ECNP), during 2009 and 2010. pH, conductivity, Cl-, , Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined. In MC, sulphate levels were greater than nitrate levels, and NH4 had mixed sources (vehicular emissions and agriculture activities). MAM had markedly alkaline atmospheric deposition, Na+ and Cl-levels were unexpectedly high, especially during hurricane “Alex”. Low pH values were found in ECNP and nitrate concentrations were high, suggesting the influence of a local source (forest fires). Deposition fluxes (Kg.ha-1yr-1) for N-NO3, N-NH4 and S-SO4 were 1.36, 2.74 and 4.84 for MAM;7.27, 0.57 and 4.32 for ECNP;and 5.97, 4.96 and 6.78 for MC, respectively. Nitrogen deposition fluxes in ECNP were high considering that this site is a natural reserve.

Fluxes of NH_3 and HNO_3 over heathland in the Netherlands:implications for chemical interactions

The surface exchange of NH_3 and HNO_3 gases over heathland was measured with the aerodynamic gradient method in Leende,the Netherlands during April 25 and May 9,1991.Due to reactions in the system NH_3,HNO_3 and NH_4NO_3,the NH_3 deposition flux is overestimated,while HNO_3 shows apparent emission fluxes mostly during the field experiment.Results reveal that NH_3 gradients are influenced slightly by HNO_3 and the HNO_3 gradients are strongly controlled by the NH_3.A clear relationship between NH_3 and HNO_3 gradient is suggested by the Leende experiment. Before the late afternoon,NH_3 deposition gradients will cause HNO_3 upward gradients,meanwhile the NH_3 gradients themselves will become smaller.After the HNO_3 upward gradient reaches maxi- mum,the NH_3 deposition gradients will be enlarged or the emission gradients depressed,while the HNO_3 upward gradients become smaller.

Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen in a semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia, China

Due to increasing global demand for crop production and energy use, more and more reactive nitrogen（Nr） has been generated and emitted to the environment. As a result, global atmospheric nitrogen（N） deposition has tripled since the industrial revolution and the ecological environment and human health have been harmed. In this study, we measured dry and wet/bulk N deposition from July 2013 to December 2015 in a semi-arid grassland of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The samples of dry and wet/bulk N deposition were collected monthly with a DELTA（DEnuder for Long Term Atmospheric sampling） system and with Gradko passive samplers and a precipitation gauge. The measured results show that the annual mean concentrations of NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, particulate NH_4~＋（pNH_4~＋） and particulate NO_3^-（pNO_3^-） in atmosphere were 2.33, 1.90, 0.18, 1.42 and 0.42 μg N/m3, respectively, and that the annual mean volume-weighted concentrations of NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N in precipitation were 2.71 and 1.99 mg N/L, respectively. The concentrations of Nr components（including NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~＋, pNO_3^-, NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N） exhibited different seasonal variations. Specifically, NO_2 and HNO_3 exhibited higher concentrations in autumn than in summer, while the other Nr components（NH_3, pNH_4~＋, pNO_3^-, NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N） showed the highest values in summer. Based on measured concentrations of Nr components and their deposition velocities estimated using the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model, the calculated annual mean dry deposition fluxes were 3.17, 1.13, 0.63, 0.91 and 0.36 kg N/（hm^2·a） for NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~＋ and pNO_3^-, respectively, and the calculated annual mean wet/bulk deposition fluxes were 5.37 and 3.15 kg N/（hm^2·a） for NH_4~＋-N and NO_3^--N, respectively. The estimated annual N deposition（including dry N deposition and wet/bulk N deposition） reached 14.7 kg N/（hm^2·a） in grassland of Duolun County, approaching to the upper limit of the N critical load（10–15 kg N/（hm^2·a））. Dry and wet/bulk deposition fluxes of all Nr components（with an exception of HNO_3） showed similar seasonal variations with the maximum deposition flux in summer and the minimum in winter. Reduced Nr components（e.g., gaseous NH_3 and p NH_4~＋ in atmosphere and NH_4~＋-N in precipitation） dominated the total N deposition at the sampling site（accounted for 64% of the total N deposition）, suggesting that the deposited atmospheric Nr mainly originated from agricultural activities. Considering the projected future increases in crop and livestock production in Inner Mongolia, the ecological and human risks to the negative effects of increased N deposition could be increased if no mitigation measures are taken.

