Occurrences and Formation Mechanisms of Botryoidai Structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation,Sichuan Basin,China

ObjectiveThis study aims to characterize the occurrences and interior structural features of botryoidal structures from the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin of Southwestern China, and to shed light on their formation mechanism.

Formation Mechanism of Curved Martensite Structures in Cu-based Shape Memory Alloys

The curved martensite structures have been observed in CuZnAI-based shape memory alloys by both transmission electron microscope and optical microscope. It was found that the curved martensite structures observed in as-solution treated, as-aged and as-trained alloys usually occurred around dislocation tangles or precipitate, at the plate boundary or grain boundary, and when the growing plates collided with each other or alternate mutually.

Role of Ordering Energy in Formation of Grain Structure and Special Boundaries Spectrum in Ordered Alloys with L12 Superstructure

It was revealed that an average energy of special boundaries is proportional to APB energy in the alloys with the L12 superstructure. This fact proves the appearance of the GAPBs in the planes of location of special boundaries in coincidence sites of ordered alloys. It was determined that the more energy of special boundaries in ordered alloys, the more energy of complex stacking fault. There is a correlation between the distribution of special boundaries as a function its relative energy and ordering energy: the more ordering energy, the more degree of washed away of distribution. The correlation between average relative energy of special boundaries and ordering energy was detected: the more ordering energy, the more average energy of special boundaries. The reverse dependence between ordering energy and average number of special boundaries in grains limited by boundaries of general type was discovered.

Crystal Structure during Film Formation

For evaporation-deposited Ti films, face-centred cubic structure was observed at the initial stage of film growth, then transited to the hexagonal close-packed structure during film growing (less than 50 nm thick). While. for ion-beam sputter-deposited films. the structure of films always kept the fcc structure during all stages of film formation. The structure of film at initial growth stages relates with the substrate. It is discussed that different film processes and different growth stages provide different thermodynamic condition of film formation and result in the different crystal structures of films during the film formation

New Discovery of Molar Tooth Structures in the Kangjia Formation at Benxi,Liaoning and its Significance

Objective The Jilin-Liaoning area has widely spread Meso- and Neoproterozoic sediments and is always a focused area for researching Precambrian geology. Previous study has achieved a series of results about Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in this area, but the lack of precise geochronological data and signs of stratigraphic correlation has resulted in the long controversial stratigraphic age and regional correlation. During recent years,

Formation of Nonlinear Solitary Vortical Structures by Coupled Electrostatic Drift and Ion-Acoustic Waves

Propagation of coupled electrostatic drift and ion-acoustic waves（DIAWs） is presented. It is shown that nonlinear solitary vortical structures can be formed by low-frequency coupled electrostatic DIAWs. Primary waves of distinct（small, intermediate and large） scales are considered. Appropriate set of 3 D equations consisting of the generalized Hasegawa-Mima equation for the electrostatic potential（involving both vector and scalar nonlinearities） and the equation of motion of ions parallel to magnetic field are obtained. According to experiments of laboratory plasma mainly focused to large scale DIAWs, the possibility of self-organization of DIAWs into the nonlinear solitary vortical structures is shown analytically. Peculiarities of scalar nonlinearities in the formation of solitary vortical structures are widely discussed.

Discrete Quantum Transitions, Duality: Emergence of Physical Structures and Occurrence of Observed Formations (Hidden Properties of Mathematical Physics Equations)

With the help of skew-symmetric differential forms, the hidden properties of the mathematical physics equations that describe discrete quantum transitions and emergence the physical structures are investigated. It is shown that the mathematical physics equations possess a unique property. They can describe discrete quantum transitions, emergence of physical structures and occurrence observed formations. However, such a property possesses only equations on which no additional conditions, namely, the conditions of integrability, are imposed. The intergrability conditions are realized from the equations themselves. Just under realization of integrability conditions double solutions to the mathematical physics equations, which describe discrete transitions and so on, are obtained. The peculiarity consists in the fact that the integrability conditions do not directly follow from the mathematical physics equations;they are realized under the description of evolutionary process. The hidden properties of differential equations were discovered when studying the integrability of differential equations of mathematical physics that depends on the consistence between the derivatives in differential equations along different directions and on the consistence of equations in the set of equations. The results of this work were obtained with the help of skew-symmetric differential forms that possess a nontraditional mathematical apparatus such as nonidentical relations, degenerate transformations and the transition from nonintegrable manifolds to integrable structures. Such results show that mathematical physics equations can describe quantum processes.

