Complete Classical Theory of Charged Elementary Particles

Electron, proton, and their antiparticles consist of an electromagnetic field and a constituent that creates it. The simplest constituent is a one-dimensional circular current loop. The elementary charge is homogeneously distributed over its circumference and rotates at a constant velocity. The charge creates an electrostatic field. Its rotation represents a current that creates a magnetic field. Balance between the electric and magnetic forces ensures stability. This requires a marginal radial extension of the loop that makes the particle two-dimensional. In the near vicinity of two equal concentric current loops the axial attractive magnetic force compensates for the axial repelling electrostatic force. This discovery explains the weak (electron) and strong (proton) nuclear forces. Electron and proton have normal magnetic moments. The measured “anomalies” indicate the existence of a hidden rotational kinetic energy caused by rotation of the annular particle mass. So, there are four natural forces: electric, magnetic, kinetic, and gravitational. This knowledge makes the search for the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) trivial. The discovered rotational energy affects Einstein’s and Planck’s energy equations and leads to the exact calculation of the Lamb shifts and the binding energies of the hydrogen-like atoms. The theory predicts stable multiple particles and explains the Cooper Pair. For the first time the Planck mass and the gravitational constant are analytically calculated at high accuracy.

Detection and Attribution of Changes in Thermal Discomfort over China during 1961-2014 and Future Projections

In this study, variation in the frequency of thermal discomfort days over China during the period of 1961-2014,including heat discomfort days(HDDs) and cold discomfort days(CDDs), and the influence of external forcings on it are discussed. HDDs are the conditions of overheating and overhumidity(represented by humidity index), and CDDs reflect the dangers from cold temperatures and winds(represented by wind chill index). Observations show significant increases(decreases) in the frequency of HDDs(CDDs) over China from 1961 to 2014, with clear regional distinctions. The historical ALL and greenhouse gas(GHG) simulations can sufficiently reproduce the spatial patterns of the observational trend in the frequency of both HDDs and CDDs over China. Further, the impacts of GHG and anthropogenic forcings on the HDDs(CDDs) are detectable over China, except for central and eastern China, based on the optimal fingerprinting method. GHG forcing is identified as a dominant factor for the observational changes in the frequency of HDDs over southern China;GHG and anthropogenic forcings have dominant effects on the variation in the frequency of CDDs over southwestern China. Although trends in the frequency of HDDs and CDDs in historical aerosol forcing simulations seems to be opposite to observations, an aerosol signal fails to be detected. Natural forcing contributes to the observational variation in the frequency of HDDs over northwestern China. In addition, the future projections of thermal discomfort days indicate that Chinese residents will face more threats of heat discomfort and fewer threats of cold discomfort in the future under global warming.

The Phenomenon of a Natural Thermonuclear Reactor

The study contains the justification of J.M. Herndon’s thesis about the existence of a thermonuclear reactor in the Earth’s core. A scenario of the formation of a spontaneous nuclear reactor is presented, referring to the universal law of gravity, to the relationship between matter and energy, and to the properties of plasma. The theoretical attitudes of the discussed phenomena and the relations between them can be called the Theory of the Primordial Forces of Nature. It includes the interactions of the gravitational field, the forces of the electromagnetic field, which determine the properties of matter, and the strong interactions resulting from the release of nuclear energy. Arguments for the thesis about the commonness of the phenomenon of thermonuclear reactors in space are presented. The second part of the article presents examples of geological phenomena that confirm the activity of a thermonuclear reactor in the center of the Earth.

Analysis of Marx's Theory of Natural Forces

Marx’s theory of natural forces is an indispensable part of Marx’s economic theory.As a natural element that does not need to spend a penny,natural forces are added to the production process free of charge,and play a special restrictive role in the production process.Mastering and applying the scientific connotation of Marx’s theory has very important theoretical value and practical significance for adhering to the sustainable development of nature,economy and society.

Scientific Value of the Fenlong Tillage Erupting Super "Natural Forces" and Its Global Application

The concept of " natural forces" is proposed in farming field for the first time,and the core theory of Fenlong tillage is illustrated. This tillage method provides " super plough layer" and " super groundwater reservoir" by the machine,including six vertical spiral drills,can smash the soil vertically,without disorganizing soil layer. And this tillage method releases five " natural forces" with infinite space and time,including natural soil activation forces,natural fertility forces,natural water control forces,natural environment improvement forces,and natural river driving forces by activating various land resources. Fenlong tillage can significantly increase the source of high-quality food for human,and solve the problem of natural disasters by natural forces curing itself. It is proposed that the implementation of the " six key projects" by the " natural forces" of Fenlong tillage can solve the deep problems in China. The researchers suggest establishing Fenlong tillage great science engineering which could solve the problem of harmonious symbiosis between man and nature. The present results indicate that Fenlong tillage erupts super natural forces with infinite space and time,which can be used as a deep tillage practice to maintain the natural and environmental beauty of the earth forever.