Relationship between Nitrogen Atmospheric Deposition, Discharge and Concentration, and Monthly Change of Those in a River

The hypothesis that the product of discharge and concentration of nitrogen (N) in river water is equal to the atmospheric deposition was verified in the mountainous basin of the Tedori River in Japan. To verify this relationship, long-term data?are required to eliminate the effect of short-term variation of the N components. The basin has very high mountains, including Mount Hakusan (2702 maltitude), which is covered with deep snow in winter. Therefore, limited data were used for the estimation of the deposition of the entire basin by assuming a linear relationship of altitude. As a result, it was found that the estimated N concentration coincided well with observed concentrations at six sites—the Shiramine and Kuwajima (upper stream), Nakajima (lower stream) and Dainichi dam, Tedori dam and Senami sites (middle stream). The seasonal variation of N concentrations was low in the snowmelt period and high in autumn through to winter. This was not due to the larger discharge in snowmelt season as it was also found that N deposition was high in winter and low in spring, which indicated a clear relationship between N concentration and monthly atmospheric deposition including N storage in snow pack.

Quantitative Analysis of the Rate of Geochemical Weathering of Sulfur from Sedimentary Rocks Using Atmospheric Deposition, Concentration and River Discharge Data

Quantitative analysis of the rate of geochemical weathering of sulfur (S) from sedimentary rocks (GeoS) was conducted using concentration (Cs) and discharge (Qs) data from the Tedori River and atmospheric deposition (AtdepS) in the basin. First, S fluxes were calculated using 16 years of Cs and Qs data. The annual average discharge of S (TotalS) was estimated at 8597 ton·year-1 (117.3 kg·ha-1·year-1). Of this, 1331 ton·year-1 was AtdepS (18.2 kg·ha-1·year-1) and another 7266 ton·year-1 was GeoS (99.1 kg·ha-1·year-1). Monthly changes in TotalS were investigated, which showed that GeoS was highest in summer, because of the air temperature, while AtdepS peaked in winter because of seasonal wind. Using Qs and AtdepS corrected for altitude, TotalS, AtdepS and GeoS were estimated at six sites, and among these sites we found that the TotalS per unit area values were random, depending on the site characteristics. In particular, the discharge from the Kuwajima site was remarkably high suggesting that the sedimentary rocks at this site had higher pyrite content than at the other sites. Finally, we also assessed the relationship between the characteristics of sedimentary rocks and GeoS in a range of rivers in the Hokuriku Region, and found that there was a close relationship between concentrations of SO42- greater than 10 mg·l-1 and sedimentary rocks containing the pyrite group. In addition, we estimated that the influence of GeoS was present when the concentration of SO42- in river water was greater than 2 - 3 mg·l-1 in the Hokuriku region.

The study on the depositional styles of major ions and the climatic effect of nssSO_4^(2-)in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica

Snow samples collected from a 50 m firn core and two snow pits along the route of the 1996/1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Traverse Expedition in Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, have been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. Analyzing the relationship between the concentration and flux of major ions and accumulation rate can draw the following conclusions. 1) The concentrations of major ions in the atmosphere in the study region is big enough so that the concentrations of the ions do not vary with snow accumulation rate, that is to say, the concentrations of major chemical species are independent of snow accumulation rate. 2) The results of analyzing the depositional styles of major chemical species suggest that wet deposition dominates the major ions flux. In addition, there is no apparent correlation between nssSO 2- 4 fluctuations and isotope profile. This would indicate the short-term climatic effect of volcanism is not evident in the region.

