Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary.Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir.According to the concept and theory of 'continuous petroleum reservoirs' and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression,it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs.The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint.The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas,while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water.The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultrahigh pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source.All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs.The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages,which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones.These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation,self-preserving and self-coverage model.Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale.As the source rocks,Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon.Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs.During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion,natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs.Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances.With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity,natural gas accumulated continuously.Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies.The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal.With low porosity and low permeability,the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity.It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness.Thus,it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression.So,it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.

Forming Condition and Geology Prediction Techniques of Deep Clastic Reservoirs

1 Introduction As new exploration domain for oil and gas,reservoirs with low porosity and low permeability have become a hotspot in recent years(Li Daopin,1997).With the improvement of technology,low porosity and low

The Analysis on Comparison of Forming Condition with Abroad Palaeo-Epicontinental Marine Basin and Possibility of Potash Formation in North China

1 Introduction Currently,all six different continents have discovered potash deposits and potash-bearing salt lake saline water.However,the distribution is extremely uneven,which is mostly concentrated in Canada,Russia,Middle-Asia and

Effect of Deformation Condition on Axial Compressive Precision Forming Process of Tube with Curling Die

The effect of the deformation condition on the axial compressive precision forming process of tube with curling die was investigated by using a rigid-plastic FEM. The results show that the forming accuracy depends mainly on geometric condition rp/d0, little on tube material properties and friction condition; the relative gap △/2rp of double-walled tubes obtained decreases with Increasing rp/d0, and there is a parameter k for a given to/do or rp/t0, when rp/d0 >k, △/2rp< 1, otherwise △/2rp>1.

不同土壤调理剂对Cd污染稻田修复效果

为验证不同土壤调理剂在轻度Cd污染稻田的修复效果,本研究于2021年和2022年在湖北大冶连续开展田间小区试验,研究了20种土壤调理剂对水稻产量、糙米Cd含量、土壤pH、土壤有效态Cd含量的影响,并选取2021年试验中具有代表性的4种调理剂(有机类:P3、P4,无机类:P11、P12),探究其对Cd在土壤-植株中转运累积和在土壤中5种赋存形态转化的影响。两年的结果表明:与对照组相比,各调理剂处理后水稻产量变化幅度为-9.80%~20.09%,糙米Cd降幅为8.05%~79.57%,土壤pH提高了-0.01~1.13个单位,有效态Cd含量降低了4.79%~25.00%,且连续两年土壤pH值与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负相关关系。2021年试验中4种调理剂处理均能显著降低Cd从土壤到水稻根系的转运系数,且无机类调理剂(P11、P12)效果显著优于有机类(P3、P4);各类调理剂(P3、P4、P11、P12)处理使土壤中可交换态Cd和碳酸盐结合态Cd占比分别降低5.91~17.77个百分点和6.33~8.88个百分点;使土壤中Fe-Mn结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd占比分别增加3.47~16.31、0.80~6.50个百分点和4.82~7.05个百分点。有机类调理剂(P3、P4)倾向于将土壤中Cd向有机结合态Cd转化,无机类调理剂(P11、P12)则更倾向将土壤中Cd向Fe-Mn结合态Cd转化。研究表明,选取适宜的调理剂能够实现Cd污染耕地安全利用,推荐无机类P12调理剂(主要成分CaO≥28%)作为湖北大冶轻度Cd污染修复调理剂。

不同调理剂施用对富磷土壤磷素吸收及其形态变化影响

针对集约化设施土壤中磷素过度累积,本文开展盆栽试验,探究不同类型土壤调理剂施用对糯玉米干物质积累、磷素吸收及土壤磷素形态变化的影响。结果表明,生物质炭70%+明矾30%处理玉米的长势最好,其盆干生物量最高为44.6 g/plant,显著高于对照处理19.57%。土壤总磷和水溶性磷含量在施用调理剂后与种植前相比均有不同程度的降低。在土壤无机磷组分变化方面,明矾100%与生物质炭100%处理均提高了缓效性磷源的含量,生物质炭70%+明矾30%处理显著提高了速效性磷源含量。生物质炭70%+明矾30%、生物质炭30%+腐植酸30%+明矾30%处理可以有效抑制土壤碱性磷酸酶的活性,同时抑制土壤有机磷素的矿化。综合来看,生物质炭70%+明矾30%处理在释放土壤潜在性磷源、提高土壤速效性磷源、促进作物磷素吸收、提高作物干物质量积累等方面的综合表现较好。

The influence of temperature,pressure,salinity and capillary force on the formation of methane hydrate

We present here a thermodynamic model for predicting multi-phase equilibrium of methane hydrate liquid and vapor phases under conditions of different temperature, pressure, salinity and pore sizes. The model is based on the 1959 van der Waals--Platteeuw model, angle-dependent ab initio intermolecular potentials, the DMW-92 equation of state and Pitzer theory. Comparison with all available experimental data shows that this model can accurately predict the effects of temperature, pressure, salinity and capillary radius on the formation and dissociation of methane hydrate. Online calculations of the p-T conditions for the formation of methane hydrate at given salinities and pore sizes of sediments are available on： www.geochem-model.org/models.htm.

