The synthesis of Friedel's salt (FS: 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O) by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel's salt, such as...The synthesis of Friedel's salt (FS: 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O) by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel's salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle size distribution of Friedel's salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 μm, showing flat hexagonal (or pseudo- hexagonal) crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel's salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the adsorption mechanism, Friedel's salt forms due to the adsorption of the bulk C1- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al(OH-)6·2H2O]+, in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFro (a family of hydrated compounds found in cement) hydrates to form Friedel's salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al(OH-)6. 2H2O]+- OH-.展开更多
Petrophysical properties of the Early Cretaceous Sarmord and Garagu formations from the Atrush and Sarsang Blocks in the Kurdistan Region are studied. These formations are generally composed of limestones and dolomiti...Petrophysical properties of the Early Cretaceous Sarmord and Garagu formations from the Atrush and Sarsang Blocks in the Kurdistan Region are studied. These formations are generally composed of limestones and dolomitic limestones interbedded with thin to medium layers of yellowish-gray marl (calcareous mudstone). The current study shows that the average shale volume in the Sarmord and Garage formations is between 16% and 20%. In Atrush-1 Well, the average porosity ratio of the Sarmord and Garagu formations is fair to good (15% and 11%, respectively). However, in Mangesh-1 Well, the porosity value is poor;it is around 4% on average. Generally, most of the hydrocarbons that have been observed within the pore spaces are residual oil type in Atrush-1 Well and movable hydrocarbon type in Mangesh-1 Well. In Atrush-1 Well, out of 362 m thickness of both formations, only 180 m is considered to be a pay zone;whereas, the pay zone is just around 8.0 m thick out of 347 m of the total thickness. According to the calculated porosity values, the Garagu and Sarmord formations are not considered as good reservoirs in the studied wells, with the exception of Atrush-1 Well where the Sarmord Formation has fair potential reservoir characteristics.展开更多
The usefulness of limestone as an industrial raw material is dependent on the level of its purity, largely controlled by diagenesis and the depositional setting. Limestone samples (83) obtained from the Ewekoro Format...The usefulness of limestone as an industrial raw material is dependent on the level of its purity, largely controlled by diagenesis and the depositional setting. Limestone samples (83) obtained from the Ewekoro Formation exposed in quarry sections at Shagamu were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). A geochemical characterization of result was done to evaluate the purity levels and the implications on provenance, diagenesis, and depositional setting of the limestone. Five limestone beds from quarry sections (15 locations) were logged. Beds “E”, “D”, “C”, “B”, and “A” comprised sandy algal in sparry calcite cement, sandy biomicrite, algal biomicrite, sandy algal biomicrite, and the intra-sparite facies respectively. Results of major elements che- mistry indicated concentrations (in wt%) as follows: CaO (33.71 - 59.99), MgO (0.39 - 3.15), Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.47 - 3.23), Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.51 - 3.43), SiO<sub>2</sub> (0.47 - 45.98), SO<sub>3</sub> (0.10 - 2.27), K<sub>2</sub>O (0.02 - 0.28), Na<sub>2</sub>O (0.00 - 10.0), TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.00 - 0.27), P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (0.02 - 0.92), MnO (0.01 - 0.06) and Loss on ignition (17.64 - 45.20). Geochemical result showed that the samples are enriched in CaO, while SiO<sub>2</sub> varies widely, likely due to hinterland input. Plots of SiO<sub>2</sub> versus CaO concentrations depicted a negative correlation attributable to chemical diagenetic processes. Diagenesis of the carbonate in form of reversible replacement of SiO<sub>2</sub> with CaO and vice versa occurred under a shallow marine condition. This negative correlation between these oxides (CaO and SiO<sub>2</sub>) dictates zones of high purity limestones that are of desirable industrial applications. Relatively high silica content in the northwestern part is possible indication of outlets to the continental or inland areas where clastic sediment source may have been prominent. Ratios of Ca/Mg and Mg/Ca indicated a relatively low rate of evaporation of sea water and palaeo-salinity conditions marked by precipitation of limestone. Intermittent increase in palaeo-salinity and sea water evaporation level gave rise to the magnesian limestone.展开更多
Iron is a primary raw material for steel industry. Increase in demand for steel puts pressure on iron resources of India in respect of its grade and reserve. With increase in demand for good grade of ore vis-a-vis its...Iron is a primary raw material for steel industry. Increase in demand for steel puts pressure on iron resources of India in respect of its grade and reserve. With increase in demand for good grade of ore vis-a-vis its limited reserve, the utilization of low to medium grade iron ores is the order of the day with adoption of advanced beneficiation techniques. In order to find out the effective way of utilization, an in depth mineralogical study is essential as it throws light on the mineralogical peculiarities associated with the ores which affect the resultant beneficiation technique as well as the final product. In order to have a detail insight into the different mineralogical attributes, various characterisation studies megascopic, microscopic (both optical & electron), XRD, mossbauer and VSM are undertaken on the iron ores from different iron ore formations of Orissa. Importance of integrated mineralogical characterisation in beneficiation of iron ores is discussed.展开更多
