Effects of cell size on compressive properties of aluminum foam

The effects of cell size on the quasi-static and dynamic compressive properties of open cell aluminum foams produced by infiltrating process were studied experimentally. The quasi-static and dynamic compressive tests were carried out on MTS 810 system and SHPB(split Hopkinson pressure bar) respectively. It is found that the elastic moduli and compressive strengths of the studied aluminum foam are not only dependent on the relative density but also dependent on the cell size of the foam under both quasi-static loading and dynamic loading. The foams studied show a significant strain rate sensitivity, the flow strength can be improved as much as 112%, and the cell size also has a sound influence on the strain rate sensitivity of the foams. The foams of middle cell size exhibit the highest elastic modulus, the highest flow strength and the most significant strain rate sensitivity.

Polylactic Acid (PLA) Foaming: Design of Experiments for Cell Size Control

In this study, a design of experiments (DoE) approach was used to develop a PLA open-cell foam morphology using the compression molding technique. The effect of three molding parameters (foaming time, mold opening temperature, and weight concentration of the ADA blowing agent) on the cellular structure was investigated. A regression equation relating the average cell size to the above three processing parameters was developed from the DoE and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the best dimensional fitting parameters based on the experimental data. With the help of the DoE technique, we were able to develop various foam morphologies having different average cell size distribution levels, which is important in the development of open-cell PLA scaffolds for bone regeneration for which the control of cell morphology is crucial for osteoblasts proliferation. For example, at a constant ADA weight concentration of 5.95 wt%, we were able to develop a narrow average cell size distribution ranging between 275 and 300 μm by varying the mold opening temperature between 106°C and 112°C, while maintaining the foaming time constant at 8 min, or by varying the mold foaming time between 6 and 11 min and maintaining the mold opening temperature at 109°C.

Microstructure and Properties of Cement Foams Prepared by Magnesium Oxychloride Cement

Microstructural features including pore size distribution, cell walls and phase compositions of magnesium oxychloride cement foams（MOCF） with various MgO powders and water mixture ratios were studied. Their infl uences on compressive strength, water absorption and resistance of MOCF were also discussed in detail. The experimental results indicated that moderate and slight excess MgO powders（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios from 5.1 to 7） were beneficial to the formation of excellent microstructure of MOCF, but increasing water contents（H2O/MgO mass ratios from 0.9 to 1.29） might result in opposite conclusions. The microstructure of MOCF produced with moderate and slight excess MgO powders could enhance the compressive strength, while serious excess MgO powders addition（MgO/MgCl2 molar ratios = 9） would destroy the cell wall structures, and therefore decrease the strength of the system. Although MOCF produced with excess MgO powders could decrease the water absorption, its softening coefficient was lower than that of the material produced with moderate MgO powders. This might be due to the instability of phase 5, the volume expansion and cracking of cell walls as immersed the sample into water.

Quantitative Analysis of Relationship Between Pore Structure and Compressive Strength of Foamed Concrete

The effect of dry density,water-cement ratio,the addition of fly ash,and sand content on the porosity and pore distribution of foamed concrete is investigated.Digital microscopy and Image J software are employed to examine the landscape of pores with different sizes.Based on the Balshin empirical formula,a mathematical model is established to quantitatively predict the relationship between the pore structures and the compressive strength of foamed concrete.The results well demonstrate that there is a significant correlation between the modified formula and empirical parameters.