Numerical simulation and dimension reduction analysis of electromagnetic logging while drilling of horizontal wells in complex structures

Electromagnetic logging while drilling(LWD)is one of the key technologies of the geosteering and formation evaluation for high-angle and horizontal wells.In this paper,we solve the dipole source-generated magnetic/electric fields in 2D formations efficiently by the 2.5D finite diff erence method.Particularly,by leveraging the field’s rapid attenuation in spectral domain,we propose truncated Gauss–Hermite quadrature,which is several tens of times faster than traditional inverse fast Fourier transform.By applying the algorithm to the LWD modeling under complex formations,e.g.,folds,fault and sandstone pinch-outs,we analyze the feasibility of the dimension reduction from 2D to 1D.For the formations with smooth lateral changes,like folds,the simplified 1D model’s results agree well with the true responses,which indicate that the 1D simplification with sliding window is feasible.However,for the formation structures with drastic rock properties changes and sharp boundaries,for instance,faults and sandstone pinch-outs,the simplified 1D model will lead to large errors and,therefore,2.5D algorithms should be applied to ensure the accuracy.

The Mechanism of Structural Control of Ore Formation and Geochemical Characteristics in the Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Wushan Copper Ore Field,Jiangxi

The ore-controlling mechanism of the bedding fault system in the massive sulfide deposits of the Wushancopper orefield may be generalized as the control of ore deposition by optimum surface in an ore-formingstructural trap. The mechanism has three major features: (1) timing of mineralization; (2) positioning of hostformation; and (3) dependence of ore-controlling structure on properties of rocks. The 'optimum surface' is adivisional structural plane which marks obvious difference in physical, chemical and mechanical properties andis favorable for mineralization. It is also a unity of structures. lithofacies and orebodies. The structural and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits indicate the migration trend of the ma-jor characteristic clements in the ore-controlling fault belt: elements with a small radius (Si, Fe, Mg and Al)moved towards and concentrated at the center of the belt while large-radius ones (Ca, K and Na) were remotefrom the center.

Mechanical Properties and Evolution of Microstructure of Cement Stabilized Loess

Cement Stabilized Loess(CSL)sample has a long history as a method of improving building foundations.In this paper,the main physical(specific gravity,consistency limit,optimum moisture content,and maximum dry den-sity)and mechanical properties(Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS)and shear strength par ameters)of CSL samples with different cement content were inves tigated,and the change reasons were exp lored by mean of SEM test.Meanwhile,quantitative analysis sofware Image Pro Plus(IPP)6.0 was used to characterize the microstruc-tural evolution of pores in compacted loess and CSL sample.As the cement content increased,the specific gravity and optimum water content in the CSL samples increased and the liquid limit and maximum dry density decreased.The plastic limit exhibits an increase followed by a decrease,with the plasticity index changing in the opposite tendency.The UCS and shear strengths of the CSL samples increased with increa sing cement con-tent,and the USC and cement content was better ftted using the Asymptotic model under the same curing time.The growth rate of the UCS and shear strength parameters were significantly reduced at cement contents above 2%.The results of Scanning Hlectron Microscopy(SEM)showed that the structure of the CSL samples was denser and had no obvious inter-aggregate pores.Meanwhile,compared to compacted loess,produced C-S-H gel and ettringite.Quantitative analysis of compacted loess and CSL sample by IPP software.Compared to compacted loess,the average pore diameter and average pore area of the CSL sample decreased from 12.44μm and 229.04 μm^(2) to 8.72 μm and 84.68μm^(2),a reduction of 29.9% and 63.0%,respectively.The pore shape tends to fatten,but there is basically no efet on the pore angle distrbution.Fnally,a systematic description of the phy-sicochemical reactions occurring during the formation of the CSL sample structure was made,and a schematic diagram of the formation of the CSL sample structure was created.

Relation between the Rheology Characteristic and Initial Hydration Structure of Portiand Cement

Based on the rheology characteristic and the resistivity variation under alternating electric-field of Portland cement hydration by means of AR2000 advanced rheometer and non-contacting electrical resistivity device, the influence of cement kinds and the chemical admixtures on the initial rheology characteristic and structure forming and developing of cement hydration was studied. The relationship between the rheology characteristic, the initial hydration structure forming and the hydration process at very early ages was analyzed by macro properties and microstructure tests. The results showed that, the storage modulus, acted as S, could be described more subtle distinction accompanying with hydration of fresh paste model at very early period. Combining the resistivity alterations, a sudden change on structure forming emerged when the hydration of cement becoming inducing age. The rheology characteristic was interrelated to the hydration structure forming, development and the physical mechanics properties. The sudden change on storage modulus moved up due to the addition of retarder, but the structure forming and developing was retarded to a certain extent.