Detailed characterization of the outcropping sediments in the Ikpankwu and Ihube axis was undertaken to validate lithostratigraphic boundaries and nomenclatures which had stirred up debates amongst scholars in recent ...Detailed characterization of the outcropping sediments in the Ikpankwu and Ihube axis was undertaken to validate lithostratigraphic boundaries and nomenclatures which had stirred up debates amongst scholars in recent times. Stochastic method established dominant facies associations and preferred stacking patterns, which were used to interpret environments of deposition (EODs), while foraminiferal and palynological analyses fingerprinted both paleo depths and age of the sediments. The results established the dominance of similar lithofacies at the basal parts of both sections indicating mappable geological units and members of the same lithostratigraphic unit. The basal lithofacies are succeeded up section, however, by different lithological units in both the KM 75 and Ikpankwu sections. Interpretations of EODs using lithofacies successions predicted fluvial to tidally-influenced shallow marine deposits, which are environments in close affinity with each other. Interpretations using abundance and diversity of micro fauna supported non-marine (coastal-deltaic) to middle neritic paleo-water depths also, typical of marginal to shallow marine EODs. Recovered foraminiferal assemblages in the shale samples from the upper parts of both sections, however, depicted deposits of Nsukka Formation despite variations observed in lithofacies assemblages because the identified Haplophragmoides species that populate the upper units had been used to define the Late Maastrichtian-Paleocene age. Sediments at the basal parts with mappable lithological units at both sections were rather populated by species that connote the Campanian-Maastrichtian age when the Mamu Formation sediments were deposited. Palynomorphs recovered from both the basal and upper sections also suggested Campanian-Maastrichtian and Late Maastrichtian-Paleocene age, indicative of Mamu and Nsukka Formation sediments, respectively.展开更多
Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in...Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in this area that has been less studied. This paper focused on reservoir properties in this formation using petrography and petrophysics data. According to the petrography studies Ilam Formation composed of limestone as dominant lithology. Detailed petrographic analyses, have led to identification of 10 micro-facies which are represented as a carbonate ramp depositional model. Also petrographic analyses are revealed that cementation, dissolution, compaction and dolomitization are most important digenetic processes. Detailed petrographic analyses and petrophysics data showed that due to mud-supported nature of more facies (inherited low reservoir potential from their depositional settings), diagenetic process plays an important role in increasing of reservoir quality. However cementation and dissolution had negative and positive effects on Ilam reservoir formation, respectively. Finally at the end for better correlation and to create a flow unit, according to the petrography data and using petrophysics log, this reservoir is divided into 5 units (flow unite) by using Geolog software and then they have been correlated across the field.展开更多
Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petroph...Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petrophysics are studied using an assembly of well log data from 8 wells together with core plugs measurements. Petrophysical analysis showed a good reservoir quality with average water saturation increasing toward the East and Southeast of the study area. Using a multi-linear regression technique on well logs and core data, permeability is estimated at well locations for flow unit characterization and flow capacity calculation. Results showed that five hydraulic flow units are identified through the studied wells, with relatively good correlation. Such correlation indicated a good continuity in the net pay zone of Abu Madi Formation in the Nile Delta reservoirs. The developed hydraulic flow units (HFUs) are classified according to its hydraulic conductivity into two main categories: the first category comprises the units with low permeability (K 1270 mD). The reservoir flow capacity (RFC) of these units indicated the development of 4 distinct classes (~11, ~30, ~80, and greater than 130 D.ft). The wells within the Northwestern part of the study area showed three HFUs that relatively vary from those located at the Southeast where two HFUs are only developed. In addition, the Southeastern part of the reservoir is characterized by good RFC as indicated by the development of high order HFUs (3, 4, and 5) compared to the Northeastern part with predominated low order HFUs (1, 2, and 3). Such results are crucial for the efficient field development and profound reservoir management of oil and gas fields in the Nile Delta.展开更多
基金Funded by International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(No.2013DFB70220)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21076212)the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province of China(No.[2014]2003)
文摘The synthesis of Friedel's salt (FS: 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O) by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel's salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle size distribution of Friedel's salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 μm, showing flat hexagonal (or pseudo- hexagonal) crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel's salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the adsorption mechanism, Friedel's salt forms due to the adsorption of the bulk C1- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al(OH-)6·2H2O]+, in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFro (a family of hydrated compounds found in cement) hydrates to form Friedel's salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al(OH-)6. 2H2O]+- OH-.
