Strategies to limit dysmyelination during secondary degeneration following neurotrauma

Following trauma to the central nervous system （CNS）, cells in the lesion site die rapidly. In addition, neurons and glia be- yond the initial lesion are vulnerable. These cells can undergo delayed death due to metabolic events that follow the initial trauma, via mechanisms thought to he triggered by gluta- mate-induced excitotoxicity and Ca2＋ overload, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, associated with increased oxida- tive stress （Camello-Almaraz et al., 2006; Peng and Jou, 2010）. The resultant death of areas of grey and white matter adjacent to the lesion site is termed secondary degeneration, and is a feature of brain and spinal cord injury （Park et al., 2004; Gi- aume et al., 2007）. Secondary degeneration contributes sub- stantially to functional loss following neurotrauma （Profyris et al., 2004; Farkas and Povlishock, 2007） and rescuing this intact, but vulnerable, tissue is considered critical to mini- mising adverse sequelae and improving long term functional outcomes after CNS trauma （Fehlings et al., 2012）. However, our understanding of many of the metabolic events thought to contribute to secondary degeneration is based largely on in vitro studies （Khodorov, 2004; Tretter et al., 2007; Peng and Jou, 2010） and there is a need to confirm the relevance of these mechanisms in vivo, as well as their structural and func- tional consequences.

The Combination of Two Control Strategies for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles

With most countries paying attention to the environment protection, hybrid electric vehicles have become a focus of automobile research and development due to the characteristics of energy saving and low emission. Power follower control strategy(PFCS) and DC-link voltage control strategy are two sorts of control strategies for series hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs). Combining those two control strategies is a new idea for control strategy of series hybrid electric vehicles. By tuning essential parameters which are the defined constants under DClink voltage control and under PFCS, the points of minimum mass of equivalent fuel consumption(EFC) corresponding to a series of variables are marked for worldwide harmonized light vehicles test procedure(WLTP). The fuel economy of series HEVs with the combination control schemes performs better compared with individual control scheme. The results show the effects of the combination control schemes for series HEVs driving in an urban environment.

Autonomous Formation Flight Control of Large-Sized Flapping-Wing Flying Robots Based on Leader–Follower Strategy

Birds in nature exhibit excellent long-distance flight capabilities through formation flight,which could reduce energy consumption and improve flight efficiency.Inspired by the biological habits of birds,this paper proposes an autonomous formation flight control method for Large-sized Flapping-Wing Flying Robots(LFWFRs),which can enhance their search range and flight efficiency.First,the kinematics model for LFWFRs is established.Then,an autonomous flight controller based on this model is designed,which has multiple flight control modes,including attitude stabilization,course keeping,hovering,and so on.Second,a formation flight control method is proposed based on the leader–follower strategy and periodic characteristics of flapping-wing flight.The up and down fluctuation of the fuselage of each LFWFR during wing flapping is considered in the control algorithm to keep the relative distance,which overcomes the trajectory divergence caused by sensor delay and fuselage fluctuation.Third,typical formation flight modes are realized,including straight formation,circular formation,and switching formation.Finally,the outdoor formation flight experiment is carried out,and the proposed autonomous formation flight control method is verified in real environment.