Atmospheric Dry Deposition in the Proximity of Oil-Fired Power Plants at Mexican Pacific Coast

Dry deposition samples were collected in a weekly basis during 2010 in a site located at the Mexican Pacific Coast: Manzanillo, Colima. Samples were collected with an automatic wet/dry deposition sampler using nylon filters as surrogate surfaces. Samples were extracted with deionized water and analyzed for pH, conductivity, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4-, NO3-, SO42- and Cl-. Nitrate and sulfate were the most abundant ions, contributing with 53% to the total ionic mass;and their levels exceeded the hemispheric background concentrations proposed for marine remote sites. The influence of the power plants burning combustoleo located upwind the sampling site was completely evident. From meteorological analysis, it could be observed that the sampling site was all time under the influence of power plants as a result of the effect of breezes. However, in spite of the high levels of NO3- and SO42- found in the samples collected, pH value average was almost neutral, with 28% of samples slightly acid. Potassium was the most abundant cation and from the quantification of the neutralization effect of the main alkaline components, the prevalence role of K+ was completely evident, suggesting the influence of the mining complex Pe?a Colorada located upwind the sampling site, where amyl xanthate potassium is used as collector in tailing dams. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated for all ions measured. Nitrogen dry deposition at Manzanillo is already in the upper extreme of the threshold value reported for sensible ecosystems. On the other hand, sulfur deposition exceeded slightly the critical load value reported for some ecosystems in Europe. Even at this moment, nitrogen and sulfur deposition is not a problem, it is necessary to take steps to avoid that total deposition of these elements exceeds critical loads, considering that results reported in this study not include the wet deposition fluxes.

Wet and dry deposition fluxes of heavy metals in Pearl River Delta Region(China):Characteristics,ecological risk assessment,and source apportionment

The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals poses serious risks to the ecological system and human health. To advance our knowledge of atmospheric dry/wet heavy metal deposition in the PRD region, monthly fluxes were examined based on soluble/insoluble fractions of five heavy metal elements（Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn） in samples collected from January 2014 to December 2015 at Guangzhou（urban） and Dinghushan（suburban） sites. The ratios of wet/dry deposition fluxes indicated that heavy metal deposition was governed by wet deposition rather than dry deposition in the PRD region. Affected by the shifting of the Asian monsoon, wet deposition fluxes exhibited significant seasonal variation between summer monsoon seasons（April to September） and winter monsoon seasons（October to February） in this region. Cd was classified as an extremely strong potential ecological risk based on solubility and the Hakanson ecological risk index. Source contributions to wet deposition were calculated by PMF, suggesting that dust, biomass burning, industries,vehicles, long-range transport and marine aerosol sources in Guangzhou, and Zn fertilizers,marine aerosol sources, agriculture, incense burning, biomass burning, vehicles and the ceramics industry in Dinghushan, were the potential sources of heavy metals.

胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

基于2019年6月至2020年8月胶州湾沿岸的大气降水样品,分析降水主要水溶性离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、NH^(4+)、F-、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、MAS-(甲基磺酸根))的组成特征和湿沉降通量,评估其对近海营养成分输入的贡献和潜在生态效应,并利用气团后向轨迹和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)解析其主要来源.结果表明,观测期间,胶州湾大气降水雨量加权平均(Volume-weighted Mean,VWM)pH为6.41,电导率的VWM值为19.3μS/cm,降水中水溶性离子以Na^(+)、NH^(4+)、NO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)为主,在季节上呈现出冬春季浓度明显高于夏秋季的特征,而湿沉降通量则因受降水量的控制而主要集中在夏季(约占55%).胶州湾区域大气降水共清除7274.6t水溶性离子,营养盐(主要为NH^(4+)和NO_(3)^(-),以氮计)沉降入海量达951.9t/a,表明降水在清洁大气的同时也加剧了海洋环境的污染和海洋生态系统的失衡.气团后向轨迹分析得到了观测期间控制胶州湾降水的4类主要气团,在不同季节,降水过程受到不同气团的影响,其中以来自华东地区和东北方向的气团的影响较大.基于PMF的源解析结果显示,胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子受到农业源、海洋源、扬尘源、生物质和垃圾燃烧源、工业和交通源5种来源的共同控制,其中以农业源排放的贡献最为突出(26.7%),而其他4种源的贡献大致相当.研究证实胶州湾大气环境受到复杂人为源排放、矿物沙尘以及海洋源排放的综合制约,而人为排放的贡献占主导地位.