文摘Petrophysical properties of the Early Cretaceous Sarmord and Garagu formations from the Atrush and Sarsang Blocks in the Kurdistan Region are studied. These formations are generally composed of limestones and dolomitic limestones interbedded with thin to medium layers of yellowish-gray marl (calcareous mudstone). The current study shows that the average shale volume in the Sarmord and Garage formations is between 16% and 20%. In Atrush-1 Well, the average porosity ratio of the Sarmord and Garagu formations is fair to good (15% and 11%, respectively). However, in Mangesh-1 Well, the porosity value is poor;it is around 4% on average. Generally, most of the hydrocarbons that have been observed within the pore spaces are residual oil type in Atrush-1 Well and movable hydrocarbon type in Mangesh-1 Well. In Atrush-1 Well, out of 362 m thickness of both formations, only 180 m is considered to be a pay zone;whereas, the pay zone is just around 8.0 m thick out of 347 m of the total thickness. According to the calculated porosity values, the Garagu and Sarmord formations are not considered as good reservoirs in the studied wells, with the exception of Atrush-1 Well where the Sarmord Formation has fair potential reservoir characteristics.
文摘The usefulness of limestone as an industrial raw material is dependent on the level of its purity, largely controlled by diagenesis and the depositional setting. Limestone samples (83) obtained from the Ewekoro Formation exposed in quarry sections at Shagamu were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). A geochemical characterization of result was done to evaluate the purity levels and the implications on provenance, diagenesis, and depositional setting of the limestone. Five limestone beds from quarry sections (15 locations) were logged. Beds “E”, “D”, “C”, “B”, and “A” comprised sandy algal in sparry calcite cement, sandy biomicrite, algal biomicrite, sandy algal biomicrite, and the intra-sparite facies respectively. Results of major elements che- mistry indicated concentrations (in wt%) as follows: CaO (33.71 - 59.99), MgO (0.39 - 3.15), Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.47 - 3.23), Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.51 - 3.43), SiO<sub>2</sub> (0.47 - 45.98), SO<sub>3</sub> (0.10 - 2.27), K<sub>2</sub>O (0.02 - 0.28), Na<sub>2</sub>O (0.00 - 10.0), TiO<sub>2</sub> (0.00 - 0.27), P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (0.02 - 0.92), MnO (0.01 - 0.06) and Loss on ignition (17.64 - 45.20). Geochemical result showed that the samples are enriched in CaO, while SiO<sub>2</sub> varies widely, likely due to hinterland input. Plots of SiO<sub>2</sub> versus CaO concentrations depicted a negative correlation attributable to chemical diagenetic processes. Diagenesis of the carbonate in form of reversible replacement of SiO<sub>2</sub> with CaO and vice versa occurred under a shallow marine condition. This negative correlation between these oxides (CaO and SiO<sub>2</sub>) dictates zones of high purity limestones that are of desirable industrial applications. Relatively high silica content in the northwestern part is possible indication of outlets to the continental or inland areas where clastic sediment source may have been prominent. Ratios of Ca/Mg and Mg/Ca indicated a relatively low rate of evaporation of sea water and palaeo-salinity conditions marked by precipitation of limestone. Intermittent increase in palaeo-salinity and sea water evaporation level gave rise to the magnesian limestone.
