Analyzing the Form-Finding of a Large-Span Transversely Stiffened Suspended Cable System: A Method Considering Construction Processes

The precise control of the shape of transversely stiffened suspended cable systems is crucial. However, existing form-finding methods primarily rely on iterative calculations that treat loads as fixed known conditions. These methods are inefficient and fail to accurately control shape results. In this study, we propose a form-finding method that analyzes the load response of models under different sag and stress levels, taking into account the construction process. To analyze the system, a structural finite element model was established in ANSYS, and geometric nonlinear analysis was conducted using the Newton-Raphson method. The form-finding analysis results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves precise control of shape, with a maximum shape error ranging from 0.33% to 0.98%. Furthermore, the relationships between loads and tension forces are influenced by the deformed shape of the structures, exhibiting significant geometric nonlinear characteristics. Meanwhile, the load response analysis reveals that the stress level of the self-equilibrium state in the transversely stiffened suspended cable system is primarily governed by strength criteria, while shape is predominantly controlled by stiffness criteria. Importantly, by simulating the initial tensioning process as an initial condition, this method solves for a counterweight that satisfies the requirements and achieves a self-equilibrium state with the desired shape. The shape of the self-equilibrium state is precisely controlled by simulating the construction process. Overall, this work presents a new method for analyzing the form-finding process of large-span transversely stiffened suspended cable system, considering the construction process which was often overlooked in previous studies.

The dynamic relaxation form finding method aided with advanced recurrent neural network

How to establish a self‐equilibrium configuration is vital for further kinematics and dynamics analyses of tensegrity mechanism.In this study,for investigating tensegrity form‐finding problems,a concise and efficient dynamic relaxation‐noise tolerant zeroing neural network(DR‐NTZNN)form‐finding algorithm is established through analysing the physical properties of tensegrity structures.In addition,the non‐linear constrained opti-misation problem which transformed from the form‐finding problem is solved by a sequential quadratic programming algorithm.Moreover,the noise may produce in the form‐finding process that includes the round‐off errors which are brought by the approximate matrix and restart point calculating course,disturbance caused by external force and manufacturing error when constructing a tensegrity structure.Hence,for the purpose of suppressing the noise,a noise tolerant zeroing neural network is presented to solve the search direction,which can endow the anti‐noise capability to the form‐finding model and enhance the calculation capability.Besides,the dynamic relaxation method is contributed to seek the nodal coordinates rapidly when the search direction is acquired.The numerical results show the form‐finding model has a huge capability for high‐dimensional free form cable‐strut mechanisms with complicated topology.Eventually,comparing with other existing form‐finding methods,the contrast simulations reveal the excellent anti‐noise performance and calculation capacity of DR‐NTZNN form‐finding algorithm.

Test research and computer simulation analysis of construction state during form finding for suspen-dome system

A novel construction method without scaffold work called as assembly-prestressing form finding loop by loop is presented.Based on the theory of finite displacement,the cycle-forward analysis method is presented for its construction calculation,which adopts the finite element method of generalized geometric nonlinearity combined with the application in the real construction process.By means of the combination of the forward analysis according to real construction sequence and the cycle iteration according to the initial strain increment method of cable force adjustment,the influence of the structural geometric nonlinearity and the loss of prestress are taken into account due to prestressing of tendons in turn and so on.If the initial cable forces derived from the method were used for construction,expected cable forces and shape could be assured easily.Simulation analysis achieved real-time tracking and controlling of the construction status.Finally,according to the procedure and parameters in simulating,a model experimental research on the stage of form finding(namely prestressing)was carried out for suspen-dome structure.The feasibility on the assembly-prestressing form finding method loop by loop was testified.The cycle-forward analysis method was established and numerical simulation was performed,and the results show that it was useful for the design and the construction of similar suspen-dome structure.

Potential Toxicological and Cardiopulmonary Effects of PM2,5 Exposure and Related Mortality:Findings of Recent Studies Published during 2003-2013

Air pollution has environmental issue owing become a serious to its diverse harmful effects on the physical and biological environment. According to the Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） and the World Health Organization （WHO）, air pollution affects millions of people worldwide. Hundreds of thousands of deaths each year and a range of diseases, particularly among vulnerable groups （i.e., children, the elderly, and people with special medical conditions）, are attributed to air pollution. These effects are not always caused by single pollutant in the air; rather, they are considered consequences of the multi-pollutants to which people are simultaneously exposed.