Preparation of Light-weight Spinel Refractories by Foaming-gel Process

Light-weight magnesium -aluminate spinel materi- als were prepared by foaming-gel process with polyalumi- nium chloride （PAC） as gel. Effect of solid loading in initial slurry on microstructure, porosity, pore size distri- bution, thermal conductivity and mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the bulk density of the light-weight magnesium -aluminate spinel mate- rials is in the range of O. 7 1.2 g cm-3 ; pore size distribution curves show single-peak characteristics and the mean pore size is in the range of 30. 83 - 61.37 μm ; with the increase of solid loading, the linear shrinkage of the green body during firing and the permanent change in dimensions on heating at l 600 ℃ for 3 h de- crease, but the bulk density increases, the mechanical properties increase obviously; the maximum compressive strength and bending strength reach 35. 25 MPa and 9. 92 MPa, respectively, while the bulk density is 1. 16 g · cm ; and the thermal conductivity at 1 000 ℃ tea- ches 0. 371 W · m-1 . K-1 while the bulk density is O. 7 -3 g · cm

轴向撞击作用下内充泡沫铝薄壁铝合金腔体最优尺厚比选择

内充泡沫铝薄壁铝合金腔体在防撞吸能领域已经具备广泛的使用价值,但在最优截面尺寸选择方面的研究与应用较少。为进一步研究铝合金内充泡沫铝腔体最优截面尺寸,通过有限元软件ABAQUS建立了常见的方形铝合金腔体在撞击作用下的有限元模型。结果表明:建立的有限元模型在模拟内充泡沫铝铝合金腔体抗撞击性能方面具有良好的拟合度,同时,针对现有市场中方形铝合金腔体多尺寸截面,提出尺厚比作为其截面选择参数,通过运用数值建模和非线性拟合工具,得出常见尺寸下组合截面吸能最大化的截面尺寸。研究得出的低、中、高3种撞击能量下的截面最优尺厚比可为结构防撞击装置的设计提供参考。

Properties of Water Blown Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Funetionality

Water blown rigid polyurethane foams with different functionality were prepared. The physical properties of rigid foams were measured with rotational viscometer （NDJ-1 ）, universal testing machine （Instron3365）, scanning electron microscope （SEM） and differential scanning calorimeter （DSC）. The results show that the viscosity of polyether polyol increases exponentially from 62 mPa s to 6 000 mPa s with the increase of functionality from 2 to 5.6, respectively. The overall density of foam increases slightly from 31.7 kg/m^3 to 37.4 kg/m^3 with increasing functionality while core density exhibited little difference. Compressive strength of foam shows the similar behavior with density except for 2-functional sample. At the same time, dimensional stability becomes better with increasing functionality except for 5.6-functional foam that has worse stability than 4.8-functional foam. From the SEM results, the functionality is not an important factor in determining distribution of cell size of foam. According to the results of thermal analysis, the glass transition temperature （T） shifts to a higher temperature from 128.9 ℃ to 166.3 ℃ for the 2 to 5.6 functional foam, respectively.

稻草纤维增强泡沫混凝土物理力学性能试验研究

为了研究稻草纤维增强泡沫混凝土的性能,以普通硅酸盐水泥为主要胶凝材料,硅灰、偏高岭土和粉煤灰为辅助胶凝材料,稻草纤维为增强材料,采用物理发泡法制备纤维增强泡沫混凝土;通过全因子试验,研究在不同水胶比和发泡剂掺量下,稻草纤维掺量对泡沫混凝土的密度、吸水率、抗压强度、抗折强度、劈裂抗拉强度和抗冻性能的影响。结果表明:对于不同水胶比和发泡剂掺量,泡沫混凝土的密度、抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度均随纤维掺量的增加呈现出先增加后降低的变化规律;抗压强度随密度增加呈幂函数增加关系;劈裂抗拉强度随抗压强度的增加呈指数函数增加关系;当水胶比为0.45时,抗折强度随纤维掺量的增加先增加后降低,当水胶比为0.50时,抗折强度随纤维掺量的增加而增加;纤维的掺入增大了泡沫混凝土的泡孔尺寸和吸水率,降低了其抗冻性能。

