Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD va...Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.展开更多
Today,with the rapid development of the internet,a large amount of information often accompanies the rapid transmission of disease outbreaks,and increasing numbers of scholars are studying the relationship between inf...Today,with the rapid development of the internet,a large amount of information often accompanies the rapid transmission of disease outbreaks,and increasing numbers of scholars are studying the relationship between information and the disease transmission process using complex networks.In fact,the disease transmission process is very complex.Besides this information,there will often be individual behavioral measures and other factors to consider.Most of the previous research has aimed to establish a two-layer network model to consider the impact of information on the transmission process of disease,rarely divided into information and behavior,respectively.To carry out a more in-depth analysis of the disease transmission process and the intrinsic influencing mechanism,this paper divides information and behavior into two layers and proposes the establishment of a complex network to study the dynamic co-evolution of information diffusion,vaccination behavior,and disease transmission.This is achieved by considering four influential relationships between adjacent layers in multilayer networks.In the information layer,the diffusion process of negative information is described,and the feedback effects of local and global vaccination are considered.In the behavioral layer,an individual's vaccination behavior is described,and the probability of an individual receiving a vaccination is influenced by two factors:the influence of negative information,and the influence of local and global disease severity.In the disease layer,individual susceptibility is considered to be influenced by vaccination behavior.The state transition equations are derived using the micro Markov chain approach(MMCA),and disease prevalence thresholds are obtained.It is demonstrated through simulation experiments that the negative information diffusion is less influenced by local vaccination behavior,and is mainly influenced by global vaccination behavior;vaccination behavior is mainly influenced by local disease conditions,and is less influenced by global disease conditions;the disease transmission threshold increases with the increasing vaccination rate;and the scale of disease transmission increases with the increasing negative information diffusion rate and decreases with the increasing vaccination rate.Finally,it is found that when individual vaccination behavior considers both the influence of negative information and disease,it can increase the disease transmission threshold and reduce the scale of disease transmission.Therefore,we should resist the diffusion of negative information,increase vaccination proportions,and take appropriate protective measures in time.展开更多
In this article, the transmission dynamics of a Hand-Foot-Mouth disease model with treatment and vaccination interventions are studied. We calculated the basic reproduction number and proved the global stability of di...In this article, the transmission dynamics of a Hand-Foot-Mouth disease model with treatment and vaccination interventions are studied. We calculated the basic reproduction number and proved the global stability of disease-free equilibrium when R0 R0 > 1. Meanwhile, we obtained the optimal control strategies minimizing the cost of intervention and minimizing the infected person. We also give some numerical simulations to verify our theoretical results.展开更多
BACKGROUND Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)which were approved for emergency use have been administered on a large scale globally to contain the pandemic coronavirus disease...BACKGROUND Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)which were approved for emergency use have been administered on a large scale globally to contain the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and to save lives.Vaccine safety is one of the issues under surveillance and a possible correlation between vaccines and thyroid function has been reported.However,reports of the impact of coronavirus vaccines on those with Graves’disease(GD)are rare.CASE SUMMARY This paper presents two patients with underlying GD in remission,both developed thyrotoxicosis and one developed thyroid storm following the adenovirus-vectored vaccine(Oxford-AstraZeneca,United Kingdom).The objective of this article is to raise awareness regarding a possible association between COVID-19 vaccination and the onset of thyroid dysfunction in patients with underlying GD in remission.CONCLUSION Receiving either the mRNA or an adenovirus-vectored vaccine for SARS-CoV-2could be safe under effective treatment.Vaccine induced thyroid dysfunction has been reported,but the pathophysiology still not well understood.Further investigation is required to evaluate the possible predisposing factors for developing thyrotoxicosis especially in patients with underlying GD.However,early awareness of thyroid dysfunction following vaccination could avoid a lifethreatening event.展开更多
Background:Understanding and minimizing existing global coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccination disparities is critical to global population health and eliminating health inequities.The study aims to investigate...Background:Understanding and minimizing existing global coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccination disparities is critical to global population health and eliminating health inequities.The study aims to investigate the disparities of vaccination coverage and progression and the associated economic and educational determinants to inform global COVID-19 vaccination strategies.Methods:COVID-19 vaccination coverage data from 206 countries used in the study were derived from“Our World in Data”website.After obtaining the vaccination coverage indicators,we fitted the progression indicators for vaccination.Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the effects of gross domestic product(GDP)per capita,Gini index,education,and their interactions on the coverage and progression of the COVID-19 vaccination.Results:The coverage of COVID-19 vaccination ranged from less than 30 doses to more than 150 doses per hundred people,from less than 15%to more than 75%for proportion of people vaccinated,from less than 15%to more than 60%for proportion of people fully vaccinated.Similarly,the progression of vaccination ranged from less than 0.1 to more than 0.6 for progression of total number of doses,from less than 0.1 to more than 0.3 for progression of proportion of people vaccinated,and from less than 0.1 to more than 0.4 for progression of proportion of people fully vaccinated.GDP per capita and education were positively associated with the coverage and progression,while Gini index was negatively associated with the coverage and progression.Negative interaction between GDP per capita and education was also observed for coverage(0=-0.012 to-0.011,P<0.05)and progression(0=-0.012 to-0.011,P<0.05).Conclusions:Substantial geographic disparities existed for the coverage and progression of COVID-19 vaccination.展开更多