Star formation properties in barred galaxies (SFB) Ⅱ. NGC 2903 and NGC 7080

Stellar bars are important for the secular evolution of disk galaxies because they can drive gas into the galactic central regions. To investigate the star formation properties in barred galaxies, we presented a multi-wavelength study of two barred galaxies： NGC 2903 and NGC 7080. We performed the three-component bulge-diskbar decomposition using the 3.6 μm images, and identified the bulges in the two galaxies as pseudobulges. Based on the narrowband Hα images, the star formation clumps were identified and analyzed. The clumps in the bulge regions have the highest surface densities of star formation rates in both galaxies, while the star formation activities in the bar of NGC 2903 are more intense than those in the bar of NGC 7080. Finally, we compared our results with the scenario of bar-driven secular evolution in previous studies, and discussed the possible evolutionary stages of the two galaxies.

Formation and Evolution of Wakes in the Spacetime Generated by a Cosmic String in <i>f</i>(<i>R</i>) Theory of Gravity

The formation and evolution of cosmic string wakes in the framework of a f(R) theory of gravity are investigated in this work. We consider a simple model in which baryonic matter flows past a cosmic string. We treat this problem in the Zel’dovich approximation. We compare our results with previous results obtained in the context of General Relativity and Scalar-Theories of Gravity.

Dyke Swarms Florianópolis: Petrologic and Structural Aspects Related to Rifting Supercontinent Gondwana and Formation South Atlantic in the Santa Catarina of Island, Brazil

From a point of magmatic view,the rupturing Gondwana Supercontinent is registered on the South American shelf in continental flood basalts,mafic dyke swarms,basins rift and,to a lesser extent,by intrusions alkaline.Among those

Principle and Method of Optimization Design for Soft Soil Stabilizer

A stabilized soil structure formation model was introduced. In order to form compact stabilized soil structure, cementitious hydrates were needed to wrap and bind the soil aggregates. Meanwhile, expansible hydrates were needed to squeeze and fill the pores, especially the pores in the aggregates. The experimental results show that the influences of various chemical characteristic factors of soil on the strength of the stabilized soil are boiled down, for the influence on the concentration of Ca（OH）2 in the pore solution of the stabilized soil, and the amount of CSH generated by cement. Finally an optimization design method is proposed, with which the stabilizer can be designed according to characteristics of soil samples.

Regional Distribution and Prospects of Potash in China

China was formed by amalgamation of several small continental blocks （cratons）, micro, blocks and orogenic belts in different paleoclimatic settings. It may be correlated with other continental blocks but has its own specific characteristics; therefore the tectonic environments of China＇s marine and continental saline basins and salt, and potash, forming environment have some specific characteristics： multiple phases of salt formation, difference in salt, forming ages, migration and concentration of salt, forming processes and diversity of component materials, as well as small sizes of marine saline basins and great changes of saline basins in the late stage and occurrence of abundant liquid mineral resources. The nature of the tectonic basement exerted a key controlling effect on the formation of potash basins. The stable tectonic region was favorable for potash concentration in a quasi, stable region, and quasi, and the quasi-stable region was favorable for salt concentration and potash formation in a local stable tectonic region. Most China＇s major ancient saline basins occur in ＂quasi, cratons （continental block）＂; especially all the marine saline basins occur in continental blocks with the Precambrian basement. These regions are the key ones for potash search. Most relatively large, scale soluble salt deposits are developed in relatively stable continental nuclei. According to the characteristics of the tectonic domains where China＇s salt, forming basins are located, the North China, Yangtze and Tarim, Qaidam salt minerogenetic domains and the northern Qiangtang, western Yunnan salt minerogenetic belt may be distinguished. Their salt and potash prospects will be discussed separately.

Structure formation dynamics in drawing silica photonic crystal fibres

The special features of photonic crystal fibres（PCFs）are achieved by their air hole structures.PCF structure is determined and formed by its origin preform design and drawing process.Therefore,structure formation dynamics in drawing PCF is important for the fabrication of PCF achieving desirable structure and thus the intended feature.This paper will investigate structure formation dynamics of PCF drawing in relation to key parameters and conditions,such as hole dimension,temperature,pressure,etc.