Practical Significance of Marxist Natural Force Resources Theory

Marxist natural force resources theory is an indispensable part of Marx's economic theory. In view of actual situation of China,Grasping the scientific connotation of Marxist natural force resources theory is of great theoretical value and practical significance to sticking to the strategy of sustainable development and promoting the harmonious development of men and nature.

Experimental Investigation of the Natural and Forced Convection on Solidification of Sn-3wt.%Pb Alloy Using a Benchmark Experiment

We deal with the development of a solidification benchmark experiment in order to investigate the structure formation as well as solute macro-mesosegregation,by means of a well-controlled solidification experiment.The experiment consists in solidifying a rectangular ingot of Sn-3wt.%Pb alloy,by using two lateral heat exchangers which allow extraction of the heat flux from one or two vertical sides of the sample.The domain is a quasi two dimensional parallepipedic ingot(100×60×10)mm.The temperature difference AT between the two lateral sides is 40 K and the cooling rate CR=0.03 K/s.The instrumentation consists in recording the instantaneous temperature maps by means of an array of 50 thermocouples in order to provide the time evolution of the isotherms.After each experiment the patterns of the segregations have been obtained by X-ray radiograph and confirmed by eutectic fraction measurements.The local solute distribution determined by means of induction coupled plasma analysis is provided.The originality of the present study is to examine the effect of the forced convection driven by a travelling magnetic field(TMF)induced by a linear inductor located on the bottom part of the sample.A periodically reversed stirring with a modulation frequency equal to 0.5 Hz stirring have been investigated.This study allows us to evaluate the evolution due to the forced convection induced by a TMF field,as well as its influence on the initial conditions,the solidification macrostructure and the segregation behavior.Measurements of the velocity field by ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry(UDV)method in a Ga-In-Sn pool were performed and transposed to the tin-lead alloy case before solidification.Post-mortem patterns of the macromesosegregations have been obtained by X-ray radiography.The results show the transport effects of the flow on both the maerosegregations and the channel formation.The reversal of the TMF produces a decrease of the level of mesosegregations,namely channel formation.

Global warming, human-induced carbon emissions, and their uncertainties

In recent decades, there have been a number of debates on climate warming and its driving forces. Based on an extensive literature review, we suggest that （1） climate warming occurs with great uncertainty in the magnitude of the temperature increase; （2） both human activities and natural forces contribute to climate change, but their relative contributions are difficult to quan- tify; and （3） the dominant role of the increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases （including CO2） in the global warming claimed by the Intergovernrnental Panel on Climate Change （IPCC） is questioned by the scientific communities because of large uncertainties in the mechanisms of natural factors and anthropogenic activities and in the sources of the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. More efforts should be made in order to clarify these uncertainties.

Contributions of anthropogenic and external natural forcings to climate changes over China based on CMIP5 model simulations

Based on observations and historical simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) archive, the contributions of human activities(including greenhouse gases(GHGs), anthropogenic aerosols(AAs), and land use(LU)) and external natural forcings(Nat) to climate changes in China over the past 50 years were quantified. Both anthropogenic and external natural forcings account for 95%–99% of the observed temperature change from 1951–1975 to 1981–2005. In particular, the temperature changes induced by GHGs are approximately 2–3 times stronger than the observed changes, and AAs impose a significant cooling effect. The total external forcings can explain 65%–78% of the observed precipitation changes over the past 50 years, in which AAs and GHGs are the primary external forcings leading to the precipitation changes; in particular, AAs dominate the main spatial features of precipitation changes in eastern China. Human activities also dominate the long-term non-linear trends in observed temperature during the past several decades, and, in particular, GHGs, the primary warming contributor, have produced significant warming since the 1960 s. Compared to the long-term non-linear trends in observed precipitation, GHGs have largely caused the wetting changes in the arid-semiarid region since the 1970 s, whereas AAs have led to the drying changes in the humid-semihumid region; both LU and Nat can impose certain impacts on the long-term non-linear trends in precipitation. Using the optimal fingerprinting detection approach, the effects of human activities on the temperature changes can be detected and attributed in China, and the effect of GHGs can be clearly detected from the observations in humid-semihumid areas. However, the anthropogenic effects cannot be detected in the observed precipitation changes, which may be due to the uncertainties in the model simulations and to other issues. Although some results in this paper still need improvement due to uncertainties in the coupled models, this study is expected to provide the background and scientific basis for climate changes to conduct vulnerability and risk assessments of the ecological systems and water resources in the arid-semiarid region of China.