Effects of attenuated highly pathogenic pig reproductive and respiratory syndrome(HP-PRRS)TJM-F92 strain vaccine on immune antibody level against classical swine fever(CSF)and foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)were stu...Effects of attenuated highly pathogenic pig reproductive and respiratory syndrome(HP-PRRS)TJM-F92 strain vaccine on immune antibody level against classical swine fever(CSF)and foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)were studied from October 8 to November 12 in 2014,in order to optimize vaccination program of CSF,HP-PRRS and FMD and to provide scientific guidance for animal disease control and prevention work.The results showed that attenuated HP-PRRS(TJMF92 strain)vaccine had no significant effect on immune antibody level of hog cholera lapinized virus(HCLV,ST passage cell vaccine)attenuated vaccine and FMD-O inactivated vaccines(OZK/93 strain),and single or combined use of three vaccines received good immunization effects.展开更多
Vaccination has played a crucial role in combating infectious diseases for human and has made significant contributions to global public health.Successful vaccination has eradicated many life-threatening diseases,such...Vaccination has played a crucial role in combating infectious diseases for human and has made significant contributions to global public health.Successful vaccination has eradicated many life-threatening diseases,such as smallpox and polio[1].The World Health Organization estimates that vaccines can prevent 2–3 million deaths from tetanus,pertussis,influenza,and measles annually.展开更多
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations have been administered worldwide, with occasional reports of associated neurological complications. Specifically, the impact of vacci...BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations have been administered worldwide, with occasional reports of associated neurological complications. Specifically, the impact of vaccinations on individuals with Xlinked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1(CMTX1) is unclear. Patients with CMTX1 can have stroke-like episodes with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), although this is rare.CASE SUMMARY A 39-year-old man was admitted with episodic aphasia and dysphagia for 2 d. He received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination 39 d before admission. Physical examination showed pes cavus and reduced tendon reflexes. Brain MRI showed bilateral, symmetrical, restricted diffusion with T2 hyperintensities in the cerebral hemispheres. Nerve conduction studies revealed peripheral nerve damage. He was diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and a hemizygous mutation in the GJB1 gene on the X chromosome, known to be pathogenic for CMTX1, was identified. Initially, we suspected transient ischemic attack or demyelinating leukoencephalopathy. We initiated treatment with antithrombotic therapy and immunotherapy. At 1.5 mo after discharge, brain MRI showed complete resolution of lesions, with no recurrence.CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could be a predisposing factor for CMTX1 and trigger a sudden presentation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Patients with immune-mediated diseases,such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)are at increased risk of developing infections,due to disease-related immune dysfunction a...BACKGROUND Patients with immune-mediated diseases,such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)are at increased risk of developing infections,due to disease-related immune dysfunction and applying of immunosuppressive drugs.AIM To evaluate vaccine coverage in patients with IBD and JIA,and compare it with healthy children.METHODS In the cross-sectional study we included the data from a questionnaire survey of 190 Legal representatives of children with JIA(n=81),IBD(n=51),and healthy children(HC,n=58).An electronic online questionnaire was created for the survey.RESULTS There were female predominance in JIA patients and younger onset age.Parents of JIA had higher education levels.Employment level and family status were similar in the three studied groups.Patients with JIA and IBD had lower vaccine coverage,without parental rejection of vaccinations in IBD,compare to JIA and healthy controls.The main reason for incomplete vaccination was medical conditions in IBD and JIA.IBD patients had a lower rate of normal vaccine-associated reactions compared to JIA and HC.The encouraging role of physicians for vaccinations was the lowest in JIA patients.IBD patients had more possibilities to check antibodies before immune-suppressive therapy and had more supplementary vaccinations compared to JIA and HC.CONCLUSION JIA and IBD patients had lower vaccine coverage compared to HC.Physicians'encouragement of vaccination and the impossibility of discus about future vaccinations and their outcomes seemed the main factors for patients with immune-mediated diseases,influencing vaccine coverage.Further investigations are required to understand the reasons for incomplete vaccinations and improve vaccine coverage in both groups,especially in rheumatic disease patients.The approaches that stimulate vaccination in healthy children are not always optimal in children with immunemediated diseases.It is necessary to provide personalized vaccine-encouraging strategies for parents of chronically ill children with the following validation of these technics.展开更多
Background:The monkey pox virus is caused by monkey pox(MPX),which is similar to both smallpox and cowpox.Near tropical rain forests,it usually occurs in isolated communities in Central and West Africa.The monkey pox ...Background:The monkey pox virus is caused by monkey pox(MPX),which is similar to both smallpox and cowpox.Near tropical rain forests,it usually occurs in isolated communities in Central and West Africa.The monkey pox virus,a member of the family Poxviridae and belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.Close contact with infected animals,sick people,or contaminated inanimate things can cause the virus to spread to humans.The illness typically takes 7 to 14 days to incubate and is characterized by fever,headache,lethargy,myalgia,generalized body pains,lymph node swelling,and skin lesions.Given the variety of illnesses that can result in skin rashes,it could be challenging to differentiate monkey pox solely based on clinical presentation,particularly for patients with an uncommon look.Objective:The main objective of the study is to evaluate public perceptions regarding the emerging human monkey pox disease and vaccination.Methods:The study was conducted using a cross-sectional study design.The sample size was 472 participants;however,10 questionnaires were excluded because of invalid data.The 462 questionnaires were included by expert validation from the general public of Rawalpindi and Islamabad,Pakistan.The data were analyzed using Chi-squared tests.Results:This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 15 Sep to 15 Oct 2022.The participants’perceptions,knowledge,and attitudes were collected via a 24-item-based questionnaire survey.The survey was based on 462 participants,196(42.4%)were females,and 266(57.6%)were males.The results reveal that out of 462 participants,clinical symptoms of monkey pox disease 82.7%(382),complications of monkey pox disease 81.2%(375),lymphadenopathy(swollen lymph nodes)is one clinical feature that could be used to differentiate between monkey pox and smallpox 81.2%(375)and monkey pox is common in Western and Central Africa 24.2%(112).Furthermore,the majority of participants(P≤0.05)agreed that health officials should start a vaccination campaign to combat monkey pox.Regarding preventive measures and vaccination campaigns,health officials should take public preventive measures 79.7%(368)and health officials start a vaccination campaign against monkey pox disease 56.3%(260).Conclusion:There was a significant difference seen in the public perception regarding monkey pox preventive measures and vaccination.The International health authorities must take priority-based preventative measures to prevent the spread of monkey pox disease around the world.展开更多
