Response of tree-ring growth to climate at treeline ecotones in the Qilian Mountains,northwestern China

Climate constitutes the main limiting factor for tree-ring growth in high-elevation forests, and the relationship between tree-ring growth and climate is complex. Based on tree-ring chronology and meteorological data, the influence of precipitation, mean temperature and mean minimum temperature at yearly, seasonal and monthly scales on the tree-ring growth of Picea crossifolia was studied at treeline ecotones in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. The results show that growing season temperatures of previous and current years are important limiting factors on tree-ring growth, particularly June mean temperature and mean minimum temperature of current year. The precipitations in the previous winter and current spring have a positive correlation, and in the current fall has a negative correlation with tree-ring growth, but these correlations are not significant. Our results suggest that temperature controls tree-ring growth more strongly than precipitation at treeline ecotones in the Qilian Mountains.

Degradation problems of the land/water ecotones in China and their ecological impact to water systems

Degradation of land/water ecotones in China is a serious problem and it is often neglected by people. The types of ecotone degradation are described and analyzed. The degradation of land/water ecotones enhanced the water quality reduction, bank erosion, desasters such as landslide, flood and drought, biodiversity reduction, lost of fertilized lands, decrease of the resource value of water scenic beauty and many others. The paper analyzes how these problems are related with each other.

Biomass distribution patterns of ecotones between forest andswamp in Changbai Mountaion

This paper studied the biomass distribution patterns of Lanix olgensis/swamp ecotones and Betula platyphlla/swamp ecotones in Changbai Mountain so as to provide theory foundation for the management of these nature resources, by setting up sample belts, investigating initial data along the environmental gradients change, and establishing regression models. By means of regression models, the biomass of communities, layers, tree species and organs was calculated. In this system, it was found that the community biomass inreased gradually along the environmental gradients change from swamp to forest in Changbai Mountain. Furthermore, the ecotoneal biomass distributed mainly over tree layer. The tree biomass distributed mainly in two or three dominate tree species.

Mapping the Farming-pastoral Ecotones in China

Conventional methods of delineating farming-pastoral ecotones were not quantitative and could not fully show their spatial distribution.The present paper attempts to develop quantitative methods for mapping farming-pastoral ecotones in China.Nine indicators, related to temperature, precipitation and altitude aspects, were selected to quantify ecological susceptibility of vegetation(crops and forage).Methods of analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and expert score ranking combined with fuzzy set theory were applied to assign the weight for each indicator and to define the membership functions.The geographic information system(GIS) was used to manage the spatial database and conduct the spatial analysis.According to the spatial calculation of evaluation model integrated with GIS, the ecological susceptibility of vegetation(crops and forage) was mapped.Three different zones, pastoral area, farming-pastoral ecotones and farming area, were classified by spatial cluster analysis and the maximum likelihood classification for the numeric map of vegetation ecological susceptibility by GIS.This map was validated by the economic statistical result based on the ratio of the output value from animal husbandry in total output value of agriculture by the National Bureau of Statistics in China, indicating that the mapping of the farming-pastoral ecotones may be accepted.

Contrasting changes in above- and below-ground biomass allocation across treeline ecotones in southeast Tibet

Under conditions of a warmer climate,the advance of the alpine treeline into alpine tundra has implications for carbon dynamics in mountain ecosystems.However,the above- and below-ground live biomass allocations among different vegetation types within the treeline ecotones are not well investigated.To determine the altitudinal patterns of above-/below-ground carbon allocation,we measured the root biomass and estimated the above-ground biomass(AGB) in a subalpine forest,treeline forest,alpine shrub,and alpine grassland along two elevational transects towards the alpine tundra in southeast Tibet.The AGB strongly declined with increasing elevation,which was associated with a decrease in the leaf area index and a consequent reduction in carbon gain.The fine root biomass(FRB) increased significantly more in the alpine shrub and grassland than in the treeline forest,whereas the coarse root biomass changed little with increasing altitudes,which led to a stable below-ground biomass(BGB) value across altitudes.Warm and infertile soil conditions might explain the large amount of FRB in alpine shrub and grassland.Consequently,the root toshoot biomass ratio increased sharply with altitude,which suggested a remarkable shift of biomass allocation to root systems near the alpine tundra.Our findings demonstrate contrasting changes in AGB and BGB allocations across treeline ecotones,which should be considered when estimating carbon dynamics with shifting treelines.

