Below-Moho Earthquakes of Tibet,Himalaya,the Indian Foreland,and Worldwide:How,Where and Why?

We seek to understand lithospheric rheology by mapping continental earthquake depths relative to Moho depth,across the entire India/Asia convergent orogen,and eventually worldwide.Such mapping has particular value in geothermometry,and potentially in identifying regions of delamination.How:We are extending our Sn/Lg method beyond amplitude ratios of regional seismic phases measured on arrays(array Sn/Lg method,Wang and Klemperer,2021)to include frequency proxies for earthquake depth relative to Moho(Wang&Klemperer,2024a,b;Harris et al.,2024).

Heterogeneity and differential hydrocarbon accumulation model of deep reservoirs in foreland thrust belts: A case study of deep Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation clastic reservoirs in southern Junggar Basin, NW China

Using the data of drilling, logging, core, experiments and production, the heterogeneity and differential hydrocarbon accumulation model of deep reservoirs in Cretaceous Qingshuihe Formation(K1q) in the western section of the foreland thrust belt in southern Junggar Basin are investigated. The target reservoirs are characterized by superimposition of conglomerates, sandy conglomerates and sandstones, with high content of plastic clasts. The reservoir space is mainly composed of intergranular pores. The reservoirs are overall tight, and the sandy conglomerate has the best physical properties. The coupling of short deep burial period with low paleotemperature gradient and formation overpressure led to the relatively weak diagenetic strength of the reservoirs. Specifically, the sandy conglomerates show relatively low carbonate cementation, low compaction rate and high dissolution porosity. The special stress-strain mechanism of the anticline makes the reservoirs at the top of the anticline turning point more reformed by fractures than those at the limbs, and the formation overpressure makes the fractures in open state. Moreover, the sandy conglomerates have the highest oil saturation. Typical anticline reservoirs are developed in deep part of the thrust belt, but characterized by "big trap with small reservoir". Significantly, the sandy conglomerates at the top of anticline turning point have better quality, lower in-situ stress and higher structural position than those at the limbs,with the internal hydrocarbons most enriched, making them high-yield oil/gas layers. The exponential decline of fractures makes hydrocarbon accumulation difficult in the reservoirs at the limbs. Nonetheless, plane hydrocarbon distribution is more extensive at the gentle limb than the steep limb.

Diagenesis of the Paleogene Sandstones in the DN2 Gas Field,Kuqa Foreland Basin and its Link to Tectonics

We investigated diagenesis of the sandstones from the DN2 Gas Field of the Kuqa Foreland Basin(KFB),in order to infer the timing of fluid migration and discuss the linkage between fluids and tectonics.The textures and chemical composition of authigenic minerals,fluid evidence from fluid inclusions and formation water measurements were all used to fulfill this aim.Eodiagenesis occurred with the participation of meteoric water and connate water.Mesodiagenesis is related to high salinity fluids,which were attributed as originating from the overlying Neogene Jidike Formation evaporite(principal minerals including halite,anhydrite,glauberite,carnallite and thenardite).The onset of high salinity fluid migration is inferred to occur during the late Miocene(12.4-9.2 Ma)through the use of homogenization temperatures measured in the present study and K-Ar dating of authigenetic illites from previous work.This period is consistent with the crucial phase(13-10 Ma)that witnessed the rapid uplift of the southern Tianshan Mts and the stage when calcite and anhydrite veins formed in the studied strata.We thus argue that diagenesis related to high salinity fluids occurred as a response to the Tianshan Mts'rapid uplift and related tectonic processes.The flow of high salinity fluids was probably driven by a density gradient and channeled and focused by fractures formed contemporaneously.

智慧化工背景下基于学科前沿视角的化工安全技术课程教学改革探析

化工安全技术课程是化工专业的核心课程,具有综合性和实践性强的特点。但当前该课程教学仍存在教学内容陈旧、教学模式单一及安全操作训练不足等问题。对此,重庆大学绿色化学化工研究中心的课程教学团队基于学科前沿视角,实施了学术报告式前沿讨论、立体交叉实践式教学法、虚拟实景式智慧化工厂构建等教学改革举措,为培养既具备扎实化工基础又具有多学科交叉能力的复合型人才提供路径启示。