Unveiling the planar deformation mechanisms for improved formability in pre-twinned AZ31 Mg alloy sheet at warm temperature

To investigate the role of pre-twins in Mg alloy sheets during warm planar deformation, the stretch forming is conducted at 200 ℃. Results suggest the formability of the pre-twinned AZ31 Mg alloy sheet is enhanced to 11.30 mm. The mechanisms for the improved formability and the deformation behaviors during the planar stretch forming are systematically investigated based on the planar stress states. The Schmid factor for deformation mechanisms are calculated, the results reveal that planar stress states extremely affect the Schmid factor for {10-12}twinning. The detwinning is activated and the prismatic slip is enhanced in the pre-twinned sheet, especially under the planar extension stress state in the outer region. Consequently, the thickness-direction strain is accommodated better. The dynamic recrystallization(DRX) type is continuous DRX(CDRX) regardless of the planar stress state. However, the CDRX degree is greater under the planar extension stress state.Some twin lattices deviate from the perfect {10-12} twinning relation due to the planar compression stress state and the CDRX. The basal texture is weakened when the planar stress state tends to change the texture components.

A FORM FUNCTION METHOD FOR FORM FINDING OF TENSION STRUCTURE

A new form function involving parameters Pi is presented. On the basis of the form function, an initial form of tension structure was Sound by interpolating through the control points on boundary of the structure. The form function can be controlled by changing beta (1) according to the pre-tension and the boundary of the structure. The final form of a tension structure should be an equilibrium system under the pretension. To examine the nature of the initial form, the FEM was used. Many examples show that the initial form gives a very ideal result for equal or unequal pre-tension in two directions of the structure. In general cases, there is little difference between the initial form and the final one.

Form Finding and Collapse Analysis of Cable Nets Under Dynamic Loads Based on Finite Particle Method

This paper presents form finding and collapse analysis of cable net structure under strong wind using the finite particle method(FPM).As a kind of particle method,the theoretical fundamentals of the FPM are given.Methods to handle geometric and material nonlinearities of cable element are proposed.The fracture criterion and model for cable element are built to simulate the failure of cable nets.The form-finding and load analysis of two cable nets are then performed in order to initialize the successive of nonlinear analysis.The failure progress of cable nets under dynamic loads is simulated,and the dynamic responses of the typical fracture element are given in details.Analyses of the energy variations during the collapse process also show the failure mechanisms of cable nets,which is useful for the structure collapse resistance design.The numerical applications highlight the capability of the proposed procedure to solve complicate collapse problems with the FPM.

The Protective Effects of Flavonoids from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves on Oligodendrocyte Damage Induced by Aβ1-42

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of flavonoids from the stem and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSFs) against Aβ1-42-induced oligodendrocytes (OL) damage. Methods: Immunofluorescence was used for the detection of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a characteristic protein of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93 cells). To evaluate the potential protective effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells injured by Aβ1-42, an injury model was established by subjecting OLN-93 cells to Aβ1-42 exposed. Cell morphology was examined using an inverted microscope, while cell viability was assessed using the colorimetric method of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured using the pyruvic acid reduction assay. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) injection was used as a positive control. Results: A total of >95% of the MAG immunofluorescence-positive cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. Gradually increasing concentrations of SSFs impaired the cells, and the maximum nondetrimental dose for OLN-93 cells was 75 mg/L. This study assessed the effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells damaged by Aβ1-42. The results indicated that SSFs significantly improved OLN-93 cell morphological abnormal changes, increased the OLN-93 cell survival rate, and reduced LDH release. Conclusion: SSFs can alleviate Aβ1-42-induced damage of OL.

Wrinkling prediction in rubber forming of Ti-15-3 alloy

Wrinkling is a common failure in the sheet metal forming of titanium owing to the relatively poor ability to shrink. It is important to predict wrinkling accurately in the sheet metal forming without costly trials. The ABAQUS/Explicit code was utilized to predict the wrinkling behavior in the sheet metal forming of Ti-15-3 alloy sheets. In terms of the comparison of wrinkling behavior between the simulation and experiment of the Fukui＇s conical cup tests at room temperature, the sensitivities of wrinkling simulation to various input parameters were evaluated comprehensively and quantitatively. Prediction of wrinkling and influence of rubber hardness on the winkling behavior in the rubber forming of convex flange were investigated quantitatively and validated by the rubber forming experiments. The excellent agreements between the simulations and the experiments conIirmed the accuracy of the prediction.

