The Research Status and Enlightenment of Foreign Foodborne Disease Prevention and Control

Foodborne disease is a worldwide il ness and over 1 bil ion people get diseased every year. In China, thousands of foodborne diseases occur every year. It is proved that prevention is the most crucial for control ing foodborne disease. In the research, food safety monitoring system, laws and early warning system in the US and EU were introduced to explore the successful experience and monitoring or control mode suitable for China.

Helicobacter pylori:a foodborne pathogen?

Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is an organism that is widespread in the human population and is sometimes responsible for some of the most common chronic clinical disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract in humans, such as chronic-active gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcer disease, low-grade B-cell mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the stomach, and gastric adenocarcinoma, which is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The routes of infection have not yet been firmly established, and different routes of transmission have been suggested, although the most commonly accepted hypothesis is that infection takes place through the faecal-oral route and that contaminated water and foods might play an important role in transmission of the microorganism to humans. Furthermore, several authors have considered H. pylori to be a foodborne pathogen because of some of its microbiological and epidemiological characteristics. H. pylori has been detected in drinking water, seawater, vegetables and foods of animal origin. H. pylori survives in complex foodstuffs such as milk, vegetables and ready-to-eat foods. This review article presents an overview of the present knowledge on the microbiological aspects in terms of phenotypic characteristics and growth requirements of H. pylori, focusing on the potential role that foodstuffs and water may play in the transmission of the pathogen to humans and the methods successfully used for the detection of this microorganism in foodstuffs and water.

Discrimination of foodborne pathogenic bacteria using synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy

Traditional Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy has been recognized as a valuable method to characterize and classify kinds of microorganisms.In this study,combined with multivariate statistical analysis,synchrotron radiation-based FTIR(SR-FTIR) microspectroscopy was applied to identify and discriminate ten foodborne bacterial strains.Our results show that the whole spectra(3000-900 cm^(-1)) and three subdivided spectral regions(3000-2800,1800-1500 and 1200-900 cm^(-1),representing lipids,proteins and polysaccharides,respectively) can be used to type bacteria.Either the whole spectra or the three subdivided spectra are good for discriminating the bacteria at levels of species and subspecies,but the whole spectra should be given preference at the genus level.The findings demonstrate that SR-FTIR microspectroscopy is a powerful tool to identify and classify foodborne pathogenic bacteria at the genus,species and subspecies level.

Comparing invasive effects of five foodborne bacterial pathogens in human embryonic intestine 407 cells and human ileocecum HCT-8 cells

Objective: To refine the infectious doses of enteric bacterial pathogens in animal assays and vaccine clinical trials by studying the invasion kinetics of five bacterial pathogens with human intestinal cells.Methods: Utilizing in vitro cultured cell invasion assays with gentamicin-killing step,the invasive effects were analyzed in foodborne pathogens including Salmonella,Shigella, Yersinia, Escherichia coli(E. coli) O157 and opportunistic pathogens Citrobacter in human embryonic intestine 407 cells and ileocecum HCT-8 cells at multiplicities of infection(MOIs) of 0.04–4 000.00 E. coli HS served as a noninvasive control.Results: The study results showed that the bacterial invasive efficiency and the average number of internalized bacteria per host cell changed with different starting MOIs. Higher starting MOIs did not always produce more bacterial internalization. The bacterial invasion effects varied with different bacterial strains and host cell lines. E. coli O157:H7 did invade human ileocecum HCT-8 cells.Conclusions: This study shows that these bacteria possess different invasive patterns at various starting MOIs and also in different cell lines. The results could help to figure out the appropriate infectious doses of the bacteria in animal assays and in vaccine clinical trials. The bacterial invasion kinetics is also valuable in evaluating the safety and efficacy of live attenuated bacterial vaccines.

Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatio-temporal Patterns of Foodborne Diseases in Jinan, Northern China

Foodborne diseases(FBDs) represent a substantial, yet largely preventable, health burden and result in considerable morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries[1]. The FBDs Burden Epidemiology Reference Group(FERG)found that the global burden of FBDs is comparable to those of major infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, malaria, and tuberculosis[2].