Some studies showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccination is similar to that one found in general population except for vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV).The non-responsiveness to HBV...Some studies showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccination is similar to that one found in general population except for vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV).The non-responsiveness to HBV vaccine has also been described in healthy people,nevertheless the number of non-responders has been demonstrated to be higher in celiac disease (CD) patients than in healthy controls.Several hypothesis explaining this higher rate of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients have been described,such as the genetic hypothesis,according with CD patients carrying the disease-specific haplotype HLA-B8,DR3,and DQ2,show a lower response to HBV vaccine both in clinical expressed CD patients and in healthy people carrying the same haplotype.On the other hand,it has been demonstrated that the gluten intake during the vaccination seems to influence the response to the same vaccine.Moreover,it has been demonstrated a possible genetic predisposition to hepatitis B vaccine nonresponsiveness likely due to the presence of specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and specific single nucleotide polymorphism in genes of cytokine/cytokinereceptors and toll like receptors,but the pathogenic mechanism responsible for this low responsiveness still remains unclear.The aim of this review is to focus on the possible pathogenic causes of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients and to propose an alternative vaccination schedule in order to improve the responsiveness to HBV vaccine in this at-risk patients.展开更多
The patient with inflammatory bowel disease will be predisposed to numerous infections due their immune status. It is therefore important to understand the immune and serologic status at diagnosis and to put the patie...The patient with inflammatory bowel disease will be predisposed to numerous infections due their immune status. It is therefore important to understand the immune and serologic status at diagnosis and to put the patient into an adapted vaccination program. This program would be applied differently according to two patient groups: the immunocompromised and the non-immunocom-promised. In general, the first group would avoid the use of live-virus vaccines, and in all cases, inflammatory bowel disease treatment would take precedence over vaccine risk. It is important to individualize vaccination schedules according to the type of patient, the treatment used and the disease pattern.In addition, patient with inflammatory bowel disease should be considered for the following vaccines: varicella vaccine, human papilloma virus, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine.展开更多
Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic...Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.展开更多
Broiler breeder vaccination against IBD is usually based on the injection of at least one inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, typically included in a combined vaccine. Priming using one or several IBD vaccine (s) has...Broiler breeder vaccination against IBD is usually based on the injection of at least one inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, typically included in a combined vaccine. Priming using one or several IBD vaccine (s) has been the most common way to immunize the breeders so far. In summary, protection against vvIBD challenge in chicks of one commercial genetic line vaccinated in ovo with the HVT-IBD vector vaccine was demonstrated. The parents’ IBD vaccination program, using the HVT-IBD vector vaccine alone, the HVT-IBD vector vaccine plus IBD inactivated vaccine, and inactivated IBD vaccine alone, did not impair their progeny’s in ovo HVT-IBD vector vaccine take and subsequent protection against vvIBD virus challenge. An advantage in terms of immunization of the progeny against vvIBD was shown in the chicks born to breeders vaccinated with the HVT-IBD vaccine as a primer, as compared to breeders vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine alone. High level of IBD maternally-derived antibodies transmitted to the progeny by their parents induces together with an early onset of immunity by in ovo injection of a HVT-IBD vector vaccine clinical protection, as monitored on bursas, after vvIBD virus challenge.展开更多
Vaccine is a principal and highly cost-effective medical method on controlling infectious diseases and improving population health.Various vaccines are eagerly needed in the low-income countries along the Belt&Roa...Vaccine is a principal and highly cost-effective medical method on controlling infectious diseases and improving population health.Various vaccines are eagerly needed in the low-income countries along the Belt&Road.With the good quality to reach WHO prequalification standard,and the abundant capacity to fulfill the demand from market abroad,upon the platform of China-proposed"the Belt&Road Initiative",the vaccines manufactured in China are exporting to countries worldwide.The independent innovative vaccines'R&D system,which fruited a series of innovative infectious diseases vaccines(EV71 vaccine,sIPV,HEV,Ebola vaccine,etc.)to be launched in Chinese market,indicates that China has developed rapidly from"a great vaccine-production country"to"a powerful vaccine-innovation country".The implementation of National Innovation-driven Development Strategy would further push forward the developm ent and internationalization process of Chinese innovative vaccines.Therefore,the China-invented vaccines will make an important role in the prevention and control of infectious disease in various countries and become one of the most powerful weapons in fighting the global epidemic event in the future.展开更多