库车前陆冲断带构造分层变形特征

库车前陆冲断带地震资料信噪比低,具有多解性。利用高分辨率三维地震、钻井、油气分析化验等资料,对库车前陆冲断带地层组合进行系统描述,精细解释构造模型,深入剖析油气成藏体系,认为库车前陆冲断带发育古近系和新近系膏盐岩层及三叠系和侏罗系煤层2套滑脱层,具有分层滑脱、垂向叠置、多期变形的特征,浅层构造发育盖层滑脱褶皱,深层发育基底卷入式叠瓦状逆冲构造,膏盐岩层和煤层发生滑脱塑性变形,发育加里东运动期、海西运动晚期—印支运动期和燕山运动期—喜马拉雅运动期3期断裂,海西运动晚期—印支运动期构造控制中生界沉积,由北向南具有超覆减薄的特征。库车前陆冲断带分层构造变形控制油气分层运聚,煤层以上的油气主要来自侏罗系烃源岩,煤层之下的油气主要来自三叠系,三叠系烃源岩生烃量占60%,大量油气仍保存在煤层之下。

扬子陆块西缘寒武系砂岩的物源分析:对古地理位置重建和构造背景的指示

扬子陆块西缘寒武系主要为一套碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩的岩石组合,前人研究多认为形成于相对稳定的克拉通盆地。但同时期出现的大陆岩浆作用显然与前期认定的克拉通盆地性质不符,需要借助扬子西缘的物质来源探讨构造背景。基于野外露头等资料,本文通过对扬子陆块西缘会泽和会东附近寒武系3件砂岩样品进行重矿物分析、电气石电子探针和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年分析,确定扬子西缘寒武纪沉积物的源区;并结合沉积序列等综合探讨扬子陆块西缘寒武纪的构造背景。沉积序列表明,扬子西缘寒武系沧浪铺组、西王庙组和二道水组主要由砂岩和白云岩等组成,沉积环境为滨岸—潮坪。细—粗砂岩碎屑颗粒为次棱角状—次圆状,分选较差;碎屑组分主要为石英,岩屑几乎全部为燧石,长石含量较少。测试分析结果表明:重矿物分析指示扬子西缘寒武系砂岩重矿物主要由锆石、赤—褐铁矿、电气石、钛铁矿、金红石、磷灰石等组成,重矿物组合指示岩浆岩为其主要母岩;电气石电子探针分析结果表明,物源主要来自于贫锂花岗岩和变砂岩、变泥岩;碎屑锆石测年分析表明物源区母岩主要为983~540 Ma岩浆岩。碎屑锆石年龄对比等综合分析表明,寒武系沉积物部分源自康滇古陆983~708 Ma的岩浆岩和变沉积岩,部分源自冈瓦纳大陆东非造山带663~540 Ma的岩石,物源区岩石经历再旋回产物作用。扬子西缘寒武系的沉积序列、碎屑锆石年龄谱图和碎屑组成等特征综合分析表明,扬子陆块西缘寒武系形成于前陆盆地。

柴达木盆地西部地区新生代盆地性质

含油气盆地不同阶段的性质对于恢复盆地的演化过程、评价油气资源生储运条件具有重要意义。本文在总结前人关于新生代柴达木盆地西部地区性质与演化研究的基础上,重新解译现有地震剖面,系统地开展了盆地构造几何形态、沉积速率、沉积相、沉积旋回、沉积中心迁移以及盆地内不整合的接触关系等方面研究。研究表明:作为陆内挤压背景下的巨大坳陷,新生代的柴达木盆地西部地区具有几何剖面形态不对称、沉积速率较高但又低于西部典型前陆盆地、过补偿状态下强烈缩短致使沉积中心迁移、沉积-构造反旋回性质明显发育等特点。柴达木盆地西部地区以狮子沟组为界线,前期发育细粒远源沉积,属压陷盆地;后期沉积速率显著增加,粗颗粒沉积发育,具有非典型的类前陆盆地性质,并由周缘山体构造活动及盆地过补偿状态共同控制。