Forming conditions of blisters during solution heat treatment of Al–Si alloy semi-solid die castings

In the present study,numerical simulation method was used to analyze the conditions,resulting in the formation of blisters during solution heat treatment.Blister formation is considered to occur as the height of blister reaches 5μm.The effects of process parameters on the magnitude of the forming temperatures of blister(Tb)were discussed.Two kinds of Al-Si alloys were used to analyze the effect of mechanical properties of the alloys on blister forming conditions.Simulation results show that decreasing the initial pressure in gas hole,the long-short axial ratio of gas hole and the size of gas hole,as well as increasing the depth of gas hole and the strength of alloy are helpful to increase the critical temperature of forming blister.These conclusions are helpful for casters to understand the conditions controlling blister formation during solution heat treatment and take actions to avoid the blister defects.

空调翅片成形工艺与模具设计

以厚度0.25 mm的波纹翅片为研究对象,确定了其成形工艺,并设计了级进模,模具可实现1~12列任一列直线切断,通过气动、电控装置实现间歇性横切切断,满足不同片形的生产需要;利用Dynaform对拉深工序进行有限元模拟,模拟的翅片无起皱、破裂等缺陷。经实际试制表明:模具结构合理,翅片成形良好,为类似翅片成形提供参考。

基于科研平台的创新培养模式探讨——计算集群环境热力学仿真计算

现今对于人才的培养强调创新,通过对计算集群热力学模拟,在理论知识掌握的基础上,利用有限元仿真软件,结合实际情况,对整体集群的房间热分布情况进行模拟。尝试结合房间具体情况,设置初始条件和边界条件,利用ANSYS CFX有限元仿真软件模拟柜式与中央式两种空调模型下的集群房间温度场,得出房间整体温度随时间的演化,给出制冷效率的最佳方案。基于热力学仿真软件,不但对物理模型准确建立,而且熟练划分模型网格,通过有限元计算热力学分布。从这些计算结果可以看出,通过实际课题,设置相关难度,例如在模型建立和网格化分的过程中优化的问题,这些对于学生科研训练有相当大的帮助。另外,这些结果对空调样式的选择与安装设计有着重要的现实意义与参考价值。

空调底板的结构优化与冲压成形仿真

以某空调底板为研究对象,对其进行了三维建模、结构优化及冲压成形仿真。在减薄空调底板厚度的情况下,采用ANSYS Workbench软件对底板进行多目标优化,使底板的刚强度同时满足要求;并对优化后的底板采用Dynaform进行冲压成形仿真,通过工艺参数的调整,使结构优化后的底板冲压取得较好的成形效果。结果表明:采用基于有限元法的数值仿真技术,大大缩短了产品开发周期,并降低了开发成本。

基于板料成形有限元仿真技术的空调面板优化设计

以空调面板为研究对象,对其成形过程进行数值模拟,研究了产品圆角半径对成形性能的影响,分析了零件在不同冲压速度条件下的成形安全性,通过实际生产验证了优化结果的可行性及有效性。

汽车空调涡旋盘快速硬质阳极氧化处理工艺研究

采用脉冲恒流电源装置,研究了汽车空调涡旋动盘(ZL108)的脉冲恒流硬质阳极氧化工艺。探讨了氧化温度、电流密度、脉冲周期与氧化电压、膜厚、膜层质量、成膜速率之间的关系,由此获得了汽车空调涡旋动盘脉冲阳极氧化最佳工艺方案。采用该工艺方案,可使成膜速率达到1.52um/min,硬质阳极氧化的电流密度达到3～5A/dm2,氧化液温度拓宽到0～15℃。

柜式空调器室内机送风角度对室内热舒适性影响的数值分析

采用CFD方法对15种不同送风角度的办公室房间的室内速度场、温度场、PPD值进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明,不同送风角度,室内温度分布差异很大:垂直方向,随着送风角度的增大,工作区温度升高;水平方向,送风角度过大,室内温度分布不均匀。计算了不同送风角度下的PPDη值,结果表明,不同送风角度,人员不满意度区别明显,对室内热舒适性影响很大。综合比较得出向上15°、向右15°的送风角度为最佳送风角度。

粉煤灰基土壤调理剂中重金属赋存形态和溶出规律

明确粉煤灰中重金属的赋存形态和溶出规律,是实现粉煤灰在农业上大宗利用的先决条件。作者以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟未进行重金属预脱除粉煤灰改性制备的土壤调理剂作为研究对象,首先采用BCR连续浸提法初步探究其重金属赋存形态,然后在模拟土壤酸碱条件下研究其溶出规律,即采用水平振荡方法,在水溶液中25℃、液固体积质量比恒定为20∶1、pH 4~10、作用时间0~120h下研究典型五大重金属Hg、Pb、Cd、As、Cr的溶出规律,并与地表水、地下水毒理学指标进行对比,最后结合重金属溶出规律和BCR法形态分析结果,明晰调理剂中重金属的具体赋存形式。结果表明:在粉煤灰未进行重金属预脱除处理的情况下,调理剂中五大重金属的弱酸可溶态含量均小于10%,除As主要以可还原态形式存在外,其他重金属主要以残渣态形式存在。调理剂在不同pH值、不同时间下其中的重金属虽有少量溶出,但五大重金属在整个溶出过程中的溶出量均低于地下水Ⅳ类标准限值、地表水Ⅴ类标准限值,符合农业用水标准,环境风险较小。综合BCR法分析结果和重金属在不同条件下溶出规律,可知Cr、As、Cd、Hg、Pb主要存在形式分别为晶格Cr、As^(5+)、Cd(OH)_(2)、HgS和PbS,各占总量的61%、91%、54%、70%和95%。