中国典型城市大气降水离子特性、来源及其对环境的影响

基于采样数据和东亚酸沉降监测网数据,对2019年华北、西北、西南、华东和华南地区典型代表城市的大气降水化学组分、酸度及其成因、湿沉降量和污染来源进行了研究,评估了降水对环境的生态效应.结果表明,离子总浓度在季节上表现为旱季明显大于雨季,空间分布特征为:北京(706.87μeq/L)>西安(369.26μeq/L)>重庆(265.17μeq/L)>厦门(244.54μeq/L)>珠海(134.31μeq/L)>五指山(81.88μeq/L).NH_(4)^(+)、Ca^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)和NO_(3)^(-)是内陆城市降水中最主要的离子成分,而Cl^(-)和Na^(+)在沿海城市中占比较大.华北城市降水主要呈中性,酸雨事件仅占全年降水事件的2.3%;西北城市降水呈弱碱性,没有出现酸雨事件;而西南城市酸雨问题严重,城区站点和乡郊站点酸雨频率分别为30.3%和80.3%,且季节变化明显;华东城市城区站点降水主要呈中性,偏远地区站点酸雨问题严重,全年酸雨率高达99%;华南城市夏季降水主要呈中性,其余季节均为酸性,全年酸雨事件占总降水的62.2%.中和能力分析表明酸雨问题严重的地区,主要是由降水中碱性成分不足导致的.受降雨量影响,各城市氮和硫湿沉降量在季节上表现为雨季大于旱季,并且在雨季对生态环境有重要的促进作用.中国氮和硫湿沉降量均呈现出从东部向西部、沿海向内陆递减的空间分布特征.不同城市降水离子来源及贡献差异较显著,尤其是酸雨问题严重的城市,其以Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)为主的扬尘源贡献小于以SO_(4)^(2-)和NO_(3)^(-)为主的二次源贡献.

黑河金盆水库大气氮湿沉降特征研究

为探明黑河金盆水库大气氮湿沉降污染特征,于水库主库区进行了为期1年的大气氮湿沉降监测,分析大气湿沉降主要氮污染物浓度和沉降通量特征及影响因素。结果表明,水库氮湿沉降质量浓度均值为2.80 mg/L,主要由NO_(3)^(-)-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N组成,占比分别为28%和46%;氮湿沉降质量浓度在冬季最高,为4.70 mg/L;湿沉降NH_(4)^(+)-N与NO_(3)^(-)-N质量浓度比大于1,表明农业活动是湿沉降氮的主要来源;氮湿沉降通量为29.74 kg/hm^(2),占径流TN输入负荷的1.7%;氮湿沉降通量与降水量显著正相关(P<0.05);单因子水质评价结果表明库区降水水质多为劣Ⅴ类,TN劣Ⅴ类占比达75%。金盆水库大气氮湿沉降水平超出我国主要湖泊水库营养氮沉降临界负荷,水体富营养化风险高。

农耕区大气干湿沉降通量特征监测及人体健康风险评价

为了研究农耕区大气干湿沉降元素通量特征及人体健康风险,2020年4月—2021年4月在汨罗市布设13个大气干湿沉降采样点位,系统收集了大气干湿沉降样品52件,并结合大气点位周边的表层土壤数据,对研究区大气干湿沉降特征、大气干沉降与对应土壤中重金属元素的相关性及人体健康风险评价等进行研究。结果表明:汨罗市大气干湿沉降年通量从小到大依次为Hg<Cd<As<Cr<Pb,各个元素含量间存在明显差异,Cr、Pb为汨罗市大气干湿沉降中主要的重金属元素。大气干沉降与相对应的土壤之间的相关性较低,大气干沉降不是汨罗市表层土壤中重金属元素的主要来源。As和Pb是主要潜在的非致癌风险因子,其非致癌风险商(HQ)对非致癌风险指数(HI)的贡献率占比均超过35%,但是5种重金属中的HI值<1,说明非致癌健康风险影响较小;As、Cd、Cr的重金属致癌性风险指数(CR)均小于10^(-6),所以不存在致癌性风险。儿童的As、Pb的HI分别为0.83和0.73,小于1.00,非致癌风险可能性较低。

Assessment of Nitrogen Pollutant Sources in Surface Waters of Taihu Lake Region

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.