Lymphocystis disease,caused by the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV),is a significant worldwide problem in fish industry causing substantial economic losses.In this study,we aimed to develop the DNA vaccine against LC...Lymphocystis disease,caused by the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV),is a significant worldwide problem in fish industry causing substantial economic losses.In this study,we aimed to develop the DNA vaccine against LCDV,using DNA vaccination technology.We evaluated plasmid pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3 kb as a DNA vaccine candidate.The plasmid DNA was transiently expressed after liposome transfection into the eukaryotic COS 7 cell line.The distribution and expression of the DNA vaccine (pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3kb) were also analyzed in tissues of the vaccinated Japanese flounder by PCR,RT-PCR and fluorescent microscopy.Results from PCR analysis indicated that the vaccine-containing plasmids were distributed in injected muscle,the muscle opposite the injection site,the hind intestine,gill,spleen,head,kidney and liver,6 and 25 days after vaccination.The vaccine plasmids disappeared 100 d post-vaccination.Fluorescent microscopy revealed green fluorescence in the injected muscle,the muscle opposite the injection site,the hind intestine,gill,spleen,head,kidney and liver of fish 48 h post-vaccination,green fluorescence did not appear in the control treated tissue.Green fluorescence became weak at 60 days post-vaccination.RT-PCR analysis indicated that the mcp gene was expressed in all tested tissues of vaccinated fish 6-50 days post-vaccination.These results demonstrate that the antigen encoded by the DNA vaccine is distributed and expressed in all of the tissues analyzed in the vaccinated fish.The antigen would therefore potentially initiate a specific immune response.The plasmid DNA was injected into Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) intramuscularly and antibodies against LCDV were evaluated.The results indicate that the plasmid encoded DNA vaccine could induce an immune response to LCDV and would therefore offer immune protection against LCD.Further studies are required for the development and application of this promising DNA vaccine.展开更多
Celiac disease(CD) is an immune-mediated systemic condition evoked by ingestion of gluten and related prolamines in genetically susceptible subjects. The disease is featured by a variable combination of clinical signs...Celiac disease(CD) is an immune-mediated systemic condition evoked by ingestion of gluten and related prolamines in genetically susceptible subjects. The disease is featured by a variable combination of clinical signs, specific antibodies, HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, and enteropathy. Vaccination is the most potent intervention for infectious disease prevention. Several factors including age, gender, ethnicity, quality and quantity of vaccine antigen, doses, and route of administration can influence immune response to vaccination, although the main cause of variation in the responsiveness among vaccine recipients is host genetic variability. The HLA system has a fundamental role in identifying the antigens introduced into the host with the vaccines and in the development of specific antibodies, and some HLA phenotypes have been associated with a less effective immunological response. The available literature indicates that the immunological response to vaccines in CD children does not differ markedly from that of general population and antibody titres are high enough to provide long-term protection, except for hepatitis B virus vaccine. In this article, we review and discuss the scarce literature in this field in order to provide clinical practice guidelines to achieve the most efficient monitoring of the response to vaccines in pediatric CD patients.展开更多
The majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) achieve good control of the inflammatory activity using available therapies. When remission is achieved and quality of life recovered, a considerable prop...The majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) achieve good control of the inflammatory activity using available therapies. When remission is achieved and quality of life recovered, a considerable proportion of IBD patients express their desire to travel abroad, be it for business, academic or leisure purposes. Their physicians should help and encourage them whenever possible. However, preventive measures are warranted to minimize the risk, since IBD patients are exposed to the same infections affecting the general population, plus opportunistic infections (OI) related to the immunosuppression. There are a large number of potential OI that might affect patients with IBD. The true prevalence of these infections is unknown, and can vary from country to country. Therefore, reactivation or de novo acquisition of infections such as tuberculosis, malaria, and viral hepatitis will be much more frequent in endemic areas. Therefore, physicians should beaware of these aspects when planning specific preventive measures for patients traveling to a particular country. This includes good control of environmental exposure, chemoprophylaxis when indicated, and the use of a specific vaccination program to prevent endemic infections. In addition, it should be noted that, though the risk of acquiring an infectious disease is probably greater for IBD patients traveling from a developed to a developing country, the inverse situation can also occur; it depends on the previous acquired immunity of the host against infections in any particular environment.展开更多
Inflammatory bowel disease patients are prone to immunosuppression due to effects of their medications. Physicians are recommended to assess vaccination status and overall health in all patients, prior to initiation o...Inflammatory bowel disease patients are prone to immunosuppression due to effects of their medications. Physicians are recommended to assess vaccination status and overall health in all patients, prior to initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressant medications in women with inflammatory bowel disease are often continued during pregnancy, which can result in newborns having an increased risk of immunosuppression at birth. While medication-induced immunosuppression in infants is transient, parents should be counselled about delaying live vaccine administration in newborns until they are immune competent. A retrospective study was done over six months at an urban multispecialty medical center to assess whether physicians are counselling pregnant immunosuppressed inflammatory bowel disease patients regarding live vaccinations in their newborns. The study revealed that only 57% of patients had documented counselling in their charts. Further studies are necessary to determine physician counselling practices of pregnant women about live vaccines. It is critical that physicians and patients are aware of the risks of immunosuppression in pregnancy and the potential impact of live vaccinesupon the newborn.展开更多