基于离散元数值模拟的构造变形机制分析方法——以准噶尔盆地南缘为例

受多期构造运动影响,准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断褶皱带具横向东西分段、南北分带,纵向构造叠置的变形特征。但该区构造变形机制及样式的不同认识在一定程度上制约了油气勘探的深入。为探究准南缘新生代以来构造变形机制及其变形过程,本文利用高精度地震、钻井和岩石力学等资料,根据实际地质条件,重点考虑滑脱层的数量、强度及厚度变化,结合滑脱层纵向组合、横向分布范围及同沉积作用、先存构造等因素,共设计了10组模型,并采用离散元数值模拟方法开展了对比实验。实验结果表明,滑脱层强度、厚度及其组合主要控制冲断褶皱带构造纵向叠置关系及构造样式,滑脱层分布及同沉积作用主要控制其横向变形范围,先存构造主要影响后期构造的继承性发育。在此基础上,分段开展了多因素组合模拟实验并与实际地震剖面进行对比,重构了准南缘构造变形过程,揭示了新生代以来其构造变形机制,即先存断裂、古凸起、三套不同性质滑脱层纵向叠置关系和同沉积作用共同控制了西段构造的形成与演化,“下强上弱”“下薄上厚”两套纵向叠置滑脱层控制了中段构造的形成与演化,先存断裂及单套较弱滑脱层控制了东段构造的形成与演化。该方法可为类似的复杂构造变形区提供参考。

库车前陆盆地的热流与深部温度分布特征

沉积盆地热体制对理解盆地的成因演化过程以及油气和地热能源资源评估等具有关键作用,备受学术界和工业界关注。库车前陆盆地是中国重要的天然气产区,其热体制的准确厘定对于该区油气潜力评估具有重要意义。文章利用系统连续测温与试油温度数据,结合地层热物性数据,详细研究了库车前陆盆地的现今热状态特征。库车前陆盆地的现今地温梯度介于17.3~25.7℃/km之间,平均值为21.5±2.6℃/km;大地热流范围为27.4~57.9 mW/m^(2)之间,平均值为40.9±7.2 mW/m^(2)。区域内1000~6000 m埋深处的估算温度范围及均值分别为26~49℃(36±4.6℃)、42~82℃(59±7.5℃)、64~113℃(82±10.3℃)、85~127℃(102±11.6℃)、98~140℃(119±12.8℃)与110~155℃(133±13.9℃)。库车前陆盆地现今热状态整体偏低,分布上表现出“北高南低、东高西低”的空间格局。盆地西部沉积物厚度大,沉积层因其低热导率形成热屏蔽效应,阻碍深部热量向地表运输。同时,盆地东部新构造变形强度更大,断层运动生热效应明显。盆地沉积物厚度差异以及印度—欧亚大陆碰撞远距离效应作用下活动构造的强度差异联合造就了观测到的区域地热格局。

塔里木盆地西北缘乌什西次凹的地层系统和构造特征

乌什西次凹位于塔里木盆地西北缘,隶属于库车坳陷的乌什凹陷。它位于南天山主山脉(哈尔克山)和塔里木盆地柯坪—温宿凸起之间。区域构造格局上,这里是塔里木克拉通向西北自然延伸的部分。次凹北缘的阿合奇断裂是南天山造山带和塔里木克拉通的分界。乌什西次凹内发育与柯坪—温宿凸起相似的晚前寒武纪—古生代地层系统,包括寒武系、奥陶系和石炭系的烃源岩。新近系—第四系碎屑岩建造直接不整合于变形的古生代被动大陆边缘碎屑岩—碳酸盐岩沉积建造之上;剖面上,向南天山方向加厚,向塔里木克拉通方向减薄,呈现典型的前陆盆地剖面结构特征。这是一个晚新生代陆内前陆盆地,叠加在晚海西期—燕山期古隆起之上。这里的构造变形主要有3期,分别是中海西期、晚海西期—印支期和晚喜山期。变形以厚皮冲断构造及其相关褶皱为主,薄皮构造不发育。平面上,主构造线走向NE-SW。剖面上,以南天山向塔里木冲断为主。

前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用——以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例

为了明确前陆盆地斜坡区坡折带对沉积体系的控制作用,厘定沉积体系展布规律,以四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段为例,采用地层厚度法恢复了古地貌,刻画了坡折带,并通过岩芯观察、测井相及地震相分析,识别了前陆斜坡区沉积微相类型,在此基础上,通过沉积微相与古地貌叠合分析,提出前陆盆地斜坡区大型坡折带控制沉积体系与微相砂体分布。研究结果表明:四川盆地川中地区须家河组四段沉积期为前陆斜坡背景,发育大型坡折带,在此背景下发育远源辫状河三角洲沉积体系,以辫状河三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主,可进一步识别出内前缘带和外前缘带,以及水下分流河道、砂坝、分流间湾和席状砂等4种沉积微相。坡折带之上主要发育三角洲内前缘带水下分流河道微相,坡折带之下主要发育三角洲外前缘带水下分流河道与砂坝复合砂体。坡折带之下的砂坝微相砂体具备良好的侧向遮挡条件,顶底板条件优越,有利于形成岩性圈闭,且紧邻川西凹陷烃源灶,为下一步最有利勘探领域。

