Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

Detection and Monitoring of Key Hazard Factors for Quality and Safety of Characteristic Berries and Standardized Production Technology and Application

Blueberry,kiwifruit,Rosa roxburghii,and raspberry are the characteristic fruits planted in Guizhou Province.However,in recent years,harmful factors such as plant diseases and insect pests,pesticides and heavy metal residues have affected the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii,raspberry and other berries.These problems mainly include the frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests,pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution,which not only seriously affect the quality and safety of berries,but also restrict the healthy development of berry industry.Therefore,it is very important to study the detection and monitoring of key hazard factors affecting the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii and raspberry,as well as the standardized production technology.Using literature analysis,field investigation,questionnaire survey,comprehensive analysis,SWOT analysis,laboratory testing and other methods,this paper made a comprehensive and in-depth study of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.Through the analysis of the current situation of the berry industry in Guizhou Province,the problems and shortcomings in the planting,management,sales and other aspects of the industry were revealed.In order to solve these problems,a series of practical measures were put forward,including strengthening pest control,optimizing pesticide application technology,and strictly controlling heavy metal pollution,so as to ensure the healthy and stable development of berry industry.The implementation of these measures will help to improve the overall quality level of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.

2022-2023年度湖南省油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价

为科学评估病虫害对油菜生产的影响程度和植保措施减损增产的重要作用,湖南省植保植检站在祁东、鼎城、桃江、永兴组织开展2022—2023年度油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价工作。通过设置严格防控、统防统治、农户自防和完全不防治病虫(对照)处理,采用大区试验,评估不同试验县(区)不同油菜病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率。结果表明:各试点处理的实际损失率为0.17%~67.56%,病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率为4.10%~67.56%。调查统计结果显示,参试县(区)油菜病虫害防控(不含杂草)植保贡献率分别为祁东25.73%、鼎城35.49%、桃江23.50%、永兴33.36%;湖南省油菜病虫防控植保贡献率为28.51%,据此测算,2022—2023年度全省通过病虫害防控约挽回菜籽损失7.38亿kg。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

基于CFD的玉米田间吊喷装置仿真设计与试验

为了改善玉米作物生长至中后期时中下层叶片雾滴沉积效果差,不同冠层雾滴分布不均导致植株叶片整体雾滴覆盖率低,喷施农药方式不佳造成药害和环境污染的问题,设计了一种玉米田间吊喷装置。利用数学理论几何关系结合Fluent软件确定了关键参数,即吊杆长度为1950 mm、侧下喷头距吊杆底端高度为50 mm、侧上喷头距植株顶端高度为50 mm、侧下喷头与水平方向上夹角为38.8°、侧上喷头与水平方向上夹角为43.7°。利用Design-Expert软件以吊杆侧上喷口处压强、吊杆侧下喷口处压强、机具行进速度为试验因素,以叶片平均雾滴覆盖率Y为试验指标设计三因素三水平正交试验,经方差分析后得到影响雾滴覆盖率大小因素主次顺序:行进速度>侧下压强>侧上压强。经田间试验后得到最终组合参数为机具行进速度0.8 m/s,侧上压强0.7 MPa,侧下压强0.5 MPa,雾滴覆盖率为26.54%,上、中、下层叶片雾滴覆盖率分别为28.32%、23.54%、27.75%,模型仿真与田间试验相对误差为5.05%。研究结果可为玉米植保机械的研发提供参考。

丹参农药残留研究现状

丹参是最常用的大宗中药材之一,历史悠久,在临床应用中具有重要地位。随着种植年限的增长和连作面积的增加,病虫害的发生也随之增多,栽培过程中不可避免使用农药进行病害防控,农药残留种类也从过去有机氯类等农药转变为吡虫啉、多菌灵和多效唑等新型农药,农药的使用不当导致丹参中农药的残留时有发生,严重的影响了丹参的质量和用药安全。本文通过对种植户进行走访调查,并结合近年来国内外丹参的农药残留及其检测技术相关文献进行整理,以明确丹参的农药使用现状,为丹参的绿色种植和安全生产提供参考。

上海嘉定区蚕豆新记录虫害——豆小卷蛾

2021年末,于上海嘉定区华亭镇对蚕豆病虫害进行大田调查时,发现一种危害蚕豆嫩稍的鳞翅目害虫,经鉴定为本市一新记录物种——豆小卷蛾.简述了该虫为害特点、形态特征和生活习性.