文摘Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, and Chinese government adopts compulsory immunization measures for FMD. The adverse effects of FMD vaccine to pigs, cattle and goats have been reported increasingly frequent during the spring and autumn seasons when large numbers of farm livestock are vaccinated. The financial losses caused by vaccine adverse effects have been a serious concern for both farmers and primary prevention personnel. There are various causative factors reported to involve into adverse effect of FMD vaccine, including the inappropriate vaccine production, transportation and storage, livestock poor tolerance, and unqualified vaccinating manipulations. Symptomatic treatment and early drug prevention have a certain effect on the adverse effects. To analyze causes and propose countermeasures, in the current study possible reasons during the production and processing procedures of inactivated FMD vaccine were reviewed and corresponding countermeasures were recommended. The review may provide references for better use of vaccine to prevent FMD.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 72174121 and 71774111)the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learningthe Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant No. 21ZR1444100)
文摘Today,with the rapid development of the internet,a large amount of information often accompanies the rapid transmission of disease outbreaks,and increasing numbers of scholars are studying the relationship between information and the disease transmission process using complex networks.In fact,the disease transmission process is very complex.Besides this information,there will often be individual behavioral measures and other factors to consider.Most of the previous research has aimed to establish a two-layer network model to consider the impact of information on the transmission process of disease,rarely divided into information and behavior,respectively.To carry out a more in-depth analysis of the disease transmission process and the intrinsic influencing mechanism,this paper divides information and behavior into two layers and proposes the establishment of a complex network to study the dynamic co-evolution of information diffusion,vaccination behavior,and disease transmission.This is achieved by considering four influential relationships between adjacent layers in multilayer networks.In the information layer,the diffusion process of negative information is described,and the feedback effects of local and global vaccination are considered.In the behavioral layer,an individual's vaccination behavior is described,and the probability of an individual receiving a vaccination is influenced by two factors:the influence of negative information,and the influence of local and global disease severity.In the disease layer,individual susceptibility is considered to be influenced by vaccination behavior.The state transition equations are derived using the micro Markov chain approach(MMCA),and disease prevalence thresholds are obtained.It is demonstrated through simulation experiments that the negative information diffusion is less influenced by local vaccination behavior,and is mainly influenced by global vaccination behavior;vaccination behavior is mainly influenced by local disease conditions,and is less influenced by global disease conditions;the disease transmission threshold increases with the increasing vaccination rate;and the scale of disease transmission increases with the increasing negative information diffusion rate and decreases with the increasing vaccination rate.Finally,it is found that when individual vaccination behavior considers both the influence of negative information and disease,it can increase the disease transmission threshold and reduce the scale of disease transmission.Therefore,we should resist the diffusion of negative information,increase vaccination proportions,and take appropriate protective measures in time.
文摘In this article, the transmission dynamics of a Hand-Foot-Mouth disease model with treatment and vaccination interventions are studied. We calculated the basic reproduction number and proved the global stability of disease-free equilibrium when R0 R0 > 1. Meanwhile, we obtained the optimal control strategies minimizing the cost of intervention and minimizing the infected person. We also give some numerical simulations to verify our theoretical results.
文摘BACKGROUND Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)which were approved for emergency use have been administered on a large scale globally to contain the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and to save lives.Vaccine safety is one of the issues under surveillance and a possible correlation between vaccines and thyroid function has been reported.However,reports of the impact of coronavirus vaccines on those with Graves’disease(GD)are rare.CASE SUMMARY This paper presents two patients with underlying GD in remission,both developed thyrotoxicosis and one developed thyroid storm following the adenovirus-vectored vaccine(Oxford-AstraZeneca,United Kingdom).The objective of this article is to raise awareness regarding a possible association between COVID-19 vaccination and the onset of thyroid dysfunction in patients with underlying GD in remission.CONCLUSION Receiving either the mRNA or an adenovirus-vectored vaccine for SARS-CoV-2could be safe under effective treatment.Vaccine induced thyroid dysfunction has been reported,but the pathophysiology still not well understood.Further investigation is required to evaluate the possible predisposing factors for developing thyrotoxicosis especially in patients with underlying GD.However,early awareness of thyroid dysfunction following vaccination could avoid a lifethreatening event.
文摘Background:Understanding and minimizing existing global coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccination disparities is critical to global population health and eliminating health inequities.The study aims to investigate the disparities of vaccination coverage and progression and the associated economic and educational determinants to inform global COVID-19 vaccination strategies.Methods:COVID-19 vaccination coverage data from 206 countries used in the study were derived from“Our World in Data”website.After obtaining the vaccination coverage indicators,we fitted the progression indicators for vaccination.Correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to examine the effects of gross domestic product(GDP)per capita,Gini index,education,and their interactions on the coverage and progression of the COVID-19 vaccination.Results:The coverage of COVID-19 vaccination ranged from less than 30 doses to more than 150 doses per hundred people,from less than 15%to more than 75%for proportion of people vaccinated,from less than 15%to more than 60%for proportion of people fully vaccinated.Similarly,the progression of vaccination ranged from less than 0.1 to more than 0.6 for progression of total number of doses,from less than 0.1 to more than 0.3 for progression of proportion of people vaccinated,and from less than 0.1 to more than 0.4 for progression of proportion of people fully vaccinated.GDP per capita and education were positively associated with the coverage and progression,while Gini index was negatively associated with the coverage and progression.Negative interaction between GDP per capita and education was also observed for coverage(0=-0.012 to-0.011,P<0.05)and progression(0=-0.012 to-0.011,P<0.05).Conclusions:Substantial geographic disparities existed for the coverage and progression of COVID-19 vaccination.