Foodborne doping and supervision in sports

Cases of foodborne doping are frequently reported in sports events and can cause severe consequences for athletes.The foodborne doping can be divided into natural endogenous and artifi cially added foods according to the sources,including anabolic agents,stimulants,diuretics,β-blockers,β2 agonists and others.In order to control foodborne doping,chromatographic technique,immunoassay,nuclear magnetic resonance,biosensor technology,pyrolytic spectroscopy,comprehensive analysis and electrochemical analysis have usually used as analytical and inspection strategies.Meanwhile,the legislation of anti-doping,the improvement of testing standard and technology,and the prevention and control of food safety,as well as the improvement of risk perception of athletes are highly necessary for achieving the effective risk control and supervision of foodborne doping,which will be benefi cial for athletes,doctors and administrators to avoid the risks of foodborne doping test and reduce foodborne doping risks for the health of athletes.

Documented outbreaks of botulism:the impact of foodborne transmission

Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinums toxins.Although the disease is uncommon,causes great concern due to its high rate of mortality;foodbome outbreaks of botulism occur worldwide and require immediate public health and acute care resources.This study had a review of outstanding outbreaks published;Journals articles related to the subject.From the outbreaks analysis we found the most involved food products were;fermented fish products in Alaska;home canning food,oil preservation and restaurant sauce in London and USA;home canned vegetables,food airtight packed with inappropriate refrigeration and aerosols in Argentina.In conclusion,the diagnosis is based only on clinical findings matching the disease and previous exposure to suspicious food.Botulism must be immediately identified as one case suggests an epidemic and should be treated as a public health emergency.Therefore the purpose of the following review is to recognize the associated risks with the consumption of potentially dangerous foods,to help work our way on prevention for every public health professional to be aware of the dangers of this potentially lethal disease.

Foodborne parasitic diseases in China:A scoping review on current situation,epidemiological trends,prevention and control

Objective:Foodborne parasitic diseases,although with a declining overall incidence rate,are still endangering local public safety.This review aims to describe the current situation and epidemiological trends of foodborne parasitic diseases in China in order to explore possible reasons contributors to its high prevalence in some areas,and propose strategies for prevention and control accordingly.Methods:A scoping review was conducted by searching Pub Med,CNKI,Wanfang,CQVIP,Embase,and the Cochrane Library using search formula"foodborne parasitic diseases(or foodborne parasites)"AND"China".Studies on foodborne parasitic diseases in China were considered,but only articles in English or Chinese published between January 1980 and June 2020 were retrieved.Included studies were screened according to the eligibility criteria:1)diseases consistent with the WHO definition of foodborne parasitic diseases;2)the food carriers were included in the WHO food classification;3)data related to epidemiology,pathogenicity,and prevention and control;4)Foodborne parasitic diseases cases or outbreaks in China.Results:A total of 111 out of 665 records were included and summarized.The prevalence of clonorchiasis,angiostrongyliasis,echinococcosis,trichinellosis and cysticercosis was still increasing although the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes has substantially decreased in recent years.Diverse eating habits,close contact with animals,and urbanization were contributing factors to the increase.Conclusions:Foodborne parasitic diseases remain an important public health issue in China with the progress of economic globalization and food diversification.We should manage to raise public awareness about the prevention and control of foodborne parasitic diseases,improve health and safety inspections,as well as public health practice.

Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant producing bacteria from groundnut oil cake dumping site for the control of foodborne pathogens

Infection and intoxication are two common types of foodborne illnesses throughout the world.The aim of the present work was to isolate and characterize biosurfactant producing bacteria fromgroundnut oil cake dumping sites and evaluate their biocontrol effects against foodborne pathogens.Bacteria were isolated by enrichment culture technique and preliminary screening method.Biosurfactant activity evaluation was carried out by oil displacement,drop collapse test,lipase activity,hemolytic activity,emulsification index and emulsification assay methods.16s rRNA sequence analysis was used for the isolate identification.Crude biosurfactant was extracted by acid precipitation method and characterized using FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy).Antibacterial activity was investigated using disc diffusion method.CMCand surface reduction were analyzed by DuNouy tensiometer.Top 10 strains were selected for biosurfactant activity assessment from the total 30 isolates.In addition,16s rRNA sequence identified that the potential isolate was Bacillus pseudomycoides OR 1.Then,FTIR result of the extracted biosurfactant established the extract as a lipopeptide based on the absorption peaks at 3500 to 3200 cm^-1 and 2963 to 2854.68 cm^-1,respectively.50μg/mL of lipopeptide showed the highest antibacterial activity.Critical Micelle Concentration(CMC)of the lipopeptide was 60 mg/L and it reduced the surface tension of water from 71.6 to 31.6 mN/m.Hence,this study widens the scope to employ the bacterial lipopeptide surfactant as a promising biocontrol agent against foodborne pathogens.

Rapid label-free SERS detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria based on hafnium ditelluride-Au nanocomposites

Two-dimensional(2D)nanomaterials have captured an increasing attention in biophotonics owing to their excellent optical features.Herein,2D hafnium ditelluride(HfTe_(2)),a new member of transition metal tellurides,is exploited to support gold nanoparticles fabricating HfTe_(2)-Au nanocomposites.The nanohybrids can serve as novel 2D surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)substrate for the label-free detection of analyte with high sensitivity and reproducibility.Chemical mechanism originated from HfTe_(2) nanosheets and the electromagnetic enhancement induced by the hot spots on the nano-hybrids may largely contribute to the superior SERS effect of HfTe_(2)-Au nanocomposites.Finally,HfTe_(2)-Au nanocomposites are utilized for the label-free SERS analysis of foodborne pathogenic bac-teria,which realize the rapid and ultrasensitive Raman test of Escherichia coli,Listeria mono-cytogenes,Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella with the limit of detection of 10 CFU/mL and the maximum Raman enhancement factor up to 1.7×10^(8).Combined with principal component analysis,HfTe_(2)-Au-based SERS analysis also completes the bacterial classification without extra treatment.

Behaviour of Roofing Materials Facing to Micro-Organisms

An accelerated water-streaming test was used to evaluate several roofing materials regarding their behavior to colonization by algae, by closely reproducing the phenomenon of natural biological soiling. A set of roofing materials with defined physical and chemical characteristics was thus investigated against the colonization by algae. Porosity, roughness and chemical composition showed to be factors of influence in the establishment of those micro-organisms.

Effect of Natural Surface Secretes of Some Common Ornamental Plants Leaves on Pathogenic Micro-organisms

This study presents the antimicrobial effect of natural surface secretes of some common ornamental plants leaves （Ficus elastica, Philodendrom bipinnatifidum and Aglonema） against some pathogenic bacteria （ Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and Staph. Aureus）, and fungi （Microsporum gypseum and Aspergillus flavus）. It was concluded that all tested washing water of the plants leaves secretes exhibited various inhibitory effects, both Philodendrom more antibacterial activity than Ficus elastica. While both E. coli and P bipinnatifidum and Aglonema commutatum had exhibited aeruginosa were being more sensitive than Staph. aureus. The same inhibitory effects were observed when the plants leaves inoculated in their surface with pathogenic bacteria. In contrast to bacterial inhibitory effects, the washing water of natural surface secretes of tested ornamental plants leaves induced mycelium growth of both tested fungi. Microsporum gypseum mycelium growth induced more than Aspergillusflavus especially in case of the washing water of Ficus elastic that have highest effects at 7.5/500 mL of medium. This study concluded the uses of ornamental plants for the indoors and outdoors to control the growth of pathogenic microbes and problems associated with hospital.

