蜜蜂采集真菌孢子行为研究进展与展望(1)

蜜蜂是社会性昆虫,其授粉作用对农作物增产具有重要意义。为应对病虫害感染、食物短缺、杀虫剂应用等外界压力,蜜蜂进化出多种防御策略,包括搜集真菌孢子等花粉花蜜以外的物质。近年来,相关学者对蜜蜂积极采集真菌孢子行为的现象做了较多的研究,并取得了一些成果。本文对蜜蜂采集真菌的记录及行为特征、主要的真菌类别及采集真菌的蜜蜂种类进行了总结,并对前人关于蜜蜂采集真菌原因的分析、真菌对蜜蜂的健康作用进行了综述,同时讨论了蜜蜂采集真菌孢子基于营养作用观点存在的局限性,提出真菌对蜜蜂“药用作用”的进一步研究方向,旨在为今后探寻蜜蜂采集真菌行为的动机及其影响作用提供借鉴,为蜜蜂饲养和维护蜂群健康提供思路。

2种蜂对黄沙白柚的访花行为及授粉效果研究

【目的】评价意大利蜜蜂 Apis mellifera ligustica (简称“意蜂”)及中华蜜蜂 Apis cerana cerana (简称“中蜂”)对黄沙白柚 Citrus maxima (Burm) Merr. cv. huangsha Yu的访花行为及授粉效果。【方法】于重庆市垫江县开展2种蜂对黄沙白柚的访花行为及授粉效果试验,比较2种蜂访问黄沙白柚花朵的行为及其与环境因素和花朵泌蜜规律的相关性,并评价意蜂与中蜂授粉对黄沙白柚座果率、产量及果实品质的影响。【结果】意蜂与中蜂访问黄沙白柚花朵的数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,在13:00-17:00时间段中蜂访问黄沙白柚花朵的数量显著高于意蜂( P <0.05),但意蜂的单花访问时间显著高于中蜂( P <0.05);意蜂访问黄沙白柚花朵的数量受花朵泌蜜量和光照显著影响( P <0.05),中蜂的访花数量受花蜜糖浓度和光照显著影响( P <0.05)。经意蜂与中蜂授粉的黄沙白柚果实座果率、单果重、果型及果实品质显著高于自花授粉组( P <0.05),且意蜂授粉组的座果率及2种蜂授粉组的总糖含量和糖酸比均显著高于人工授粉组( P <0.05);意蜂授粉组和中蜂授粉组总果重无显著差异( P >0.05),但意蜂授粉组显著高于人工授粉组与自花授粉组( P <0.05);与中蜂授粉相比,意蜂授粉能够显著提高黄沙白柚的果实座果率。【结论】综合比较2种蜂对黄沙白柚的访花行为及授粉效果,黄沙白柚可采用蜜蜂授粉代替人工授粉,且意蜂授粉效果更好。

烟碱对东方粉蝶幼虫觅食行为的影响和毒害作用

利用结球甘蓝、大白菜、蕹菜和莴苣菜４种蔬菜及东方粉蝶幼虫作为实验对象，以０％、０.０１％、０．１％、１％和２％５种烟碱浓度梯度研究东方粉蝶幼虫对经过不同烟碱浓度喷洒过的４种蔬菜的觅食行为以及不同烟碱浓度对东方粉蝶幼虫的毒害作用．研究表明，在同一烟碱浓度下，东方粉蝶幼虫对４种蔬菜觅食行为及毒害致死时间差异不显著；不同烟碱浓度显著影响东方粉蝶幼虫对４种蔬菜的觅食数量和存活时间；

中华蜜蜂为梁平柚授粉的效果及梁平柚蜂蜜品质研究

应用中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana(简称“中华蜜蜂”)为梁平柚Citrus maxima(Burm.)Merr.Cv.Liangping Yu授粉,以研究中华蜜蜂的访花行为及对梁平柚的授粉效果,并评价粱平柚蜂蜜的品质。结果显示:(1)中华蜜蜂访问梁平柚花朵的数量随时间的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,13:00~14:00时间段中华蜜蜂访问梁平柚花朵的数量显著高于其他时间段(P<0.05);(2)与自花授粉相比,蜜蜂授粉可显著提高梁平柚的单果重、维生素C含量、糖含量(P<0.05);(3)梁平柚蜂蜜感官要求、微生物限量、理化指标完全符合国家标准和行业标准,是品质非常优良的蜂蜜。利用中华蜜蜂授粉可提高梁平柚单果重,改善果实品质,从而达到增产提质的目的,建议在梁平柚生产中采用蜜蜂授粉技术。

Neighborhood effects on the tannin-related foraging decisions of two rodent species under semi-natural conditions

Neighborhood effects on seed predation and dispersal processes are usually seed-characteristic-dependent;however,how seeds with certain characteristics affect the foraging behavior of rodents in relation to other seeds nearby is unclear.Because large differences in seed characteristics between neighboring seeds may lead to significant differences in rodent foraging preferences,we hypothesized that neighborhood effects were more likely to be detected when paired seeds differed in seed characteristics.We investigated the foraging decisions of two rodent species,the red spiny rat Maxomys surifer and the Chinese white-bellied rat Niviventer confucianus,in semi-natural enclosures by presenting them with artificial seeds containing different levels of tannin(0,3%,and 6%tannin).Both rodents showed similar preferences and preferentially consumed high-tannin seeds(6%tannin)and scatter hoarded low-tannin seeds(0 tannin).The scatter hoarding of low-tannin(0 tannin)and high-tannin(6%tannin)seeds was significantly higher when these seeds were neighboring higher-tannin seeds than when they neighbored lowertannin seeds,whereas the scatter hoarding of intermediate-tannin seeds(3%tannin)varied little when they had different neighbors.High-tannin-seed(6%tannin)scatter hoarding was lowest when they neighbored low-tannin seeds(0 tannin),while low-tannin-seed(0 tannin)scatter hoarding was highest when they neighbored high-tannin seeds(6%tannin).Therefore,the seeds that the rodents scatter hoarded were next to(neighbored)seeds that they preferred to eat immediately,and vice versa.Our findings suggest that seed neighborhood effects affect rodent foraging behavior and the relationship between plants and rodents,and may have a profound effect on the regeneration and spatial structure of plant communities.

