Sensitivity of Adzuki Bean (<i>Vigna angularis</i>) to Acifluorfen, Fomesafen, Bentazon, Imazethapyr and Halosulfuron-Methyl Applied Postemergence

New herbicide options are needed for postemergence (POST) broadleaf weed control in adzuki bean. A field study, of five experiments, was conducted over a three-year period (2014, 2015, 2016) in Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of adzuki bean to the POST application of acifluorfen (600 and 1200 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1), fomesafen (240 and 480 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1), bentazon (1080 and 2160 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1), imazethapyr (100 and 200 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1) and halosulfuron-methyl (75 and 150 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1). Acifluorfen and fomesafen applied POST caused as much as 12% visible injury at the 1X rate and 20% visible injury at the 2X rate but had no adverse effect on adzuki bean population, shoot dry weight, height, maturity or yield. Bentazon caused as much as 23% visible injury at 1080 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1 and 28% visible injury at 2160 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1 but caused no adverse effect on adzuki bean population, shoot dry weight, height, maturity or yield at either rate, except at 2160 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1 which reduced shoot dry weight 20% and height 12%. Imazethapyr caused as much as 22% visible injury at 100 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1 and 34% visible injury at 200 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1 but caused no adverse effect on adzuki bean population, shoot dry weight, height, maturity or yield at either rate except at 200 g&middot;ai&middot;ha-1 which delayed maturity slightly. Halosulfuron-methyl caused as much as 65% visible injury and reduced shoot dry weight, height and yield 64%, 41%, and 28%, respectively. This research concludes that acfluorfen, fomesafen, bentazon, imazethapyr and halosulfuron at the rates evaluated can cause the significant injury in adzuki bean.

Effects of Methylated Soybean Oil Adjuvant on Fomesafen Efficacy to Weeds

Tank-mix adjuvant has the potential to improve the weed control efficacy of post-emergence herbicides. In order to study the synergistic effect of adjuvant, the effects of different rates of fomesafen alone or applied methylated soybean oil adjuvant（MSO） were sprayed on redroot pigweed, abutilon and black nightshade under greenhouse condition. The results showed that fomesafen had different performance on the three weeds, and MSO adjuvant could effectively increase the control. The nightshade control was lower than other two weeds with all the fomesafen doses from 131.25 to 506.25 ga.i. · hm-2 with or without adjuvant. The control of abutilon was between the black nightshade and the redroot pigweed, and had better control at 375 ga.i. · hm-2 with adjuvant or 506.25 ga.i. · hm-2 alone or with adjuvant respectively. The results indicated that mixing adjuvant with fomesafen improved the control on weeds, especially at the low rate. Black nightshade was more difficult to control. The redroot pigweed had the most susceptibility to fomesafen alone or with adjuvant.

Characteristics and Degradation Mechanism of Fomesafen

High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to determine the degradation efficiency of bacteria 2 strain(B2 S) under different conditions, the optimum cultivation conditions for fomesafen degradation bacterium B2 S were as the followings: temperature 35℃; inoculation quantity 5%; p H 5.0; glucose content 0.5% and fomesafen concentration 10 mg · L-1. Under optimal conditions, B2 S degraded fomesafen within 72 h of fomesafen application, with a degradation rate of nearly 100%. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS) was used to analyze fomesafen degradation into microbial products. A more thorough understanding of microbial fomesafen degradation mechanisms was discussed. The pathway of fomesafen degradation by B2 S was also inferred herein.

Influence of Water Quality, Formulation, Adjuvant, Rainfastness, and Nozzle Type on Efficacy of Fomesafen on Palmer Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i>) Control