Foam Forming: An Effective Method to Prepare Polyimide Fiber-based Paper

Well-dispersed fiber suspension is the precondition of good paper formation. Compared with cellulosic fibers, synthetic fibers are prone to flocculate because of their long length and hydrophobic nature, resulting in poor paper formation. To solve this problem, dispersants and extremely low forming consistency are typically adopted during the traditional wet-forming process, which cause a large amount of water consumption and treatment cost. Therefore, increasing forming consistency without compromising paper formation remains a challenge for papermakers. In this work, foam forming was adopted to disperse polyimide fibers (PI) with high forming consistency. The results showed that the formation index of handsheets increased when the bubble size and distribution became small and narrow. Compared with traditional wet-forming process with the same consistency (0.4%), the formation index of handsheets by foam forming increased by approximately 100% when C8 alkyl glucoside (APG08) concentration reached 16 g/L. Notably, forming consistency could increase by eight times while keeping the same level of paper formation. Overall, foam forming exhibits great advantages in dispersing long fiber and reducing water consumption and environmental pressure, and has potential applications in specialty paper made of long fibers.

高性能泡沫混凝土的制备及性能研究

以P.O 42.5普通硅酸盐水泥为原料,通过添加植物蛋白复合型水泥发泡剂制备出了高性能泡沫混凝土,研究了发泡剂和水的体积比对泡沫混凝土的孔径分布、容重、吸水率、力学性能和保温性能的影响。结果表明,随着发泡剂和水的体积比增大,泡沫混凝土的气孔尺寸增大,气孔的外形逐渐趋近于圆孔状,气孔的完整度增加,容重持续降低,吸水率持续增大。当V(发泡剂)∶V(水)=4∶80时,孔形状因子最小为1.351,孔隙形状最趋近于球形。随着发泡剂和水的体积比增大,泡沫混凝土的抗压强度和抗折强度先增大后减小,导热系数先降低后增大。当V(发泡剂)∶V(水)=4∶80时,泡沫混凝土的孔径尺寸分布最为均匀,其抗压强度和抗折强度均为最大值,分别为8.16和1.29 MPa,导热系数最低为0.163 W/(m·K),力学性能和保温性能最优。

开孔金属泡沫流场分布和流动阻力的数值分析

【目的】为了系统研究开孔金属泡沫中空气流场的流动特性和传热传质特性。【方法】使用几何表示法构建12面体开孔泡沫模型,应用有限单元法模拟了不同入口速度下,泡沫韧带截面形状、孔径密度PPI和流场高度方向泡沫结构对称性等参数对流场分布、传质和流动阻力的影响。【结果】结果表明,随着泡沫韧带截面顶点曲率减小,韧带阻滞作用减弱,流场沿程损失h_(f)减少;增大孔径密度可以提高流场对流强度分布均匀性;在高度方向非对称边界流场对流强度更大,且韧带周围对流强度分布趋向均匀,对称结构则相反;对称边界流场的上下边界处对流速度比非对称边界略大,对称边界更有利于边界物质输运;泡沫结构特征和气体入口速度对流场分布和流动阻力的影响明显。流动问题的量纲分析结果表明,泡沫孔数量越多,流场的沿程损失与气体初始动能的比值越大,增大气体入口速度则比值减少,当入口速度超过6 m/s后,比值趋于稳定。

烧成温度对钙长石隔热耐火材料显微结构与性能的影响

本工作以矾土水泥与黏土为原料,采用发泡法制备了钙长石隔热耐火材料,通过XRD、SEM和导热仪等分析了烧成温度(1110~1310℃)对钙长石隔热耐火材料显微结构与性能的影响,并研究了该种钙长石隔热耐火材料的合成机理。结果表明:当烧成温度为1110~1160℃时,体系内开始生成钙长石,但原料微颗粒间的反应并不完全,生成的液相含量较少,强度较低;当烧成温度为1210~1260℃时,液相含量增多,钙长石的生成速度加快,强度增大,试样具有较低导热系数;当烧成温度为1310℃时,液相含量迅速增多,线收缩率迅速增大,试样具有较大强度,但体积密度大幅增长,气孔率降低。在1260℃时,制得了体积密度为0.53 g/cm^(3)、气孔率为82.6%、抗折强度为1.15 MPa、耐压强度为1.99 MPa、800℃导热系数为0.101 W/(m·K)的钙长石隔热耐火材料。