文摘Iron is a primary raw material for steel industry. Increase in demand for steel puts pressure on iron resources of India in respect of its grade and reserve. With increase in demand for good grade of ore vis-a-vis its limited reserve, the utilization of low to medium grade iron ores is the order of the day with adoption of advanced beneficiation techniques. In order to find out the effective way of utilization, an in depth mineralogical study is essential as it throws light on the mineralogical peculiarities associated with the ores which affect the resultant beneficiation technique as well as the final product. In order to have a detail insight into the different mineralogical attributes, various characterisation studies megascopic, microscopic (both optical & electron), XRD, mossbauer and VSM are undertaken on the iron ores from different iron ore formations of Orissa. Importance of integrated mineralogical characterisation in beneficiation of iron ores is discussed.
文摘Detailed characterization of the outcropping sediments in the Ikpankwu and Ihube axis was undertaken to validate lithostratigraphic boundaries and nomenclatures which had stirred up debates amongst scholars in recent times. Stochastic method established dominant facies associations and preferred stacking patterns, which were used to interpret environments of deposition (EODs), while foraminiferal and palynological analyses fingerprinted both paleo depths and age of the sediments. The results established the dominance of similar lithofacies at the basal parts of both sections indicating mappable geological units and members of the same lithostratigraphic unit. The basal lithofacies are succeeded up section, however, by different lithological units in both the KM 75 and Ikpankwu sections. Interpretations of EODs using lithofacies successions predicted fluvial to tidally-influenced shallow marine deposits, which are environments in close affinity with each other. Interpretations using abundance and diversity of micro fauna supported non-marine (coastal-deltaic) to middle neritic paleo-water depths also, typical of marginal to shallow marine EODs. Recovered foraminiferal assemblages in the shale samples from the upper parts of both sections, however, depicted deposits of Nsukka Formation despite variations observed in lithofacies assemblages because the identified Haplophragmoides species that populate the upper units had been used to define the Late Maastrichtian-Paleocene age. Sediments at the basal parts with mappable lithological units at both sections were rather populated by species that connote the Campanian-Maastrichtian age when the Mamu Formation sediments were deposited. Palynomorphs recovered from both the basal and upper sections also suggested Campanian-Maastrichtian and Late Maastrichtian-Paleocene age, indicative of Mamu and Nsukka Formation sediments, respectively.
文摘Dezfol embayment in the Southwest of Iran is located in the Zagros fold-thrust belt, which is one of the world’s largest petroleum provinces. Ilam Formation (Santonian-Companian) is one of the reservoir formations in this area that has been less studied. This paper focused on reservoir properties in this formation using petrography and petrophysics data. According to the petrography studies Ilam Formation composed of limestone as dominant lithology. Detailed petrographic analyses, have led to identification of 10 micro-facies which are represented as a carbonate ramp depositional model. Also petrographic analyses are revealed that cementation, dissolution, compaction and dolomitization are most important digenetic processes. Detailed petrographic analyses and petrophysics data showed that due to mud-supported nature of more facies (inherited low reservoir potential from their depositional settings), diagenetic process plays an important role in increasing of reservoir quality. However cementation and dissolution had negative and positive effects on Ilam reservoir formation, respectively. Finally at the end for better correlation and to create a flow unit, according to the petrography data and using petrophysics log, this reservoir is divided into 5 units (flow unite) by using Geolog software and then they have been correlated across the field.
文摘Field development typically requires detailed petrophysical analysis and well defined hydraulic flow units for comprehensive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization. In the present study, pay zones petrophysics are studied using an assembly of well log data from 8 wells together with core plugs measurements. Petrophysical analysis showed a good reservoir quality with average water saturation increasing toward the East and Southeast of the study area. Using a multi-linear regression technique on well logs and core data, permeability is estimated at well locations for flow unit characterization and flow capacity calculation. Results showed that five hydraulic flow units are identified through the studied wells, with relatively good correlation. Such correlation indicated a good continuity in the net pay zone of Abu Madi Formation in the Nile Delta reservoirs. The developed hydraulic flow units (HFUs) are classified according to its hydraulic conductivity into two main categories: the first category comprises the units with low permeability (K 1270 mD). The reservoir flow capacity (RFC) of these units indicated the development of 4 distinct classes (~11, ~30, ~80, and greater than 130 D.ft). The wells within the Northwestern part of the study area showed three HFUs that relatively vary from those located at the Southeast where two HFUs are only developed. In addition, the Southeastern part of the reservoir is characterized by good RFC as indicated by the development of high order HFUs (3, 4, and 5) compared to the Northeastern part with predominated low order HFUs (1, 2, and 3). Such results are crucial for the efficient field development and profound reservoir management of oil and gas fields in the Nile Delta.