Model Analysis of Initial Hydration and Strueture Forming of Portland Cement

The auto efficiently hydration heat arrangement and the non-contacting electrical resistivity device were used to test the therrnology effect and the resistivity variation of Portland cement hydration. The structure forming model of Portland cement initial hydration was established through the systematical experiments with different cements, the amount of mixing water and the chemical admixture. The experimental results show that, the structure forming model of cement could be divided into three stages, i e, solution-solution equilibrium period, structure forming period and structure stabilizing period. Along with the increase of mixing water, the time of inflexion appeared is in advance for thermal process of cement hydration and worsened for the structure forming process. Comparison with the control specimen, adding Na2SO4 makes the minimum critical point lower, the flattening period shorter and the growing slope after stage one steeper. So the hydration and structure forming process of Portland cement could be described more exactly by applying the thermal model and the structure-forming model.

Astrophysical applications of gravitational microlensing

Since the first discovery of microlensing events nearly two decades ago, gravitational microlensing has accumulated tens of TBytes of data and developed into a powerful astrophysical technique with diverse applications. The review starts with a theoretical overview of the field and then proceeds to discuss the scientific highlights. （1） Microlensing observations toward the Magellanic Clouds rule out the Milky Way halo being dominated by MAssive Compact Halo Objects （MACHOs）. This confirms most dark matter is non-baryonic, consistent with other observations. （2） Microlensing has discovered about 20 extrasolar planets （16 published）, including the first two Jupiter-Saturn like systems and the only five ＂cold Neptunes＂ yet de- tected. They probe a different part of the parameter space and will likely provide the most stringent test of core accretion theory of planet formation. （3） Microlensing pro- vides a unique way to measure the mass of isolated stars, including brown dwarfs and normal stars. Half a dozen or so stellar mass black hole candidates have also been pro- posed. （4） High-resolution, target-of-opportunity spectra of highly-magnified dwarf stars provide intriguing ＂age＂ determinations which may either hint at enhanced he- lium enrichment or unusual bulge formation theories. （5） Microlensing also measured limb-darkening profiles for close to ten giant stars, which challenges stellar atmo- sphere models. （6） Data from surveys also provide strong constraints on the geometry and kinematics of the Milky Way bar （through proper motions）; the latter indicates predictions from current models appear to be too anisotropic compared with observa- tions. The future of microlensing is bright given the new capabilities of current surveys and forthcoming new telescope networks from the ground and from space. Some open issues in the field are identified and briefly discussed.

Fractal characteristic of microscopic pore structure of tight sandstone reservoirs in Kalpintag Formation in Shuntuoguole area,Tarim Basin

Using the fractal geometry method,the microscopic pore structures of tight sandstone reservoirs in Kalpintag Formation of Shuntuoguole area in Tarim Basin were conducted fractal characterization on the base of test analysis data such as physical property,cast thin section,scanning electron microscope and mercury injection,and the genetic mechanism of pore structure heterogeneity was investigated.The storage spaces are dominated by intergranular dissolved pore,intragranular dissolved pore and residual intergranular pore,and the throat type consists of the necking throat,lamellar throat,curved lamellar throat and tube-shaped throat.The microscopic structure type includes Type Ⅰ(fractal dimension≤2.350),Type Ⅱ(2.350<fractal dimension<2.580),Type Ⅲ(fractal dimension>2.580)and fracture type.The most favorable reservoirs with Type-Ⅰ microscopic pore structure are mainly distributed in the Upper Member of Kalpintag Formation,while the reservoirs with Type-Ⅱ and Type-Ⅲ microscopic pore structures are mainly in the Lower Member of Kalpintag Formation.The sedimentation controls the heterogeneity of microscopic pore structure,and the differences on composition and particle size of sandstone lead to differentiation of microscopic pore structures.The Lower Member of the Kalpintag Formation experiences stronger compaction and cementation but weaker dissolution than the Upper Member of the Kalpingtag Formation,and thus the microscopic pore structure of Upper Member of the Kalpintag Formation is significantly worse that of the Lower Member o the Kalpingtag Formation.The Upper Member of the Kalpintag Formation with high content of brittle mineral develops microscopic fractures due to tectonic rupture,thus the permeability is improved and the heterogeneity of microscopic pore structures is enhanced;but the Lower Member of Kalpintag Formation is characterized by attrition crushing of particles and strong compaction.