珍珠岩尾矿制备发泡陶瓷的研究

以珍珠岩尾矿为主要原料、SiC微粉为发泡剂制备发泡陶瓷,研究了温度、升温速率、保温时间、发泡剂含量、原料粒度、SiC粒度对发泡陶瓷容重、显气孔率、抗压强度和孔结构的影响。结果表明,适当升高温度、延长保温时间、增加SiC含量以及减小原料粒度和SiC粒度,试样的容重和抗压强度降低,显气孔率增大,当SiC反应过量时,试样会出现黑心。在温度为1250℃、升温速率为8℃/min、保温时间为1 h、外掺0.6%(质量分数)SiC、原料粒度D 32为7.51μm条件下,制备的发泡陶瓷综合性能最佳,容重为462.77 kg/m^(3),显气孔率为1.26%,抗压强度为8.1 MPa,孔的平均直径为0.33 mm。

煤基泡沫炭制备及其电化学性能影响研究进展

泡沫炭具有比表面积大、孔隙率高、结构可控等特点,使其在超级电容器电极材料领域具有广阔的应用前景,而以煤、煤液化残渣、煤液化沥青、煤焦油沥青等煤系物为原料制备得到的煤基泡沫炭具有较高的导电性且制备工艺简单、原料来源广泛及产品价格低廉,因而可将煤基泡沫炭作为电极材料应用于超级电容器。基于不同的前驱体材料制备方法也有所区别、制备而得的泡沫炭性能及其应用场景也有差异,需对煤基泡沫炭制备及其电化学性能影响研究进展进行汇总分析。简介煤基泡沫炭的结构,剖析煤基泡沫炭制备方法中的分离焦化法、混合前驱法、高压渗氮法、限制膨胀法、超临界发泡法、自发泡法、模板法,阐述炭电极材料的比表面积、孔径分布、表面化学基团、石墨化程度对电化学性能的影响机制,为合理调控各影响因素之间关系及得到最佳电化学性能提供一定的参考。研究表明:较高的有效比表面积有利于煤基泡沫炭的比电容和能量密度,但其超高比表面积主要由微孔贡献,孔径较小的微孔会导致电解质离子和溶剂化离子无法进入孔内且在微孔孔口堆积,影响双电层的有效形成;理想炭电极材料具有三维分层多孔结构,相互连通的微—介—大孔有助于离子扩散和电子转移,发达的孔隙结构有助于提高倍率性能、功率密度和循环寿命;导电性取决于石墨化程度,炭化温度越高则石墨化程度越高、导电性越强,但过高的炭化温度会造成孔泡完整度下降,破坏泡沫炭三维分层孔结构,且使材料表面杂原子、官能团析出,降低材料润湿性及法拉第赝电容,造成比电容大幅下降;杂原子掺杂有助于提高材料润湿性与总比电容、贡献赝电容、调控结构和提升材料循环稳定性及电容保持率,但同时对石墨化程度、比表面积等也会产生不利影响。炭电极材料的比表面积、孔径分布、表面化学基团、石墨化程度4个因素相互影响与制约,找到合理的平衡点可有效调控其比电容、导电性、循环稳定性、倍率性能、能量密度、功率密度等,但在实际研究中难以兼顾炭电极材料比表面积、孔径分布等4个因素,因此需采用其他方法以实现煤基泡沫炭电化学性能的优化,未来需通过模板复制、物理化学活化、杂原子掺杂、二元/三元复合等手段以实现泡沫炭结构的设计和电化学性能的调控。