文摘Effects of attenuated highly pathogenic pig reproductive and respiratory syndrome(HP-PRRS)TJM-F92 strain vaccine on immune antibody level against classical swine fever(CSF)and foot-and-mouth disease(FMD)were studied from October 8 to November 12 in 2014,in order to optimize vaccination program of CSF,HP-PRRS and FMD and to provide scientific guidance for animal disease control and prevention work.The results showed that attenuated HP-PRRS(TJMF92 strain)vaccine had no significant effect on immune antibody level of hog cholera lapinized virus(HCLV,ST passage cell vaccine)attenuated vaccine and FMD-O inactivated vaccines(OZK/93 strain),and single or combined use of three vaccines received good immunization effects.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371832 to X.Z.,and 81991491 to Q.Z.,)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(2023NSCQ-MSX1536 to X.Z.)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J011235 to X.Z.)Chongqing Education Commission of Science and Technology Research Project(KJQN202300453 to X.Z.).
文摘Vaccination has played a crucial role in combating infectious diseases for human and has made significant contributions to global public health.Successful vaccination has eradicated many life-threatening diseases,such as smallpox and polio[1].The World Health Organization estimates that vaccines can prevent 2–3 million deaths from tetanus,pertussis,influenza,and measles annually.
基金Supported by Shenzhen Science and Technology Project,No. SGLH20180628161804465The Clinical Research Project of The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University,No. 20203357035 and No. 20223357021。
文摘BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations have been administered worldwide, with occasional reports of associated neurological complications. Specifically, the impact of vaccinations on individuals with Xlinked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1(CMTX1) is unclear. Patients with CMTX1 can have stroke-like episodes with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), although this is rare.CASE SUMMARY A 39-year-old man was admitted with episodic aphasia and dysphagia for 2 d. He received SARS-CoV-2 vaccination 39 d before admission. Physical examination showed pes cavus and reduced tendon reflexes. Brain MRI showed bilateral, symmetrical, restricted diffusion with T2 hyperintensities in the cerebral hemispheres. Nerve conduction studies revealed peripheral nerve damage. He was diagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and a hemizygous mutation in the GJB1 gene on the X chromosome, known to be pathogenic for CMTX1, was identified. Initially, we suspected transient ischemic attack or demyelinating leukoencephalopathy. We initiated treatment with antithrombotic therapy and immunotherapy. At 1.5 mo after discharge, brain MRI showed complete resolution of lesions, with no recurrence.CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could be a predisposing factor for CMTX1 and trigger a sudden presentation.
文摘BACKGROUND Patients with immune-mediated diseases,such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis(JIA)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)are at increased risk of developing infections,due to disease-related immune dysfunction and applying of immunosuppressive drugs.AIM To evaluate vaccine coverage in patients with IBD and JIA,and compare it with healthy children.METHODS In the cross-sectional study we included the data from a questionnaire survey of 190 Legal representatives of children with JIA(n=81),IBD(n=51),and healthy children(HC,n=58).An electronic online questionnaire was created for the survey.RESULTS There were female predominance in JIA patients and younger onset age.Parents of JIA had higher education levels.Employment level and family status were similar in the three studied groups.Patients with JIA and IBD had lower vaccine coverage,without parental rejection of vaccinations in IBD,compare to JIA and healthy controls.The main reason for incomplete vaccination was medical conditions in IBD and JIA.IBD patients had a lower rate of normal vaccine-associated reactions compared to JIA and HC.The encouraging role of physicians for vaccinations was the lowest in JIA patients.IBD patients had more possibilities to check antibodies before immune-suppressive therapy and had more supplementary vaccinations compared to JIA and HC.CONCLUSION JIA and IBD patients had lower vaccine coverage compared to HC.Physicians'encouragement of vaccination and the impossibility of discus about future vaccinations and their outcomes seemed the main factors for patients with immune-mediated diseases,influencing vaccine coverage.Further investigations are required to understand the reasons for incomplete vaccinations and improve vaccine coverage in both groups,especially in rheumatic disease patients.The approaches that stimulate vaccination in healthy children are not always optimal in children with immunemediated diseases.It is necessary to provide personalized vaccine-encouraging strategies for parents of chronically ill children with the following validation of these technics.