Spatio-temporal Pattern and Spatial Heterogeneity of Ecotones Based oh Land Use Types of Southeastern Da Hinggan Mountains in China

Ecotones have received great attention due to its critical function in energy flux, species harbor, global carbon sequestration, and land-atmosphere interaction. This study investigated land use pattern and spatial heterogeneity of the ecotones among agricultural land, forest land, and grassland of the southeastern Da Hinggan Mountains in the northeastern China. The change of these delineated ecotones under different slopes and aridity conditions was analyzed by two landscape indices, edge density(ED) and core area percentage of landscape(CPL), to explore the inter-linkage between spatial structure of ecotones and socioeconomic development and land management. Specifically, the ecotones such as agriculture-forest(AF) ecotone, forest-grassland(FG) ecotone, and agriculture-forestgrassland(AFG) ecotone moved from the arid southeast to the humid northwest. The flat area with small slope is more edge-fragmented than the steep area since the ED decreases as the slope increases. The AF ecotone mostly found in the humid region is moving to more humid areas while the agriculture-grassland(AG) ecotone mostly found in the dry region is moving towards the drier region.

Examples of Ecotones and Paragenese in the Vegetation Cover of the Baikalian Siberia

Changes in vegetation structure in environments contact community characterize the ecotones and paragenese inside zonal vegetation site or altitude belt as of concrete environments while differences of cenotic structures of communities between zones or between altitude belts as well. The aim of this work was research of structural-dynamic organization of phytocenoses forming under the conditions of environments contact and mountain tundra, forests (zonal taiga) and extrazonal steppes, zonal forest steppes of some areas at the Baikalian Siberia, Eastern Siberia of Russia.

Current vegetation dynamics of the “forest-mountain tundra” ecotones of Lake Baikal coastal ranges

During last decades, new trends appeared in the ecotones of the upper boundary of forests at the ridges surroundingLakeBaikal(Khamar-Daban and Baikal’sky Ridge): ones to advance of wood species (Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Abies sibirica Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Larix dahurica Lawson) out of timber stands into the area of subgoltsy with Pinus pumila (Pallas) Regel. up to mountain tundras. In average, this is from 100 to 200 - 300 meters (maximum up to500 m) in linear distance from the margin of dense timber stand. A burst of forests renewal occurred in 1989-1995, it resulted probably from a high productivity of the seeds of wood species due to warmer winters in 1980ies-1990ies which favoured the formation of favourable climate-edaphic conditions for the development of forest communities above the forests boundary on the ridges surrounding Lake Baikal.

A size-gradient hypothesis for alpine treeline ecotones

Research on the stress gradient hypothesis recognizes that positive(i.e. facilitative) and negative(i.e. competitive) plant interactions change in intensity and effect relative to abiotic stress experienced on a gradient. Motivated by observations of alpine treeline ecotones, we suggest that this switch in interaction could operate along a gradient of relative size of individual plants. We propose that as neighbors increase in size relative to a focal plant they improve the environment for that plant up to a critical point. After this critical point is surpassed, however, increasing relative size of neighbors will degrade the environment such that the net interaction intensity becomes negative. We developed a conceptual(not site or species specific) individual based model to simulate a single species with recruitment, growth, and mortality dependent on the environment mediated by the relative size of neighbors. Growth and size form a feedback. Simulation results show that the size gradient model produces metrics similar to that of a stress gradient model. Visualizations reveal that the size gradient model produces spatial patterns that are similar to the complex ones observed at alpine treelines. Size-mediated interaction could be a mechanism of the stress gradient hypothesis or it could operate independent of abiotic stress.

Agricultural Vulnerability to Drought in China's Agro-pastoral Ecotone:A Case Study of Yulin City,Shaanxi Province

Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China is the prominent area for agricultural production,but it is also the most typical ecological fragile area with frequent drought disasters.Taking Yulin City at Shaanxi Province in China as the case area,the paper aims to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of agricultural vulnerability to drought in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone in the period 2000 to2020.The results show that:1)the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City has shifted from high vulnerability in the period2000–2010 to low vulnerability in the period 2011–2020.2)There exist obvious spatio-temporal differences of the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City during the research period.3)Four sensitive events and 14 resilient events were identified in the research and the crops of Yulin had become more resilient to drought.Finally,the paper put forward with policy implications to make adaptive strategies of agriculture to climate change in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone in the future,e.g.,carrying out agricultural zoning based on agricultural production conditions,intensifying the construction of disaster prevention and relief system,and integrating with modern agricultural technology to develop new type agriculture.

农牧交错区不同撂荒年限对农田土壤的影响

为研究撂荒年限对农田土壤的影响,本试验于8月植物生长旺季进行,选取未撂荒农田(CK)、撂荒7年(7a)、15年(15a)和30年(30a)的农田采集土壤样品,室内计算分析土壤理化特征的变化规律,结果表明,撂荒显著提高了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度和土壤pH。与未撂荒地对比,撂荒显著提高了土壤有机碳(Soil organic carbon,SOC)、全氮(Soil total nitrogen,TN)和全磷(Soil total phosphorus,TP)的含量。因此,长期撂荒对土壤养分状况具有显著改善作用。不同撂荒年限土壤含水量与土壤养分指标均呈显著正相关,长期撂荒下更少的蒸散耗水量减少了土壤水分的损失,使土壤养分得到了积累。本研究可为坝上农牧交错带撂荒地的合理规划提供理论支撑。