新疆生产建设兵团额敏垦区沙棘主要病虫害及其防治措施

新疆生产建设兵团第九师170团由于长时间仅围绕沙棘单一树种进行种植,病虫害问题日益严重.通过人工观察、黄板诱杀及黑光灯诱集等方法分析当地主要病虫害种类、形态特征和发生规律.结果表明,170团沙棘林主要以沙棘锈病、沙棘干缩病、沙棘绕实蝇和沙棘木蠹蛾危害最严重,并提出合理的防治措施.研究结果为制定具有针对性的防治措施提供参考.

基于无人机植保技术的马铃薯病虫害防治方案研究

分析了植保无人机应用流程、病虫害出现前、发病中和防治后的应用技术。进行了传统人工防治方法与无人机植保技术的效果对比试验,结果表明,采用无人机植保技术在马铃薯病虫害防治效果、产量及品质上均表现出显著优势。

辽宁水稻种植技术与病虫害防治研究

水稻是辽宁省重要的粮食作物。以辽宁省为例,详细分析全省水稻种植现状、水稻种植技术与病虫害防治等内容,进一步阐述水稻种植要点,旨在为其他地区推动水稻生产提供一定的参考。

虫情测报灯在林业害虫监测预报中的应用研究

为进一步提升鲁西平原地区林业有害生物监测预报能力,为病虫害防控提供科学依据,总结山东省东阿县、东昌府、莘县等数据,利用虫情测报灯,于2022年2月~10月,对昆虫进行260 d监测,统计害虫种类与数量,分析优势种群动态,掌握其发生消长规律,提升病虫害监测预报时效性,对林业有害生物防治具有重要意义。

皖南地区鲜食玉米品种比较试验

为筛选适宜在皖南地区推广的高产优质、适应性好的鲜食玉米品种,在皖南地区试验点对引进的创甜1号、香甜糯828等16个参试鲜食玉米品种以及2个对照品种粤甜16号和凤糯2146进行比较试验,对比分析其生育期、主要农艺性状、抗性和产量等方面表现。结果表明,全生育期方面,各参试品种全生育期77~87 d;品种抗性方面,脆蜜90抗倒性、抗病性一般,荃甜58和科糯8号抗病性一般;产量方面,甜玉米组中隆平甜1502比对照组增产13.40%,糯玉米组中迪甜糯八号、凤糯211、彩甜糯1703、田福糯1号和东甜糯100较对照分别增产17.92%、19.52%、10.7%、26.65%和17.81%,这6个玉米品种综合表现较好,具有农艺性状较好、抗性好且产量高等特点,适宜在皖南地区推广种植。

基于改进EfficientNet的花椒虫害识别模型

花椒虫害会导致花椒生长异常、产量下降和品质恶化。为及时准确地发现花椒虫害,本文提出了一种基于Efficient-Net的花椒虫害识别模型。通过实验对比GoogleNet、MobileNetV2、MobileNetV3、ShuffleNetV2、EfficientNet等深度学习网络,选取识别效果最好的EfficientNet网络构建花椒虫害识别模型,并通过改进MBConv模块提高模型的准确率。实验结果表明,改进后的模型准确率为94%,相比原始的EfficientNet网络提高了2%。本文提出的基于EfficientNet的花椒虫害识别模型具有较好的检测效果,能够应用于实际花椒地场景,对花椒虫害的监测和防治提供了有效的工具。

基于图像规则与Android手机的棉花病虫害诊断系统

为解决当前植保专家系统使用难度大以及携带不便的问题,在Android智能手机上开发了基于图像规则的棉花病虫害诊断系统。采用二叉树检索规则构建二叉诊断决策知识树,利用面向对象技术将诊断决策树中的知识节点及其相对应的田间典型图像进行封装,形成图像化知识表达形式;系统提供指认式和推理式2种诊断方式,基于田间病虫害事实图像进行人机交互,实现了推理过程的可视化,具有便携、实用、图文并茂、人机交互友好以及不受网络环境限制等特点,能够实现现场式的专家服务。经应用测试,事实库中包含的病虫害诊断正确率在95%以上。