文摘Background:The monkey pox virus is caused by monkey pox(MPX),which is similar to both smallpox and cowpox.Near tropical rain forests,it usually occurs in isolated communities in Central and West Africa.The monkey pox virus,a member of the family Poxviridae and belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.Close contact with infected animals,sick people,or contaminated inanimate things can cause the virus to spread to humans.The illness typically takes 7 to 14 days to incubate and is characterized by fever,headache,lethargy,myalgia,generalized body pains,lymph node swelling,and skin lesions.Given the variety of illnesses that can result in skin rashes,it could be challenging to differentiate monkey pox solely based on clinical presentation,particularly for patients with an uncommon look.Objective:The main objective of the study is to evaluate public perceptions regarding the emerging human monkey pox disease and vaccination.Methods:The study was conducted using a cross-sectional study design.The sample size was 472 participants;however,10 questionnaires were excluded because of invalid data.The 462 questionnaires were included by expert validation from the general public of Rawalpindi and Islamabad,Pakistan.The data were analyzed using Chi-squared tests.Results:This questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 15 Sep to 15 Oct 2022.The participants’perceptions,knowledge,and attitudes were collected via a 24-item-based questionnaire survey.The survey was based on 462 participants,196(42.4%)were females,and 266(57.6%)were males.The results reveal that out of 462 participants,clinical symptoms of monkey pox disease 82.7%(382),complications of monkey pox disease 81.2%(375),lymphadenopathy(swollen lymph nodes)is one clinical feature that could be used to differentiate between monkey pox and smallpox 81.2%(375)and monkey pox is common in Western and Central Africa 24.2%(112).Furthermore,the majority of participants(P≤0.05)agreed that health officials should start a vaccination campaign to combat monkey pox.Regarding preventive measures and vaccination campaigns,health officials should take public preventive measures 79.7%(368)and health officials start a vaccination campaign against monkey pox disease 56.3%(260).Conclusion:There was a significant difference seen in the public perception regarding monkey pox preventive measures and vaccination.The International health authorities must take priority-based preventative measures to prevent the spread of monkey pox disease around the world.
文摘Some studies showed that in celiac patients the immunological response to vaccination is similar to that one found in general population except for vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV).The non-responsiveness to HBV vaccine has also been described in healthy people,nevertheless the number of non-responders has been demonstrated to be higher in celiac disease (CD) patients than in healthy controls.Several hypothesis explaining this higher rate of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients have been described,such as the genetic hypothesis,according with CD patients carrying the disease-specific haplotype HLA-B8,DR3,and DQ2,show a lower response to HBV vaccine both in clinical expressed CD patients and in healthy people carrying the same haplotype.On the other hand,it has been demonstrated that the gluten intake during the vaccination seems to influence the response to the same vaccine.Moreover,it has been demonstrated a possible genetic predisposition to hepatitis B vaccine nonresponsiveness likely due to the presence of specific human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and specific single nucleotide polymorphism in genes of cytokine/cytokinereceptors and toll like receptors,but the pathogenic mechanism responsible for this low responsiveness still remains unclear.The aim of this review is to focus on the possible pathogenic causes of unresponsiveness to HBV vaccine in CD patients and to propose an alternative vaccination schedule in order to improve the responsiveness to HBV vaccine in this at-risk patients.
文摘The patient with inflammatory bowel disease will be predisposed to numerous infections due their immune status. It is therefore important to understand the immune and serologic status at diagnosis and to put the patient into an adapted vaccination program. This program would be applied differently according to two patient groups: the immunocompromised and the non-immunocom-promised. In general, the first group would avoid the use of live-virus vaccines, and in all cases, inflammatory bowel disease treatment would take precedence over vaccine risk. It is important to individualize vaccination schedules according to the type of patient, the treatment used and the disease pattern.In addition, patient with inflammatory bowel disease should be considered for the following vaccines: varicella vaccine, human papilloma virus, influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine.
文摘Marek’s disease (MD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic and highly contagious α-herpesvirus. MD has been controlled by vaccination but sporadic outbreaks of MD still occur in some parts of the world. Efforts to improve vaccine efficacy have continued in both research communities and vaccine industries. We reported the host genetic variation affecting Marek’s disease vaccine-induced immunity in chickens earlier. In this study, we evaluated chicken lines, vaccines, and line by vaccine interaction on the protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Specific pathogen free chickens from the relatively resistant line 63 and the highly susceptible line 72 were primarily used to evaluate the protection by three kinds of vaccines (rMd5ΔMeq, CVI988/Rispens, and HVT) upon challenge with a very virulent plus strain of MDV, vv+648A. Our data confirmed that both the chicken line and the vaccine significantly affected the protective efficacy of vaccination and showed that a chicken line by vaccine interaction, in most of the trials, also altered vaccine protective efficacy. More interestingly, although the protective index of all vaccine strains was higher in resistant than in susceptible line of chickens, the difference for HVT protection was striking and warrants further study. The findings may have important implications for vaccine development as well as for selective use of particular vaccines in specific lines of chickens to achieve maximum protection at minimized costs.
文摘Broiler breeder vaccination against IBD is usually based on the injection of at least one inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant, typically included in a combined vaccine. Priming using one or several IBD vaccine (s) has been the most common way to immunize the breeders so far. In summary, protection against vvIBD challenge in chicks of one commercial genetic line vaccinated in ovo with the HVT-IBD vector vaccine was demonstrated. The parents’ IBD vaccination program, using the HVT-IBD vector vaccine alone, the HVT-IBD vector vaccine plus IBD inactivated vaccine, and inactivated IBD vaccine alone, did not impair their progeny’s in ovo HVT-IBD vector vaccine take and subsequent protection against vvIBD virus challenge. An advantage in terms of immunization of the progeny against vvIBD was shown in the chicks born to breeders vaccinated with the HVT-IBD vaccine as a primer, as compared to breeders vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine alone. High level of IBD maternally-derived antibodies transmitted to the progeny by their parents induces together with an early onset of immunity by in ovo injection of a HVT-IBD vector vaccine clinical protection, as monitored on bursas, after vvIBD virus challenge.