华北克拉通中部造山带中条山地区古元古代盆地演化

对华北克拉通中部造山带南部中条山地区古元古代中条群和担山石群岩石组合及地层详细调查研究,认为中条群为一套由粗碎屑岩-泥质岩-碳酸盐岩组成的多旋回沉积岩,变质砂岩地球化学特征显示,中条群经历了早期相对稳定到后期较活跃的转变。结合前人碎屑锆石年龄、源区特征和火山岩夹层年龄得出,中条群形成于2.1 Ga左右的活动大陆边缘弧后盆地。担山石群为一套砾岩-砂岩组成的磨拉石建造,碎屑锆石年龄显示,担山石群形成于1.85 Ga左右的碰撞造山阶段的前陆盆地内。结合前人研究,认为中条山地区古元古代盆地演化模式为,约2.1 Ga开始,西部陆块的前导洋向东部陆块活动大陆边缘之下持续俯冲,东部陆块西缘活动大陆边缘弧后盆地沉积了中条群,约1.85 Ga开始,东部陆块与西部陆块之间的大洋闭合,陆陆碰撞开始,中条群发生挤压褶皱变形,陆壳加厚及随后的快速抬升和剥蚀形成前陆盆地的担山石群磨拉石。中条山地区古元古代弧后盆地向前陆盆地的转化支持华北克拉通最初西部陆块向东俯冲,经历了约1.85 Ga的东、西陆块碰撞并最终克拉通化的演化模式。

志留系泥页岩滑脱层对大巴山前陆冲断带构造样式的影响——基于物理模拟研究

大巴山前陆冲断带处于秦岭造山带与四川盆地的过渡区,是四川盆地大中型油气藏探明储量的主要分布区,也是盆山耦合研究的典型区。该地区发育三套主要滑脱层,前人研究多以底层寒武系泥页岩和顶层上三叠统膏盐岩作为区域主控滑脱层,认为中间层志留系滑脱层使褶皱冲断带的构造样式复杂化,但是中间滑脱层对大巴山前陆冲断带的具体影响研究较少。本文通过物理模拟设计两组实验、四个模型,探讨了相同厚度的硅胶和玻璃微珠作为基底滑脱层时,中间滑脱层对于模型整体构造样式的影响,分析了其与基底及沉积盖层的相互作用。实验结果显示:①硅胶作基底滑脱层时,正向逆冲断层和反向逆冲断层数量相当,反冲断层多为自基底逆冲的断层。玻璃微珠作为基底滑脱层时,存在中间滑脱层的体系以正向逆冲断层为主,反冲断层多为浅部小型断层;②中间滑脱层的引入降低了整个体系的强度,使体系中构造变形更加复杂,模型中出现脱耦现象。中间滑脱层对前陆方向的变形起主导作用,促进了模型远端前陆方向的传播,垂向上沉积载荷的增大激活了中间滑脱层对挤压端构造样式的影响;③模拟表明,该地区志留系滑脱层使剖面出现脱耦,寒武系基底滑脱层为摩擦滑脱层,上三叠统之上发育较薄沉积盖层。

阿姆河盆地东北部碳酸盐岩区域性地层超压成因

由于碳酸盐岩沉积成岩作用与碎屑岩不同,碳酸盐岩地层超压具有高度非均质性,然而阿姆河盆地东北部地区碳酸盐岩地层却发育了大面积区域性超压现象。本文运用实测地层压力和钻井液密度计算压力的方法,刻画了研究区碳酸盐岩地层异常超压的空间分布特征及其与上覆膏盐岩地层压力的垂向叠置关系,运用碳酸盐岩物性、压汞分析和烃源岩生烃模拟及构造挤压增压模拟等方法,从纵向与横向对比超压与常压差异分布的角度,探讨了碳酸盐岩超压成因。研究表明:盐下碳酸盐岩发育常压与强超压,强超压区大面积连续发育,与局部构造和断裂无关。盐下致密碳酸盐岩形成封闭体系,虽然构造挤压作用发育了断层与裂缝,但是由于膏盐岩的塑性,未破坏盐下碳酸盐岩封闭体系,是超压区域性连续发育的前提;同时,强烈构造挤压对超压发育有重要贡献。由于膏盐岩的良好封闭性,使膏盐岩层与碳酸盐岩层之间优质烃源岩(TOC最高达6%)生成液态烃类向盐下碳酸盐岩排烃,也促进了超压发育;由于膏盐岩与碳酸盐岩之间发育的泥岩隔层,石膏矿物脱水作用不是碳酸盐岩超压的成因,并且,石膏成岩脱水作用对盐下碳酸盐岩开放体系作用微弱。研究成果对盐下异常超压的预测具有借鉴意义。