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations in Mississippi are resistant to both glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth has very recently been reported in Arkansas, Tennessee, and isolated pockets of Mississippi. A significant proportion of reports of PPO inhibitor failures in Mississippi are not considered to be resistance-related at this time. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate factors affecting the efficacy of fomesafen on Palmer amaranth including: quality of spray carrier (water), formulations, adjuvant, rainfastness, and nozzle type. All water samples and formulation combinations provided >95% control of Palmer amaranth 3 WAT. Some combinations of water samples and formulations did not result in complete control of the treated plants, with one or two individuals surviving 3 WAT. Formulation 1 provided 99% control compared to 95% from formulation 2. Irrespective of combinations of herbicide, adjuvant and height, control of Palmer amaranth was ≥91%. Formulation 1 provided 94% control compared to 88% from formulation 2. The adjuvant x height interaction was significant, owing to a 10% reduction in control of larger plants (86%) compared to smaller plants (96%) in presence of COC. COC provided better control (93%) than NIS (88%). Simulated rainfall applied ≥60 min after herbicide application did not adversely affect efficacy on Palmer amaranth when formulation 1 was applied in combination with NIS, with control ranging from 94% to 100%. Formulation 1 with COC provided ≥93% control at all rainfall application times, except 30 min after herbicide treatment, which resulted in 79% control. Formulation 2 provided better control with COC (79% to 100%) than NIS (71% to 90%), in general, across the rainfall treatments applied at various times following herbicide application. All nozzle and weed height combinations resulted in 89% or better control of Palmer amaranth. In summary, water quality, formulation, adjuvant, rainfastness, or nozzle type did not affect the activity of fomesafen under optimal application conditions in the greenhouse.

Effects of aging process on adsorption–desorption and bioavailability of fomesafen in an agricultural soil amended with rice hull biochar

Biochar has been introduced as an acceptable soil amendment due to its environmental benefits such as sequestering soil contaminants. However, the aging process in biochar amended soil probably decreases the adsorption capacity of biochar through changing its physico-chemical properties. Adsorption, leaching and bioavailability of fomesafen to corn in a Chinese soil amended by rice hull biochar after 0, 30, 90 and 180 days were investigated. Results showed that the addition of 0.5%-2% fresh biochar significantly increases the adsorption of fomesafen 4-26 times compare to unamended soil due to higher SSA of biochar. Biochar amendment also decreases fomesafen concentration in soil pore water by 5%-23% resulting lower risk of the herbicide for cultivated plants. However, the aging process decreased the adsorption capacity ofbiochar since the adsorption coefficient values which was 1.9-12.4 in 0.5%-2% fresh biochar amended soil, declined to 1.36-4.16, 1.13-2.78 and 0.95-2.31 in 1, 3 and 6-month aged treatments, respectively. Consequently, higher desorption, leaching and bioavailable fraction of fomesafen belonged to 6-month aged treatment. Nevertheless, rice hull biochar was effective for sequestering fomesafen as the adsorption capacity of biochar amended soil after 6 months of aging was still 2.5-5 times hi^her compared to that of unamended soil.

碳量子点修饰g-C_(3)N_(4)缓解二苯醚类除草剂污染

为加速二苯醚类除草剂在可见光环境的降解,以玉米芯制碳量子点修饰石墨相氮化碳,合成一种非金属型光催化剂.考察在该催化剂作用下,氟磺胺草醚、三氟羧草醚和乙氧氟草醚等的光解行为及光解前后毒性.结果表明,氟磺胺草醚在可见光照射下的光解速率最大、其次为乙氧氟草醚,光照3 h的降解率即达99%和91%,而三氟羧草醚的光解速率最低、须光照至8 h才能达到90%的降解率.由高斯软件计算NPA(Natural Population Analysis)电荷分布得福井函数和双描述符,预测反应位点并结合液质联用分析降解产物,推测除草剂的降解过程应包括裂解、水解、脱卤、还原和羟基化等,证明了空穴和羟基自由基在其中的作用.观察玉米种子的生长实验,发现氟磺胺草醚的毒性略高于乙氧氟草醚,但二者经光照处理后毒性均显著下降,三氟羧草醚及其光解产物显示为低毒性.

反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗性机制代谢组学研究

二苯醚类除草剂氟磺胺草醚是防除大豆田杂草反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus L.的主要除草剂,但黑龙江省大豆田反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗性越来越强,严重影响大豆产量。目前尚无关于反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚抗性机制的代谢组学研究。本研究基于未处理(CK)以及氟磺胺草醚处理后反枝苋敏感种群(SY)、抗性种群(RY)的叶组织的代谢谱,进行主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA),发现RY组代谢分子表型更贴近于CK组。京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析和拓扑分析结果发现,氟磺胺草醚的主要作用通路有3条,分别是biosynthesis of amino acids (氨基酸的生物合成)、arginine biosynthesis (精氨酸生物合成)和2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism (2-氧代羧酸代谢)。CK vs RY和SY vs RY有1条共有的差异通路——degradation of flavonoids (类黄酮的降解),因此,类黄酮的降解可能是RY组抗性的特异性通路。通过支持向量机(SVM)分析进一步发现,4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid (4-羟基2-氧化戊二酸)、citrulline (瓜氨酸)和L-ornithine (L-鸟氨酸)是氟磺胺草醚处理后反枝苋产生抗药性的关键代谢物。