岷江上游干旱河谷−山地森林交错带土壤碳氮含量及同位素的空间异质性

【目的】探究岷江上游干旱河谷−山地森林交错带土壤碳氮循环的空间异质性及其影响机制,为该地区科学管理提供理论依据。【方法】于岷江上游干旱河谷与山地森林的过渡区选取具有典型代表性的橿子栎(Quercus baronii)灌木林为研究对象,基于拉丁超立方体抽样设计对样地土壤进行取样,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了样地土壤碳氮含量和碳氮同位素的描述性统计特征、空间异质性、空间相似性及其相关关系。【结果】岷江上游干旱河谷−山地森林交错带橿子栎灌木林土壤δ^(13)C和土壤δ^(15)N分别呈现弱变异和中等程度的空间变异。土壤δ^(13)C和土壤δ^(15)N均呈现正的空间自相关关系,并且土壤δ^(13)C的空间聚集性高于土壤δ^(15)N。土壤δ^(13)C的空间异质性由结构性因素主导,土壤δ^(15)N的空间异质性受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。土壤δ^(13)C与土壤δ^(15)N的空间分布具有很强的相似性,并且都与土壤碳氮含量具有较强的空间关联。土壤δ^(13)C与土壤δ^(15)N具有很强的相关关系,并都受到土壤水分、碳氮含量及其比值的直接或间接影响。【结论】岷江上游干旱河谷−山地森林交错带橿子栎灌木林具有不同的土壤碳氮同位素空间变异程度和耦合的碳氮同位素关系。

生态交错带（Ecotone）理论研究进展

生态交错带（Ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ）理论研究进展高洪文（东北师范大学草地研究所，长春１３００２４）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＴｂｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎＥｃｏｔｏｎｅ．￥ＧａｏＨｏｎｇｗｅｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｒａｓｓｌａｎｄＲｅ－ｓｅａ...

农林交错带植被覆盖度与地表温度的相关性分析

以内蒙古赤峰市喀喇沁旗为研究区,基于2000—2019年8期Landsat影像,利用空间分析、线性回归和空间自相关3种方法,在4类土地覆被上分析植被覆盖度(FVC)与地表温度(LST)的时空变化及其相关性。结果表明:(1)近19 a来,喀喇沁旗FVC呈西南向东北递减的趋势,而LST空间分布与FVC相反,呈西南低东北高的趋势;(2)FVC与LST整体表现为负相关,在空间相关性与线性回归中,农田的相关性强于林地,而空间自相关中林地强于农田;(3)与农田、建筑、草地相比,林地的FVC能有效降低LST,FVC≥0.75时,对LST影响最明显。

东北农牧交错带南段啮齿动物群落结构及与环境因子的关系

啮齿动物是我国东北农牧交错带主要有害动物类群,威胁当地农牧业生产与居民身体健康。为探讨农牧交错带啮齿动物群落结构与环境因子的关系,于2020年和2021年的6月-9月,调查了东北农牧交错带南段不同类型生境中啮齿动物的种类和数量,利用增强回归树模型分析气候、生产力、生境异质性、土壤等因子与啮齿动物密度、物种多样性的关系。结果表明:共捕获601只啮齿动物,分属于18个种,优势种为黑线仓鼠Cricetulus barabensis,占总捕获个体数的27.94%。草地生境中啮齿动物的捕获率(2.99%)最高,农草交错区生境中群落多样性指数最高;不同生境类型的啮齿动物群落结构具有一定差异,且优势鼠种在不同生境类型的捕获率及空间分布格局亦存在差异。气候和生境异质性因子对啮齿动物密度、物种丰富度的综合作用最大,其中净初级生产力通过上行效应调控啮齿动物密度与物种丰富度。基于此,我们建议根据不同生境类型中啮齿动物密度及群落特征制定针对性的鼠害防控对策,并加强优势鼠种在不同生境类型间的迁移及为害的研究,以便更好地开展景观管理,实现害鼠生态治理。

生态环境脆弱带ECOTONE的基础判定

ECOTONE为国际生态界最近重新定义的基本概念之一。本文在诠释生态环境脆弱带的定义之后,对其实质及其空间属性作了较全面的逻辑归纳。在进一步研究的基础上,对于生态环境脆弱带作出了独立的函数表达,并且就生态环境脆弱带的宽度指标、重迭度指标、脆弱度指标、综合性指标,提出了较严格的表述形式。它们吸收了生态界面理论,并把系统生态学中的非稳定性理论,广延为辨识“全球变化”的基本手段,从而在生态学理论与应用两个方面,体现了研究的意义和价值。