Enhanced atmospheric phosphorus deposition in Asia and Europe in the past two decades

There is increasing interest in understanding atmospheric phosphorus(P)deposition and its impacts on plant pro-ductivity and carbon sinks in ecosystems.However,the global pattern of P deposition remains poorly understood,primarily due to the sparseness of data in Asia.In this study,the authors compiled 396 published observations of atmospheric P deposition from 1959 to 2020 on the global scale.The results gave a geometric mean bulk P deposition value of 0.32 kg ha−1 yr−1,or a global P budget of 4.4 Tg yr−1.Compared with the period 1959-2000,the authors found an elevated P deposition in Europe and Asia during 2001-2020,likely due to the increas-ing agricultural emissions and fossil fuel combustion-related sources in addition to dust emissions.The findings highlight the need to quantify the impacts of elevated P deposition from anthropogenic emissions on long-term ecosystem development in the context of carbon neutrality and clean-air actions.

Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen to the South China Sea

At the global scale,atmospheric inputs of nitrogen are an important source of the new nitrogen that supports new marine production,especially in oligotrophic open oceans and marginal seas.This study reports quantities of atmospheric deposition of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)to the largest marginal sea in the North Pacific(the oligotrophic South China Sea,SCS)based primarily on rainwater sampling in the open northwestern region(Yongxing Island)from 2013 to 2015,and aerosol sampling from the SCS basin in June 2017.Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of DIN and their potential contributions to productivity were estimated.The volume-weighted mean rainwater concentrations during the wet and dry seasons were 4.9 and 18.1μmol L-1 for N+N(NO3-+NO2-),and 5.7 and 4.0μmol L-1 for NH4+,respectively.Rainwater concentrations of DIN were lower in the marginal seas than in the open ocean.The aerosol NO3-concentration was 1.15±1.18μg m-3 during the wet season,which is slightly lower than reported for the East China Sea and East Sea,but higher than in the Arabian Sea.Monthly wet and dry deposition rates ranged from 0.4-3.9 and 0.4-1.2 mmol m-2 mon-1 for NO3-,and 0.2-1.3 and 0.01-0.02 mmol m-2 mon-1 for NH4+,respectively.The annual wet and dry deposition fluxes of DIN were estimated to be 16.8 and 10.1 mmol m-2yr-1,respectively.Compared to other marginal seas,the SCS receives less atmospheric NO3-inputs than the Yellow Sea,East China Sea,East Sea,and northeastern Mediterranean Sea.The total atmospheric DIN deposition may account for 1.8-11.1%of the nitrogen supporting new production and 0.7-1.8%of the nitrogen supporting primary production.

Influence of specimen-reconstituting method on the undrained response of loose granular soil under static loading

This paper describes the results of an experimental study on the undrained shear behaviour of loose sand collected from the location close to the epicenter of the recent Chlef （Algeria） Earthquake （October 10,1980）.The study focuses on the effects of the mode of the soil deposition on the liquefaction resistance of the Chlef sand.For this purpose,the results of undrained monotonic triaxial compression tests performed on samples with initial density of 0.29 under initial confining pressures ranged from 50 kPa to 200 kPa are presented.The specimens were prepared by two depositional methods namely dry funnel pluviation and wet deposition.It was found that there was a marked difference in the undrained behaviour of sand in terms of maximal deviatoric stress,peak strength,residual strength and excess pore water pressure,even though the density and stress conditions were identical.The conclusion was that the soil fabric was responsible for this result.The results indicated also that at low confining pressures,the specimens reconstituted by the wet deposition method exhibited complete static liquefaction （zero effective confining pressure and zero stress difference）.