反枝苋对氟磺胺草醚的抗性水平及分子机制

[目的]本研究旨在明确黑龙江省大豆田反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus L.)种群对氟磺胺草醚的抗药性水平,并研究其产生抗性及多抗性的分子机制。[方法]利用琼脂法快速测定采自黑龙江省嫩江县的3个反枝苋种群对氟磺胺草醚的抗性水平。通过盆栽法筛选出抗氟磺胺草醚/噻吩磺隆的反枝苋植株,并进行原卟啉原氧化酶(protoporphyrinogen Ⅸ oxidase, PPO)和乙酰乳酸合酶(acetolactate synthase, ALS)的靶标基因测序。[结果]相比于敏感种群,黑龙江省3个种群对氟磺胺草醚的相对抗性倍数(resistance index, RI)分别为83.6、83.8和93.4;位于反枝苋PPO2高度保守区域编码128位氨基酸的核苷酸由AGG突变为GGG,导致精氨酸被替换为甘氨酸(Arg-128-Gly)。3个抗氟磺胺草醚的反枝苋种群均对ALS抑制剂类除草剂产生多抗性。对als基因测序后发现,与敏感种群相比,各抗性种群10个单株的ALS保守区域均发生多个不同位点(Ala-205-Val、Asp-376-Glu、Trp-574-Leu和Ser-653-Thr)及组合的氨基酸取代方式,各种群突变位点和杂合度多样。[结论]PPO2的Arg-128-Gly氨基酸取代可能是黑龙江3个反枝苋种群对氟磺胺草醚产生抗性的主要原因,3个种群同时对ALS抑制剂类除草剂存在靶标位点突变导致的多抗性。

大豆田反枝苋对除草剂多抗性及靶标抗性机理研究

黑龙江省大豆田反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对ALS、PPO抑制剂类除草剂产生了严重抗性,为明确化学防除失败的反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸、氟磺胺草醚的抗性机理,采用整株生物测定法测定了反枝苋抗性及敏感种群对除草剂的敏感性,克隆了抗性和敏感种群的ALS、PPO基因(质体型PPX1及线粒体型PPX2),查找突变位点,将突变基因转入拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana验证其功能,明确抗性机理。结果显示:反枝苋抗性种群对咪唑乙烟酸、氟磺胺草醚抗性倍数分别为55.29倍和17.51倍,抗性植株ALS存在Ala205Val或Ser653Asn突变,PPX2存在Arg128Gly突变。将抗性种群的PPX2转入拟南芥,可导致拟南芥对氟磺胺草醚产生高水平抗性(10.3倍)。综上,东北大豆田反枝苋对咪唑乙烟酸、氟磺胺草醚产生了高水平多抗性,ALS、PPO基因突变是导致此类抗性的主要原因之一。

飞防助剂对农药雾滴飘移及性状的影响

为解决植保无人机农药喷洒飘移严重、农药利用率低等问题,通过仪器分析结合田间药效试验,研究不同种类助剂对氟磺胺草醚雾滴飘移与沉积、农药雾滴理化性状、农药雾滴粒径大小分布及田间生物活性的影响。结果表明:通过添加助剂,可减少农药雾滴表面张力、提高农药药液黏度、农药雾滴扩展直径、干燥时间及靶标界面持留量,促进农药雾滴优质粒径集中,同时有效提高农药有效利用率,增强农药田间生物活性。其中,迪翔飞防助剂对农药液滴的改善效果最显著,可有效降低农药雾滴表面张力59.82%,提高农药雾滴沉积率28.6%、黏度69.28%、扩展直径62.41%、最大持留量79.59%、防效28.48%。