准噶尔盆地四棵树凹陷多期应力场作用下的构造演化特征

准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树凹陷位于北天山山前冲断带西段,盆地自古生代以来经历了多期、多向的构造运动;明确研究区构造系统特征及其演化过程,对此类含油气盆地的油气勘探开发具有重要意义。在前人地质研究的基础上,结合详细的地震资料解释、地质调查与地层发育特征,根据研究区构造发育背景,以四棵树凹陷构造格局的变动和多期应力场为线索,对四棵树凹陷构造演化过程进行了系统性分析。研究表明,四棵树凹陷深部发育挤压反转-走滑构造层、浅部发育推覆-滑脱构造层;平面上根据构造样式发育特征可划分为南部挤压断褶带、中部走滑压扭带、北部隆起带;凹陷经历了2期强烈的构造隆升期,对应2期断裂活动高峰期;构造环境及应力场条件发生了多次转变,晚石炭世至早中二叠世为弧后裂陷背景下的NNW-SSE向伸展裂陷期、晚二叠世至三叠纪为扎伊尔山造山运动下NNW-SSE向挤压的断坳转换期、晚侏罗世至古近纪为周缘造山带与车排子凸起的共同作用下NNW-SSE向挤压陆内坳陷期、新近纪为北天山强烈的造山活动背景下NS向挤压作用的复活前陆盆地期。通过探讨多期应力场作用下四棵树凹陷的构造演化特征,进一步深入认识了此类含油气盆地整体构造格局的变动过程,也为研究区油气资源下一步勘探提供了新思路。

四川盆地仪陇—平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油地质特征及富集条件

基于钻井岩心的地球化学及其他实验分析结果,结合生产测试资料,对四川盆地仪陇—平昌地区侏罗系凉高山组页岩油地质特征及富集条件进行研究,并划分了勘探有利区。研究结果表明:(1)仪陇—平昌地区凉高山组为早侏罗世第3次湖盆扩张期的沉积产物,整体经历了凉下段滨湖—浅湖、凉上段中—下部深湖—半深湖及浅湖、凉上段上部三角洲前缘和浅湖的沉积环境变化。(2)研究区凉高山组页岩可分为长英质页岩、钙质页岩、黏土质页岩等3种;页岩有机质丰度高,TOC值为0.50%~3.39%,平均值为1.30%,有机质类型以Ⅱ_(1)和Ⅱ_(2)型为主,热演化程度高,镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.00%~1.90%,处于高—过成熟阶段。(3)凉高山组页岩物性较好,孔隙度为0.48%~7.17%,平均为3.61%,发育无机成因孔、有机孔和构造缝等储集空间类型;含油性较好,以轻质组分为主,整体呈零散状、点状分布,局部呈团块状富集;凉上段下部富有机质页岩更发育,是目前勘探的重点层位。(4)凉高山组页岩油气的富集受控于前陆盆地过渡期的弱沉降环境、大面积分布的深湖相沉积、较高的热演化程度以及普遍发育的微裂缝。中南部为页岩油气潜力区,页岩储层厚度一般大于15 m,TOC值大于1.50%,孔隙度大于4.00%,R_(o)大于1.30%;凉高山组页岩油资源量为26.75×10^(8)t、页岩气资源量为1.72×10^(12)m^(3),有望成为四川盆地石油产量增加的主力层系。

巴布亚褶皱带构造解释与构造特征分析

巴布亚褶皱带的地震资料品质差,变形机制不明,地震解释模式的不确定使得地震解释多解性强;且不同构造带变形特征、油气分布差异大。运用沙箱模拟实验明确构造解释模式,采用轴面分析开展地震构造解释,并开展平衡剖面恢复对解释成果进行验证,最后通过构造解释厘清了褶皱带的构造特征,指明了有利构造区。