文摘Vaccine is a principal and highly cost-effective medical method on controlling infectious diseases and improving population health.Various vaccines are eagerly needed in the low-income countries along the Belt&Road.With the good quality to reach WHO prequalification standard,and the abundant capacity to fulfill the demand from market abroad,upon the platform of China-proposed"the Belt&Road Initiative",the vaccines manufactured in China are exporting to countries worldwide.The independent innovative vaccines'R&D system,which fruited a series of innovative infectious diseases vaccines(EV71 vaccine,sIPV,HEV,Ebola vaccine,etc.)to be launched in Chinese market,indicates that China has developed rapidly from"a great vaccine-production country"to"a powerful vaccine-innovation country".The implementation of National Innovation-driven Development Strategy would further push forward the developm ent and internationalization process of Chinese innovative vaccines.Therefore,the China-invented vaccines will make an important role in the prevention and control of infectious disease in various countries and become one of the most powerful weapons in fighting the global epidemic event in the future.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No. [0]2006AA100309)
文摘Lymphocystis disease,caused by the lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV),is a significant worldwide problem in fish industry causing substantial economic losses.In this study,we aimed to develop the DNA vaccine against LCDV,using DNA vaccination technology.We evaluated plasmid pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3 kb as a DNA vaccine candidate.The plasmid DNA was transiently expressed after liposome transfection into the eukaryotic COS 7 cell line.The distribution and expression of the DNA vaccine (pEGFP-N2-LCDV1.3kb) were also analyzed in tissues of the vaccinated Japanese flounder by PCR,RT-PCR and fluorescent microscopy.Results from PCR analysis indicated that the vaccine-containing plasmids were distributed in injected muscle,the muscle opposite the injection site,the hind intestine,gill,spleen,head,kidney and liver,6 and 25 days after vaccination.The vaccine plasmids disappeared 100 d post-vaccination.Fluorescent microscopy revealed green fluorescence in the injected muscle,the muscle opposite the injection site,the hind intestine,gill,spleen,head,kidney and liver of fish 48 h post-vaccination,green fluorescence did not appear in the control treated tissue.Green fluorescence became weak at 60 days post-vaccination.RT-PCR analysis indicated that the mcp gene was expressed in all tested tissues of vaccinated fish 6-50 days post-vaccination.These results demonstrate that the antigen encoded by the DNA vaccine is distributed and expressed in all of the tissues analyzed in the vaccinated fish.The antigen would therefore potentially initiate a specific immune response.The plasmid DNA was injected into Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) intramuscularly and antibodies against LCDV were evaluated.The results indicate that the plasmid encoded DNA vaccine could induce an immune response to LCDV and would therefore offer immune protection against LCD.Further studies are required for the development and application of this promising DNA vaccine.
文摘Celiac disease(CD) is an immune-mediated systemic condition evoked by ingestion of gluten and related prolamines in genetically susceptible subjects. The disease is featured by a variable combination of clinical signs, specific antibodies, HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, and enteropathy. Vaccination is the most potent intervention for infectious disease prevention. Several factors including age, gender, ethnicity, quality and quantity of vaccine antigen, doses, and route of administration can influence immune response to vaccination, although the main cause of variation in the responsiveness among vaccine recipients is host genetic variability. The HLA system has a fundamental role in identifying the antigens introduced into the host with the vaccines and in the development of specific antibodies, and some HLA phenotypes have been associated with a less effective immunological response. The available literature indicates that the immunological response to vaccines in CD children does not differ markedly from that of general population and antibody titres are high enough to provide long-term protection, except for hepatitis B virus vaccine. In this article, we review and discuss the scarce literature in this field in order to provide clinical practice guidelines to achieve the most efficient monitoring of the response to vaccines in pediatric CD patients.
文摘The majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) achieve good control of the inflammatory activity using available therapies. When remission is achieved and quality of life recovered, a considerable proportion of IBD patients express their desire to travel abroad, be it for business, academic or leisure purposes. Their physicians should help and encourage them whenever possible. However, preventive measures are warranted to minimize the risk, since IBD patients are exposed to the same infections affecting the general population, plus opportunistic infections (OI) related to the immunosuppression. There are a large number of potential OI that might affect patients with IBD. The true prevalence of these infections is unknown, and can vary from country to country. Therefore, reactivation or de novo acquisition of infections such as tuberculosis, malaria, and viral hepatitis will be much more frequent in endemic areas. Therefore, physicians should beaware of these aspects when planning specific preventive measures for patients traveling to a particular country. This includes good control of environmental exposure, chemoprophylaxis when indicated, and the use of a specific vaccination program to prevent endemic infections. In addition, it should be noted that, though the risk of acquiring an infectious disease is probably greater for IBD patients traveling from a developed to a developing country, the inverse situation can also occur; it depends on the previous acquired immunity of the host against infections in any particular environment.
文摘Inflammatory bowel disease patients are prone to immunosuppression due to effects of their medications. Physicians are recommended to assess vaccination status and overall health in all patients, prior to initiation of immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressant medications in women with inflammatory bowel disease are often continued during pregnancy, which can result in newborns having an increased risk of immunosuppression at birth. While medication-induced immunosuppression in infants is transient, parents should be counselled about delaying live vaccine administration in newborns until they are immune competent. A retrospective study was done over six months at an urban multispecialty medical center to assess whether physicians are counselling pregnant immunosuppressed inflammatory bowel disease patients regarding live vaccinations in their newborns. The study revealed that only 57% of patients had documented counselling in their charts. Further studies are necessary to determine physician counselling practices of pregnant women about live vaccines. It is critical that physicians and patients are aware of the risks of immunosuppression in pregnancy and the potential impact of live vaccinesupon the newborn.