六种有机硅助剂对氟磺胺草醚的增效作用及其增效机理初探

采用温室盆栽法研究了6种不同结构的有机硅助剂对氟磺胺草醚防除阔叶杂草苘麻的增效作用及其增效机制。于苘麻4-5叶期,分别喷施添加有机硅助剂Agrowet 818、Agrowet 820、GY-S903、Sio-683、TD-600和TD-6408的氟磺胺草醚药液,测定药液对苘麻的抑制率及增效比;取苘麻6龄叶片,分别测定添加不同有机硅助剂后氟磺胺草醚药液的表面张力、在叶片上的扩展直径及最大持留量。结果表明：6种有机硅助剂对氟磺胺草醚的增效作用可达15.88%-23.04%;可以显著降低氟磺胺草醚药液的表面张力（由60.7 m N/m降至20-25 m N/m）,使药剂在叶片表面的最大持留量增加30%-70%,扩展直径由4.7 mm增至6.5-8.2 mm;其中,Agrowet 820增效作用最明显,可使表面张力降低65%,最大持留量增加69%,扩展直径增加74%,防效提高23.04%。

分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用快速检测大豆及土壤中氟磺胺草醚残留

采用分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)样品前处理方法,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)快速检测大豆和土壤中氟磺胺草醚的残留分析方法.大豆和土壤样品采用乙腈(含0.5%甲酸)提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)或石墨化碳黑(GCB)净化,UPLC-MS/MS外标法检测定量.在0.005—0.5 mg.kg-1添加范围内,氟磺胺草醚在土壤、大豆和大豆植株中的平均回收率在79.4%—109.0%之间,变异系数在3.6%—10.1%之间.在山东、河南、吉林进行了氟磺胺草醚在大豆植株和土壤中的降解动态研究,结果表明,试验点中氟磺胺草醚在土壤中的降解半衰期为8.5—23.7 d;在大豆植株中的降解半衰期为2.7—9.8 d.

不同缓解处理对氟磺胺草醚大豆药害的缓解效果研究

为了研究氟磺胺草醚对大豆的药害情况以及不同缓解剂对药害的缓解作用,在大田大豆喷施氟磺胺草醚后,分2个时期分别喷施8种缓解剂,然后在特定时间分别调查大豆的株高、地上鲜重、叶绿素含量、单株荚数和产量。结果表明:高剂量氟磺胺草醚对大豆药害明显,大豆株高、地上鲜重分别降低16.89%、49.39%,叶绿素含量下降43.75%,单株荚数和产量也分别减少30.0%、14.24%。药害前期喷施宝叶、萘乙酸、赤霉酸和磷酸二氢钾或药害后期喷施宝叶、奈安、芸苔素内酯和氨基酸对大豆产量均有较好的缓解效果。综合分析,药害前期喷施萘乙酸、磷酸二氢钾更有利于大豆增产,其产量较未喷施氟磺胺草醚对照分别增加36.22%和29.88%,可用于修复药害对大豆生长发育造成的影响。

氟磺胺草醚降解菌的分离鉴定及生长特性研究

氟磺胺草醚广泛应用于大豆田防除阔叶杂草,其长残留问题十分严重,微生物降解是解决氟磺胺草醚残留问题的有效途径。利用高压富集的方法,从长期施用氟磺胺草醚的田间土壤中,分离筛选出6株能够以氟磺胺草醚为唯一碳源生长的降解菌,其中一个菌株在查氏液体培养基中培养5d,对40mg a.i./L氟磺胺草醚的降解率为92.13%。通过形态特征鉴定并对该菌株18S rRNA的部分序列进行基因测序,对其在系统发育分类学上的地位加以分析,同时研究环境条件对其生长的影响。结果表明,该菌株为真菌,初步鉴定为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus),实验室命名为TZ1985。菌株TZ1985最适生长温度为25℃,最适培养基pH值为7.0,生长最适葡萄糖含量为0.6%,生长最适氟磺胺草醚的浓度是10mg a.i./L。