Review on the Research Progress of Dictyophora rubrovolvata

Dictyophora rubrovolvata has beautiful shape,good taste and high nutritional value,and has anti-oxidation,anti-tumor,hypoglycemic and other effects.In this review,the biological characteristics,nutritive chemical composition,polysaccharide extraction and functions,cultivation and pest control of D.rubrovolvata were intensively discussed and summarized,and the future research direction was also prospected.This study aims to provide future recommendations for the research of D.rubrovolvata and then promote the development of D.rubrovolvata industry.

我国作物病虫害生物防治研究与应用最新进展

本文总结了近5年来我国在作物病虫害生物防治研究和应用方面的最新进展,包括作物害虫、病害(真菌、细菌和病毒病)和线虫的生物防治、植物免疫和昆虫性信息素的研究和应用,以及新方法和新技术在作物病虫控制中的应用。同时,与国外的研究进展进行了比较,指出了存在的主要问题、发展趋势与对策建议。

An Investigation Report on Production Conditions of Sugarcane in Guangxi in 2016

To predict and assess production conditions of sugarcane in Guangxi in 2016,by using methods of field survey and data collection,the seedling situation,breed structure,planting area,planting period,plant diseases and insect pests of sugarcane in six major sugarcane producing cities of Guangxi were surveyed. The results show that the overall situation of sugarcane seedlings in Guangxi in 2016 became slightly worse than that in 2015,but there were enough good sugarcane seedlings in 2016. The dead heart rate of sugarcane decreased in most sugarcane regions from 2015 to 2016,that is,the comprehensive control of borers gave initial results; the smut infection rate of sugarcane rose from 2015 to 2016 and tended to increase. The situation of decrease in the planting area of sugarcane in three consecutive years was controlled,and the planting area of sugarcane increased slightly from 2015 to 2016. Due to the construction of ' double high' bases,the breed variety of sugarcane in Guangxi was improved further in 2016. It is necessary to strengthen field management and conduct chemical weeding,prevention and control of borers and aphids in the later period in time.

病虫测报智能化研究进展

准确的预测预报是防治病虫害的关键和基础。我国的病虫测报从传统经验测报、规范化测报发展到智能化测报,对我国粮食和重要农产品稳定安全发挥了重要的保障与支撑作用。本文系统总结了我国病虫测报的发展历程,现代信息技术在病虫测报中的应用及智能化测报工具的研发与应用,并对目前存在的问题进行剖析,以期为我国病虫测报的智能化发展提供新的思路。

在线开放课程的建设与探索——以“植物(园林)病虫害防治”课程为例

以河南农业大学在线开放课程“植物(园林)病虫害防治”为例,针对在线开放课程建设中所遇到的如何资源共享、课程教学资源建设的标准、线上线下教学的衔接、教学效果评价等方面的问题和挑战,提出了在线开放课程建设过程中,应该建设开放型的资源共享平台,融入精品课程标准和课程思政等教学资源,有效构建线上线下教学模式,结合线上线下教学考核结果,评价教学效果。线上课程应打破传统教学活动的时空限制,做到由单向传递到双向互动的转变,让学生真正做到学以致用,以点及面,具备创新意识和创新能力。

几丁质酶在农作物病虫害生物防治中的研究进展

病虫害严重影响农作物的品质、产量和安全。生物防治作为一种绿色、安全、有效防控病虫害的技术方法越来越受到人们关注。几丁质酶(EC 3.2.1.14)是一类广泛存在于微生物和植物中的糖苷水解酶,可有效降解病原真菌细胞壁、昆虫及线虫体壁中的几丁质,抑制病原真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长,以及昆虫和线虫的发育,在农作物病虫害生物防治中具有重要作用和广泛的应用前景。本文综述了几丁质酶的种类和来源、生防机理,以及基于几丁质酶的转基因技术在作物病虫害防治中的应用等方面的进展,以期为几丁质酶的进一步研究和应用提供信息参考。