大熊猫生殖策略与觅食行为的耦合机制:能量−营养−气温关联效应

雌性大熊猫妊娠阶段的胚泡延迟着床、胎儿快速发育以及秋季产下体型短小幼仔的生殖策略,与其食物结构中的能量含量和营养成分密切相关,从而形成了野生大熊猫特有的觅食行为模式。即野生大熊猫以主食竹富含能量和营养物质的竹笋和幼嫩竹叶为主食,少量取食竹茎、竹枝和老竹叶以及不同的竹子种类,并且随栖息环境的气温变化而垂直迁移。本文从栖息地气候的季节变化格局与野生大熊猫的垂直迁移特征、亚高山竹类的物候规律与野生大熊猫的觅食行为习性、主食竹器官的营养和能量分异与野生大熊猫的生殖生理策略,以及主食竹营养和能量的生理基础等方面综述并论证了大熊猫生殖策略与觅食行为的耦合机制:能量-营养-气温关联效应。

Effects of soil substrate heterogeneity and moisture on interspecific competition between Alternanthera philoxeroides and four native species

Aims Clonal plant species have the potential for high relative performance in heterogeneous environments,and this might increase the com-petitive ability and invasiveness of introduced clonal plant species.It was hypothesized that clonal species whose performance responds more to heterogeneity of a resource have higher competitive ability in habitats where this resource is more heterogeneous and that this relationship is stronger when other resources are less limiting.Methods To test these hypotheses,the perennial clonal herb Alternanthera philoxeroides,which is invasive in China,was grown alone or with each of four clonal perennial,co-occurring herbs native to China,i.e.Alternanthera sessilis,Cynodon dactylon,Hemarthria altissima and Wedelia chinensis.Plants were given homogeneous or het-erogeneous soil substrate crossed with low and high levels of soil moisture.Important Findings Effects of heterogeneity on the accumulation of mass and ramets and on competitive effect and response of A.philoxeroides differed between native species and interacted with effects of soil moisture.A.philoxeroides reduced the final total mass or ramet number of the native species except A.sessilis,and the negative competitive effects on H.altissima and C.dactylon were more pronounced in heterogeneous than in homogeneous soil.Competitive response of A.philoxeroides was more negative to A.sessilis than to the other native species.Across native species,the competitive response of A.philoxeroides was more negative in heterogeneous than in homo-geneous soils at low moisture level,but the reverse was true at high moisture level.Results do not consistently support either hypoth-esis,but do suggest that competitive ability can be partly explained by individual species traits such as size,and that some competi-tive effects and responses are emergent properties of interspecific interactions.

Gone with the wind： Seasonal trends in foraging movement directions for a central-place forager

Lesser kestrels Falco naumanni are migratory central-place foragers that breed in dynamic arable landscapes. After arriving from migration, kestrels have no knowledge of the distribution of crops, and consequently prey, around their colony. The energy demand of pairs increases as breeding season progresses, but at the same time prey abundance, and their knowledge on prey distribution, also increases. Wind can have a strong influence on flight cost and kestrels should try to reduce energy expendi- ture when possible. When prey abundance is low, kestrels have little knowledge of prey distribution, and pairs have no chicks, they could reduce foraging flight cost by leaving the colony with tailwinds. When prey is abundant, knowledge on prey distribu- tion has increased, and chick demand is high, kestrels should fly to the most favorable foraging patches. We analyzed foraging trips directions in a lesser kestrel colony along the breeding season and in relation to wind speed and direction. We recorded 664 foraging trips from 19 individuals using GPS-dataloggers. We found that outward flights direction changed from uniform to a concentrated distribution along the season, as prey abundance and individual experience increased. We also found a temporal trend in the angular difference between outward flights and wind directions, with low values early in the season and then increa- sing as expected, but again low values at the end, contrary to expectation. Results suggest changes in kestrels foraging strategy along the season in relation to wind. Kestrels depart more with tailwinds in exploratory flights early in the season, while there is a spurious coincidence in direction to preferred foraging patches and dominant wind direction at the end [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 604-615, 2014].

动物传播者对植物更新的促进与限制

在动物-植物的关系网络中,传播者对植物更新具有促进与限制两方面作用.本文从种群尺度总结了传播者取食、空间利用等行为对植物更新的影响;从群落尺度分析了多种传播者传播有效性对植物更新的促进与限制.传播者对食物的处理方式决定了种子的命运,且具有明显的种间差异;植物在传播者食谱中的地位亦决定其更新的成败,成为动物偏好的食物可助其摆脱森林破碎化等不利事件的影响.动物的空间行为可导致种子命运发生改变.传播者移动距离能否逃逸同种成树对种子的距离限制,影响种子的更新命运;动物偏好的适宜生境与适于植物萌发生境的空间一致性程度影响传播者传播的成效.有效传播者的非冗余性促使种子传播网络更稳定,利于植物更新;无效传播直接限制植物更新,但为其他植物定殖提供了可用空间.今后应将传播者行为融入植物种群更新研究,而从生态系统服务角度揭示传播者在植被恢复的作用应是未来恢复生态学研究的重点.