不同玉米品种对氟磺胺草醚的敏感性差异

为评价氟磺胺草醚对玉米的安全性，采用室内毒土法和酶活力测定法探讨不同玉米品种对氟磺胺草醚的敏感性差异及其机制。不同玉米品种对氟磺胺草醚的敏感性有较大差异，其中，东农888对氟磺胺草醚最敏感，IC50为0.59 mg·kg^-1，其次为垦粘1号，耐药倍数仅为1.10；龙467、高油186、龙单38等8个品种的敏感性中等，耐药倍数为2.88～5.25；吉单27、先玉335等6个品种表现出较强的耐药性，耐药倍数为5.71～8.83，其中，吉单27、先玉335和东农888、垦粘1号对氟磺胺草醚敏感性差异显著。氟磺胺草醚对4种玉米的PPO活性、叶绿素含量及光合速率影响均随残留量增加而逐渐增大，氟磺胺草醚对玉米PPO活性、叶绿素含量及光合速率的抑制与品种的耐药性呈负相关。研究表明，不同玉米品种对氟磺胺草醚产生的敏感性差异源于PPO活性差异。

氟磺胺草醚的生物测定方法研究

试验利用对氟磺胺草醚敏感的玉米、向日葵、高粱为指示作物,利用土培法研究了不同条件下,氟磺胺草醚不同浓度对作物的抑制作用,并建立了氟磺胺草醚玉米生物测定方法——玉米株高法。试验结果表明,最佳生物测定条件为在27℃条件下,培养120 h。研究结果对土壤中氟磺胺草醚的快速测定和轮作换茬具有重要意义。

pH对氟磺胺草醚水解的影响

采用试验分析方法研究了氟磺胺草醚在不同pH缓冲溶液中的水解作用。结果表明,随着溶液pH值的增大,氟磺胺草醚的水解反应逐渐减慢,速率常数K减小,半衰期相应地增大。氟磺胺草醚在pH为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0的缓冲液中的水解半衰期分别为105.74、157.41、183.26、215.16、247.40 d。

助剂对氟磺胺草醚除草活性及大豆安全性的影响

通过盆栽试验测定3种助剂(ZA、JA、FA)对氟磺胺草醚增效作用及大豆安全性影响。结果表明,3种助剂能显著增加氟磺胺草醚对反枝苋和龙葵的防除效果,对低剂量(<262.5 g·hm-2)水平下氟磺胺草醚增效作用高于高剂量水平(>375 g·hm-2);同一施药量水平下,FA增效作用高于JA和ZA,FA和JA间差异不显著,均显著高于ZA。添加助剂增加氟磺胺草醚对大豆表观药害症状,加重低剂量(262.5 g·hm-2)氟磺胺草醚对大豆生长抑制,不增加高剂量(>375 g·hm-2)氟磺胺草醚对大豆生长的抑制,3种助剂间差异不显著,不会影响药害恢复时间。

一株降解氟磺胺草醚的黑曲霉菌特性

从被氟磺胺草醚污染的土壤中筛选、富集培养了能够高效降解氟磺胺草醚的黑曲霉菌株S7。研究表明:低浓度氟磺胺草醚可促进黑曲霉菌株S7的生长,对氟磺胺草醚降解率较高;当氟磺胺草醚质量浓度在100mg/L情况下,碳源为1.0%,初始pH值为6,温度为28～36℃,接菌量为2%～3%,有利于黑曲霉菌株S7的生长、提高其活力,更利于对氟磺胺草醚的降解。

大豆苗后除草剂和表面活性剂多元混用的研究

在大豆田采用二次旋转回归设计测定了 3种大豆苗后除草剂 (虎威、苯达松、精喹禾灵 )和十二烷基苯磺酸钠 (ABS)、渗透剂JFC 5元混用的最佳配比和互作关系。药剂间的互作关系分别采用回归系数t测验法和变量轮换 -方差分析法测定。两种方法对除草剂间的互作关系判别结果一致。其结果表明 ,虎威 +苯达松对苘麻有增效作用 ,虎威 +精喹禾灵对反枝苋有拮抗作用 ,其余为相加作用或独立作用。对除草剂和表面活性剂的互作关系的评价结果 ,两种方法不一致。其原因是在不同剂量范围某些因素相互作用方式和程度有时有所不同。回归系数t测验表明的相互作用关系指的是整个试验剂量范围 ,而变量轮换 -方差分析法则能反映特定剂量内 (如最佳配比 )的相互作用关系。采用后者测定表明 ,在最佳配比范围内ABS和JFC与 3种除草剂组合有增效作用。采用微分法求混用的最佳配比 ,某些值会超出了试验水平范围 。