High Optical Magnification Three-Dimensional Integral Imaging of Biological Micro-organism

A high optical magnification three-dimensional imaging system is proposed using an optic microscope whose ocular （eyepiece） is retained and the structure of the transmission mode is not destroyed. The elemental image array is captured through the micro lens array. Due to the front diffuse transmission element, each micro lens sees a slightly different spatial perspective of the scene, and a different independent image is formed in each micro lens channel. Each micro lens channel is imaged by a Fourier lens and captured by a CCD. The design translating the stage in x or y provides no parallax. Compared with the conventional integral imaging of micro-objects, the optical magnification of micro-objects in the proposed system can enhanced remarkably. The principle of the enhancement of the image depth is explained in detail and the experimental results are presented.

Micro-organic dust combustion considering particles thermal resistance

Organic dust flames deal with a field of science in which many complicated phenomena like pyrolysis or devolatization of solid particles and combustion of volatile particles take place. One-dimensional flame propagation in cloud of fuel mixture is analyzed in which flame structure is divided into three zones. The first zone is preheat zone in which rate of the chemical reaction is small and transfer phenomena play significant role in temperature and mass distributions. In this model, it is assumed that particles pyrolyze first to yield a gaseous fuel mixture. The second zone is reaction zone where convection and vaporization rates of the particles are small. The third zone is convection zone where diffusive terms are negligible in comparison of other terms. Non-zero Biot number is used in order to study effect of particles thermal resistance on flame characteristics. Also, effect of particle size on combustion of micro organic dust is investigated. According to obtained results, it is understood that both flame temperature and burning velocity decrease with rise in the Biot number and particle size.

Global burden of enteric infections related foodborne diseases,1990-2021:findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background:Understanding the global burden of enteric infections is crucial for prioritizing control strategies for foodborne and waterborne diseases.This study aimed to assess the global burden of enteric infections in 2021 and identify risk factors from One Health aspects.Methods:Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,the incidence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and deaths of enteric infections and the subtypes were estimated,including diarrheal diseases,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella(iNTS)infections,and other intestinal infectious diseases.The estimates were quantified by absolute number,age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)and age-standardized DALY rate with 95%uncertainty intervals(UIs).Thirteen pathogens and three risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases were analyzed.Results:In 2021,the global age-standardized DALY rate of enteric infections was 1020.15 per 100,000 popultion(95%UI:822.70-1259.39 per 100,000 population)with an estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of-4.11%(95%confidence interval:-4.31%to-3.90%)in 1990-2021.A larger burden was observed in regions with lower socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.Diarrheal disease was the most serious subtype with Western Sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting the highest age-standardized DALY rate(2769.81 per 100,000 population,95%UI:1976.80-3674.41 per 100,000 population).Children under 5 and adults over 65 years suffered more from diarrheal diseases with the former experiencing the highest global age-standardized DALY rate(9382.46 per 100,000 population,95%UI:6771.76-13,075.12 per 100,000 population).Rotavirus remained the leading cause of diarrheal diseases despite a cross-year decline in the observed age-standardized DALY rate.Unsafe water,sanitation,and handwashing contributed most to the disease burden.Conclusion:The reduced burden of enteric infections suggested the effectiveness of previous control strategies;however,more efforts should be made in vulnerable regions and populations through a One Health approach.

多重连接探针扩增技术在食品安全检测中的应用研究进展

阐述了多重连接探针扩增(MLPA)技术在食品过敏原检测、食品掺假、食源性致病菌和转基因食品检测中的应用现状,并对该技术在食品安全检测领域的发展趋势和挑战进行展望。

2018-2022年玉溪市食源性疾病监测分析

目的了解玉溪市食源性疾病的发病情况,为制定针对性防控措施做好数据和理论支持。方法本文收集2018年1月-2022年12月玉溪市食源性疾病监测数据,以SPSS25.0进行统计学分析,按食源性疾病的时间、空间、人群、可疑食品分布等描述玉溪市食源性疾病特征。结果2018年1月-2022年12月玉溪市监测到食源性疾病暴发事件782起,发病人数3412人,有明显的季节性,可疑食品主要为野生菌及其制品,食品来源场所主要为家庭,易发人群集中于20~59岁,主要为农民。结论玉溪市食源性疾病存在明显季节性、来源场所集中、人群发病差异、物种明确程度低的特点,应加强时间节点、场所、易发人群和高危食品的监督管理。