Microstructure and properties of Al-0.70Fe-0.24Cu alloy conductor prepared by horizontal continuous casting and subsequent continuous extrusion forming

A novel process for manufacturing A1-0.70Fe-0.24Cu alloy conductor was proposed, which includes horizontal continuous casting and subsequent continuous extrusion forming （Conform）. The mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and the compressed creep behaviour of the alloy were studied. The results indicate that the Conform process induces obvious grain refinement, strain-induced precipitation of AI7CuzFe phase and the transformation of crystal orientation distribution. The processed alloy has good comprehensive mechanical properties and electrical conductivity. Moreover, a better creep resistance under the conditions of 90 ~C and 76 MPa is shown compared with pure A1 and annealed copper, and the relationship between primary creep strain and time may comply with the logarithmic law. The enhanced properties are attributed to the grain refinement as well as the fine and homogeneously distributed thermally stable A1Fe and A17Cu2Fe precipitation phases.

Friction coefficient in rubber forming process of Ti-15-3 alloy

The forming limit diagram of Ti-15-3 alloy sheet was constituted at room temperature. The effects of different punch and rubber hardness on the limit principal strain distributions were investigated experimentally. Finite element analysis models of the samples with dimensions of 180 mm×180 mm were established to analyze the friction coefficients of different interfaces. Effects of various friction coefficients on the strain distributions were studied in detail. Finally, the friction coefficients in the cold forming were determined by contrasting the strain results between the experimental data and the simulated ones.

单层无内环索网结构-膜屋盖方案研究

对单层无内环马鞍形索网结构与索承式膜屋盖的共同工作性能进行了整体协同找形研究,基于APDL语言构建了结构的有限元模型,总结了协同找形步骤,给出的找形结果满足收敛容差的要求,说明了找形结果的正确性。同时对有限元模型进行了静力性能分析,就三种荷载工况下的膜面应力、索网轴力、结构整体位移进行了比较研究,结果表明,在弹性范围内,三者均随着荷载的增加呈线性增大。最后,就膜材自重、拉索和膜面的初始预应力为参数进行分析,膜材自重、拉索初始预应力对索承式膜屋盖影响较小,而膜材的初始预应力对索承式膜屋盖的影响较大,结构的整体位移对膜面参数变化不敏感,受拉索相关参数改变影响较大。通过对索膜协同工作性能的研究,为单层索网结构的膜屋盖设计提供参考。

Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding for Sandwich Structure of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding (SPF/DB) is a well-established process for the manufacture of components almost exclusively from Ti-6AI-4V sheet material. The sandwich structure of Ti-6AI-4V alloy is investigated. The effects of the microstructure on the SPF/DB process were discussed. The microstructure at the interfaces and the distribution of thickness were researched.

The Evolutionary History of Ore-forming Processes of Metallic Ore Deposits in Northern Guangxi

The northern Guangxi region is an important rare metal, rare earth metal and polymetallic metallogenic province. In the region there exist five metallogenic series and two metallogenic subseries, whose metallogenesis shows features of polycyclic spiral evolution throughout the geological history. As far as various cycles are concerned, mantle-derived ore substances were reduced while crust-derived ore substances increased from early to late timesfin the whole geological evolutionary history, mantle-derived substances decreased gradually while crust-derived ones increased. Meanwhile ore element associations became more and more varied. In terms of space, mineralization migrated from the old basement outwards, i.e. from west to east during the Precambrian, and from north to south during the Phanerozoic, and again from east to west during the Yanshanian.

Kagome Project:Physical and Numerical Modeling Comparison for a Post-formed Elastic Gridshell

An elastic gridshell is an efficient constructive typology for crossing large spans with little material.A flat elastic grid is built before buckling the structure into shape,in active and post-formed bending.The design and structural analysis of such a structure requires a stage of form finding that can mainly be done:(1)With a physical model:either by a suspended net method,or an active bending model;(2)With a numerical model performed by dynamic relaxation.All these solutions have various biases and assumptions that make them reflect more or less the reality.These three methods have been applied by Happold and Liddell[1]during the design of the Frei Otto’s Mannheim Gridshell which has allowed us to compare the results,and to highlight the significant differences between digital and physical models.Based on our own algorithm called ELASTICA[2],our study focuses on:(1)Comparing the results of the ELASTICA’s numerical models to load tests on physical models;(2)The identification of the various factors that can influence the results and explain the observed differences,some of which are then studied;(3)Applying the results to build a full-scale interlaced lattice elastic gridshell based on the Japanese Kagome pattern.