气体扩散头参数对测定润滑油中泡沫特性的影响

泡沫的形成是润滑系统的一个主要问题,因为它会对系统性能产生负面影响,并增加维护成本。有几种实验室方法可用于确定润滑油的抗泡性,但气体扩散头参数的选择会显著影响测试结果。本文调查了最大孔径、渗透率和不同材质对润滑油泡沫特性测量数据的影响。我们的研究结果表明,虽然气体扩散头的差异对高质量润滑油的测试结果影响较小,但对具有高泡沫倾向的较差质量的油品的测试结果有很大影响。此外,即使符合方法要求,气体扩散头参数的变化也会导致测试结果的巨大差异。因此,根据被测润滑油的特性选择合适的气体扩散头参数,以获得准确可靠的数据,显得尤其重要。

表面处理对碳化硅泡沫陶瓷挂浆性能的影响

采用有机泡沫浸渍法制备碳化硅泡沫陶瓷时,通过对聚氨脂泡沫进行不同改性剂的表面处理来改善其挂浆性能,利用一种更加合理的表征方法,即测量挂浆后泡沫陶瓷素坯孔筋尺寸和表征孔筋挂浆后形貌来衡量挂浆性能．试验结果表明,在所选用的四种改性剂中,羧甲基纤维素(CMC)的改性作用最好,其次是硅溶胶,而聚乙烯醇(PVA)效果最差．CMC的改性效果主要来源于pH值>7条件下形成的疏水基团与有机泡沫结合而亲水基团与水基浆料结合的结构,这种结构可以显著改善有机泡沫与水基浆料的润湿性．

凝胶注模制备氧化铝多孔陶瓷及性能研究

本文采用凝胶注模结合发泡法制备了氧化铝多孔陶瓷。借助NDJ-1型旋转式粘度计、压汞仪、SEM等表征方法,研究了固相含量、pH值对浆料粘度的影响、以及多孔氧化铝陶瓷的孔径分布和断口形貌。在1650℃下烧成,制备出了体积密度在1.32～1.82g/cm3、气孔率在54～67%、耐压强度在19.7～42.9MPa之间的多孔氧化铝陶瓷。凝胶注模结合发泡法可以制备出性能优异的氧化铝多孔陶瓷。

泡沫铝镁合金的压缩与吸能性的研究

对用渗流法制备的泡沫铝镁合金进行了准静态压缩实验 ,测试了其压缩应力—应变曲线 ,研究了泡沫铝镁合金的准静态压缩力学行为及其吸能性 ,并与泡沫纯铝的静态压缩性能进行了比较。实验结果表明 ,泡沫铝镁合金的压缩过程具有明显的三阶段变形特征 ,即弹性段、塑性平台段和压实段 ;随孔径的增加 ,泡沫铝镁合金的屈服强度升高、吸能量上升。由于铝镁合金的强度远高于纯铝 ,从而使泡沫铝镁合金的压缩屈服强度及吸能性均显著高于泡沫铝。

闭孔泡沫铝的电磁屏蔽性能

采用粉末冶金发泡法制备闭孔泡沫铝,通过调整发泡剂含量、发泡温度、粘度、保温时间等手段,制得孔隙率可调、孔洞分布均匀的闭孔泡沫铝样品,并测试了不同孔隙率、孔径泡沫铝样品的电磁屏蔽性能。结果表明:在100～1000MHz内,泡沫铝的电磁屏蔽性能在60～90dB之间,且随着孔隙率、孔径的增加,泡沫铝的电磁屏蔽性能下降。

多孔结构对材料吸波性能的影响

总结了当前多孔材料吸波性能的研究现状,指出多孔结构可改善材料的吸波性能,而孔径、相对密度及厚度是影响多孔材料吸波性能的重要因素,对多孔陶瓷材料而言,适当降低孔径、增加相对密度与厚度有利于提高材料的吸波性能.在此基础上对多孔金属材料泡沫铝的吸波性能进行了初步研究,分析了相对密度与微波频率对材料吸波性能的影响,研究表明,降低多孔金属的相对密度可以显著提高材料的吸波性能;随着微波频率的增加,材料的吸波性能也随之增加.