2022年潍坊市食品中微生物监测结果分析

目的:通过监测分析潍坊市2022年食品中微生物的污染状况,为完善食品安全监管提供依据。方法:按照相关监测方案的要求在不同场所随机采样,对所获样品进行微生物检验,并分析检测结果。结果:在222份样品中,微生物阳性检出率为22.52%,主要包括即食生制水产品、直饮水、流动摊档、外卖配送餐等食品种类。食源性致病菌中蜡样芽孢杆菌(32.00%)及副溶血性弧菌(24.00%)的检出率较高。阳性检出率较高的场所主要包括社区制水点、学校、农贸市场、餐饮店等。不同采样时间、地点样品的阳性检出率差异不显著。结论:潍坊市食品中微生物阳性检出率,尤其是食源性致病菌检出率较高,提示潍坊市食品污染情况较为突出,存在引起食源性疾病的可能性,需进一步加强监管。

宁德市2018—2020年食源性疾病监测结果分析

目的:分析宁德市食源性疾病的流行病学特征,为制定宁德市的食源性疾病防控政策提供科学有效的依据。方法:收集整理2018—2020年宁德市食源性疾病监测结果数据,利用描述流行病学的方法进行分析和讨论。结果:宁德市2018—2020年共上报食源性疾病患者9706例,男、女比例为0.94∶1.00,25~34岁年龄组患者数最多(占18.39%),发病高峰期为12月份(占20.10%),患者以农民为主(占34.30%),临床症状以消化系统症状为主(占98.19%),暴露食品种类以水产动物及其制品为主(占31.08%),宁德市2018—2020年食源性疾病暴露场所最多的是家庭(占63.48%)。结论:根据宁德市食源性疾病的流行特点,充分利用多种信息化渠道,并结合现场宣传工作,开展线上线下健康宣传,进一步加强对食源性疾病知识的宣传和健康教育工作,提升居民食品安全意识,预防和减少食源性疾病的发生。

中美李斯特菌病流行特点和食品溯源及对我国的启示

目的分析比较美国和中国李斯特菌病(Listeriosis)的流行特点,为我国李斯特菌病的防控提供参考依据。方法对美国2009-2021年李斯特菌病监测资料进行描述性统计分析,并根据美国疫情监测数据进行食品归因估计。国内数据来源:搜集中国知网、万方医学、维普等数据库报道的李斯特菌病病例,并对散发病例的流行病学特征进行描述性统计,同时对食品溯源成功的案例进行回顾性分析。结果美国2009—2021年共报告1037例李斯特菌病病例,住院902人,死亡165人。因单增李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes,L.monocytogenes)污染食品引起的发病高峰在7月份,其发病人数、住院人数和死亡人数分别占总数的18.4%(191/1037)、20.5%(185/902)和22.4%(37/165)。大多数李斯特菌病的暴发被归因于3类食物:乳制品、行作蔬菜和水果,归因百分比的范围在73.8%~89.6%。中国李斯特菌病的总体发病数量不高,2009-2021年共报告619例,有详细发病年份记载的仅177例,其中2018年最多为26例。有详细发病月份报道的病例有220例,其中4月份发病人数最多为30例。中国的李斯特菌病病例资料不完善,且多散在发生,仅7例病例成功追溯到原因食品。结论美国对Lm的监测资料比较完善,食源性暴发病例较多,乳制品、行作蔬菜和水果是最容易引起疾病暴发的原因食品,中国仅有散发病例报道。中国应逐步完善多部门协作机制,实现数据共享并加深对数据的挖掘,加快推进食源性致病微生物的检测技术的进步,防止Lm污染食品引起疾病的暴发,保障食品安全和人民健康。