蒙古栎群落交错带(ecotone)的研究

通过群落学的样地法对蒙古栎 (Quercusmongolica)群落和核桃楸 (Juglansmandshurica)群落、蒙古栎群落和长白落叶松 (Larixolgensis)群落、蒙古栎群落和杂灌丛群落及其交错带进行了研究 ,分析了在三个地点的几种群落结构和物种组成方面的差异 ,计算了各群落的物种丰富度指数 (dGl)、Simpson物种多样性指数 (D)、Shannon_Weiner物种多样性指数 (H′)及Pielou均匀度指数 (J)。研究发现在通化和大青沟两个地区群落交错带的物种丰富度及Shannnon多样性指数最高 ;而在桦甸群落交错带的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数要比核桃楸群落低 ,比蒙古栎群落高 ,没有表现出特别强烈的边缘效应。本文也分析了群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层盖度之间的关系。

淹水条件与植被类型对洱海湖滨带微生物群落特征及脱氮功能基因丰度的影响

为探究淹水条件与植被类型对湖滨带微生物群落结构、脱氮功能基因的影响,以洱海湖滨带3种淹水条件(不淹水、间歇淹水、持续淹水)和6种植被类型(草地、林地、林草地、挺水、沉水、无植被)土壤/底泥中的微生物为研究对象,采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术,分析淹水条件和植被类型对洱海湖滨带土壤和底泥微生物群落结构以及微生物脱氮功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明:交界区作为湖滨带物质交换与能量流动最频繁的区域,受水位波动影响环境条件复杂,其土壤/底泥中氮循环的重要微生物类群(如绿弯菌门和硝化螺旋菌门等)的相对丰度及α多样性均高于陆向区和水向区;而植被类型主要影响水向区底泥的微生物群落组成和α多样性。微生物脱氮功能基因丰度的差异进一步说明湖滨带脱氮微生物的空间分布特点,陆向区和交界区更高的功能基因丰度说明微生物脱氮活动更强烈。含水率、碳氮比、有机碳和亚硝氮是洱海湖滨带土壤/底泥脱氮过程功能基因丰度的关键影响因素,其浓度变化是淹水条件和植被类型影响脱氮功能基因丰度差异的主要原因。

中国北方农牧交错区生态系统服务价值时空变化特征及驱动力分析

为探究区域生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem services value,ESV)时空变化特征及其驱动因子,本研究基于1990—2020年七期土地利用数据,采用当量法估算北方农牧交错区的生态系统服务价值,在GEE云平台与ArcGIS软件的支撑下,分析其时空变化特征,并利用地理探测器模型揭示影响其变化的关键驱动因子。北方农牧交错区30a间草地面积增幅最大,建设用地呈逐年增长的趋势,林地与荒地面积减少,耕地与水域面积基本保持不变,土地利用空间分布格局基本稳定,土地利用方式的转化主要发生在耕地、林地与草地之间;北方农牧交错区年均ESV总量呈降低趋势,以林草地和水域提供调节服务为主,其次为支持服务、供给服务和文化服务,研究区ESV的空间分布与土地利用空间分布格局高度关联;北方农牧交错区ESV空间分异性受多种因素共同驱动,单因子表现为NDVI解释力最高,双因子表现为夜间灯光与NDVI交互作用最强。

夏河农牧交错区小黑麦与豌豆混播比例对生产性能的影响

【目的】筛选适合于夏河农牧交错区小黑麦与豌豆的混播组合及比例。【方法】本试验研究了3种豆科牧草(加拿大饲用豌豆、青海箭筈豌豆和绿箭1号箭筈豌豆)与甘农2号小黑麦不同混播比例(0∶100、20∶80、30∶70、40∶60、50∶50、60∶40、70∶30、80∶20、100∶0)下的生产性能及营养价值。【结果】从混播组合看,甘农2号小黑麦与加拿大饲用豌豆混播后不同混播比例的平均酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量最低(31.57%)、鲜草产量最高(48.14 t/hm^(2))、综合评价值(0.954)最高,小黑麦与绿箭1号箭筈豌豆混播时小黑麦的株高(137.00 cm)、豆科牧草的株高(121.78 cm)、粗脂肪(EE)含量(2.76%)最高;从混播比例看,3种豆科牧草与甘农2号小黑麦以30∶70的比例混播时,平均干草产量最高(13.76 t/hm^(2)),综合评价值(0.687)最高;混播组合和混播比例间的交互作用表明,青海箭筈豌豆与甘农2号小黑麦以30∶70的比例混播时干草产量较高(15.69 t/hm^(2)),综合评价值最高(0.706),以20∶80的比例混播时,干草产量最高(16.45 t/hm^(2)),综合评价值较高(0.633)。【结论】夏河农牧交错区青海箭筈豌豆与甘农2号小黑麦以30∶70或20∶80的比例混播时草产量和营养价值较好。