Tectonic evolution of the Dabashan orocline, central China: Insights from the superposed folds in the eastern Dabashan foreland

The Dabashan orocline is situated in the northwestern margin of the central Yangtze block,central China.Previous studies have defined the orthogonal superposed folds growing in its central-western segment thereby confirming its two-stage tectonic evolution history.Geological mapping has revealed that more types of superposed folds have developed in the eastern segment of the orocline,which probably provides more clues for probing the structure and tectonic history of the Dabashan orocline.In this paper,based on geological mapping,structural measurements and analyses of deformation,we have identified three groups of folds with different trends （e.g.NW-,NE-and nearly E-trending folds） and three types of structural patterns of superposed folds in the eastern Dabashan foreland （e.g.syn-axial,oblique,and conjunctional superposed folds）.In combination with geochronological data,we propose that the synaxial superposed folds are due to two stages of ～N-S shortening in the west and north of the Shennongjia massif,and that oblique superposed folds have been resulted from the superposition of the NW-and NE-trending folds onto the early ～ E-W folds in the east of the Shennongjia massif in the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous.The conjunctional folds are composed of the NW-and NE-trending folds,corresponding to the regional-scale dual-orocline in the eastern Sichuan as a result of the southwestward expansion of the Dabashan foreland during late Jurassic to early Cretaceous,coeval with the northwestward propagation of the Xuefengshan foreland.Integration of the structure and geochronology of the belt shows that the Dabashan orocline is a combined deformation belt primarily experiencing a twostage tectonic evolution history in Mesozoic,initiation of the Dabashan orocline as a foreland basin along the front of the Qinling orogen in late Triassic to early Jurassic due to collisional orogeny,and the final formation of the Dabashan orocline owing to the southwestward propagation of the Qinling orogen during late Jurassic to early Cretaceous intra-continental orogeny.Our studies provide some evidences for understanding the structure and deformation of the Dabashan orocline.

From Flysch to Molasse—Sedimentary and Tectonic Evolution of Late Caledonian -Early Hercynian Foreland Basin in North Qilian Mountains

The Late Caledonian to Early Hercynian North Qilian orogenic belt in no rthwestern China is an elongate tectonic unit situated between the North China p late in the north and the Qaidam plate in the south. North Qilian started in the latest Proterozoic to Cambrian as a rift basin on the southern margin of North China, and evolved later to an archipelagic ocean and active continental margin during the Ordovician and a foreland basin from Silurian to the Early and Middle Devonian. The Early Silurian flysch and submarine alluvial fan, the Middle to L ate Silurian shallow marine to tidal flat deposits and the Early and Middle Devo nian terrestrial molasse are developed along the corridor Nanshan. The shallowin g upward succession from subabyssal flysch, shallow marine, tidal flat to terre strial molasse and its gradually narrowed regional distribution demonstrate that the foreland basin experienced the transition from flysch stage to molasse stag e during the Silurian and Devonian time.

The Uplift of the Longmenshan Thrust Belt and Subsidence of the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

Based on fission track dating of apatite, and measurement of vitrinite reflectance of rock samples from the Longmenshan (Longmen Mountain)area and the West Sichuan foreland basin and computer modelling it is concluded that (l)the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at least by 3-4 km with an uplift rate of no less than 0.3-0.4 mm/a since 10 Ma B.P.; (2) the Longmenshan thrust nappe belt has uplifted at least by 5-6 km with an uplift rate of more than 0.5- 0.6 mm /a since 10 Ma B.P.; (3) the Longmenshan detachment belt has uplifted by 1 - 2 km at a rate of 0.016-0.032 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (4) the West Sichuan foreland basin has uplifted by 1.7-3 km at a rate of 0.028-0.05 mm/a since 60 Ma B.P.; (5) the uplift rate of the area on the west side of the Beichuan-Yingxiu-Xiaoguanzi fault for the last 10 Ma is 40 times as much as that on its east side; (6) the uplifting of the the Songpan - Garze fold belt and the subsidence of the West Sichuan foreland basin 60 Ma ago exhibit a mirro-image correlation, i.e. the rapid uplifting of the the Songpan-Garze fold belt was corresponding to the rapid subsidence of the basin;the Songpan-Garze fold belt has uplifted at a much greater rate than the West Sichuan foeland basin in the last 60 Ma;and (7) the palaeogeothermal gradient was 25℃ /km in the West Sichuan foreland basin.