The Forming Conditions of and Ore-searching Direction for B, Mg,Pb, Zn and Au Deposits in the Liaoji Proterozoic Rift

The Liaoji Proterozoic rift is an inter-intracontinenatl rift developed from Archean granite-greenstone tectonic regime and contains many important mineral deposits of U, B, magnesite, Pb-Zn, Au, Ag, Co and P. These deposits were formed as the result of late mobilization, transportation and concentfation of the previously enriched ore-forming mate- rials in several ore-bearing formations formed during the rift stage. So the metallogeny of these deposits in the rift shows both inheritance and new generation of the ore-forming materials. In future ore-searching practice, attentions should be paid on the studies of the ore-bearing formations in the rift, on the multiple stages of metallogeny and and on multiple derivations of the ore-forming materials.

满约束轴向拼接张拉整体结构的自稳定性分析

为获得更多张拉整体构型和拓扑结构,本文基于平衡方程,研究张拉整体拼接结构自稳定条件下的结构参数关系的求取方法。基于三杆张拉整体单元轴向拼接形成的臂状张拉整体结构,以减少结构节点约束数为目的去除索构件,获得一种新型满约束轴向拼接张拉整体结构;分析此结构的节点坐标、构件向量的求取方法,推导结构的平衡方程;依据节点和构件之间的连接关系,以获得方阵形式的平衡矩阵为目标,提出了平衡方程缩减原则;根据平衡方程有非零解,平衡矩阵行列式为零的原则,获得保证张拉整体结构自稳定的结构参数关系。通过具体实例分析,证明此方法正确,获得的结构参数关系能够保证确定的满约束轴向拼接张拉整体结构的自稳定性。

基于ABAQUS的输电线找形与分裂导线模拟研究

架空输电线是输电塔-线体系的重要组成部分,但由于几何非线性特征强,难以直接得到输电线的初始形态。基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,提出更新形状法和更新张力法两种输电线找形方法,建立单导线模型作为算例进行分析与对比。研究结果表明,两种找形方法均具有很高的精确性,而在操作性和适用范围方面存在区别。由于新建输电线路的需求,分裂导线越来越多地被应用于输电线路中,考虑间隔棒与分裂导线间的耦合作用,提出一种分裂导线的模拟方法,可以实现分裂导线的精细模拟,并通过简化模型和精细化模型的动力特性对比,验证模拟的准确性。提出的输电线找形方法和分裂导线模拟方法可以为输电线路精确建模和分析提供参考。

膜结构找形方法--改进力密度法

在膜结构找形中,力密度法引入了"力密度"的概念,使问题简化。但力密度法需要多次试算后才能确定合适的力密度取值,很大程度上依赖个人经验,给找形过程带来一定困难。本文针对力密度法的找形过程进行改进,避开其中"力密度"的概念,直接引入膜面应力和索拉力作为初始条件,以节点不平衡力作为控制误差,避免了传统力密度法需要反复试算力密度取值的弊端,使找形计算过程简洁高效。据此编制找形程序,通过复杂算例验证了该算法的正确性和普适性。

基于力密度的径向肋式索膜反射面天线形态设计

针对空间索膜结构的初始形态设计问题,提出基于力密度方法和控制索网网格面积大小的方法来对边界拉索张力设计和索网形状设计的天线找形迭代策略。首先将薄膜反射面离散为三角形膜单元,得到膜单元的等效力密度,结合索网结构特点,得到索网和薄膜的静力平衡方程。保证索网所有内部索段的张力相等,同时通过控制网格面积大小实现边界索段张力设计。对前索网形状进行设计,根据前索网的抛物面方程,更新前索网自由节点坐标,进而重新调整竖向索张力,同时控制网格面积大小,通过优化迭代过程,实现天线的形态设计。通过径向肋式索膜反射面天线算例表明,该方法能够得到满足形状和张力分布的设计结果。