Studies of Metallic and Trace Minerals of the Tiegelongnan Cu-Au Deposit, Central Tibet, China

Electron probe micro-analysis(EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) have been used to investigate the principal ore minerals and coexisting metallic mineral inclusions in polished thin sections from the Tiegelongnan deposit, which consists of a high-sulfidation epithermal system(HSES) and a porphyry system(PS). Molybdenite,chalcopyrite, bornite, tennantite, enargite, digenite, anilite, covellite, and tetrahedrite have been identified by EPMA. Intergrowth, cross-cutting and replacement relationships between the metallic minerals suggest that molybdenite formed first(stage 1),followed by chalcopyrite ± bornite ± hematite(stage 2),then bornite ± Cu-sulfides ± Cu-Fe-sulfoarsenides(stage 3),and lastly Cu-Fe-sulfoarsenides ±Cu-sulfides(stage 4). Pyrite is developed throughout all the stages. Droplet-like inclusions of Au-Te minerals commonly occur in tennantite but not in the other major sulfides(molybdenite, chalcopyrite and bornite),implying that tennantite is the most important Au telluride carrier. The pervasive binary equilibrium phases of calaverite and altaite constrain fin the range from ～-6.5 to ～-8 and f<-11.The intergrowth of bornite and chalcopyrite and the conversion from bornite to digenite suggest fluctuated and relatively low precipitation temperature conditions in the HSES relative to the PS.Contrastingly, the dominance of chalcopyrite in the PS, with minor bornite, suggests relatively high temperature conditions. These new results are important for further understanding the mineral formation processes superimposed by HSES and PS systems.

周期时变广义系统的因果性

利用矩阵理论建立了周期时变 (PTV)广义系统与线性时不变 (LTI)系统的等价关系 ,并利用该等价关系刻划了广义PTV系统的状态因果性 ,给出了两个等价系统具有状态因果性的充分必要条件 。

Effects of Forming Conditions and TiC–TiB_2 Contents on the Microstructures of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesized NiAl–TiC–TiB_2 Composites

The NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites were processed by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis（SHS） method using raw powders of Ni, Al, Ti, B4 C, TiC, and TiB2, and their microstructure and micro-hardness were investigated. The TiC–TiB2 in NiAl matrix, with contents from 10 to 30 wt%, emerged with the use of two methods： in situ formed and externally added. The results show that all final products are composed of three phases of NiAl, TiC, and TiB2. The microstructures of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites with in situ-formed TiC and TiB2 are fine, and all the three phases are distributed uniformly. The grains of NiAl matrix in the composites have been greatly refined, and the micro-hardness of NiAl increases from 381 HV100 to 779 HV100. However, the microstructures of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites with externally added TiC and TiB2 are coarse and inhomogeneous, with severe agglomeration of TiC and TiB2 particles. The samples containing externally added 30 wt% TiC–TiB2attain the micro-hardness of 485 HV100. The microstructure evolution and fracture mode of the two kinds of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites are different.

辽河流域土壤镉有效性的地球化学研究

利用辽宁省辽河流域生态地球化学调查中取得的土壤镉深表层含量及形态分析等测试数据,对土壤镉的存在形态及其影响因素进行了系统对比研究,结果表明:辽河流域土壤镉主要以离子交换态、水溶态、铁锰氧化态、碳酸盐结合态、强有机结合态、腐殖酸结合态及残渣态等七种形态存在,其中离子交换态及水溶态是可被生物吸收利用的有效态,其含量主要受土壤镉全量、pH值、有机质、土壤粘度等因素制约。

Primary Discussion on the Characteristics and Forecasting Methods of Dense Fog in Xuzhou City

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the characteristics and forecasting methods of dense fog in Xuzhou City. [Method] Based on the data of dense fog in Xuzhou City from 1960 to 2009, the characteristics and forming conditions of dense fog in the region were analyzed, and then its forecasting methods were introduced, finally corresponding disaster prevention measures were put forward. [ Result] Dense fog might ap- pear in each season, its frequency of occurrence was the highest in December, namely 16.4% ; it was the lowest in June （2.2%）, and the fog las- ted for a short time and was thin. Heavy fog occurred more frequently in winter half year than summer half year, and the frequency of occurrence from October to next February was about 66.7%. In addition, dense fog mostly generated from late midnight to morning, while it appeared less in the afternoon. It shows that dense fog in Xuzhou City is mainly radiation fog instead of advection fog, but the two kinds of fog appeared simultane- ously sometimes. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific forecasting methods for the precise prediction of dense fog in Xuzhou City.