Prediction and Verifcation of Forming Limit Diagrams Based on a Modifed Shear Failure Criterion

The forming limit diagram plays an important role in predicting the forming limit of sheet metals.Previous studies have shown that,the method to construct the forming limit diagram based on instability theory of the original shear failure criterion is efective and simple.The original shear instability criterion can accurately predict the left area of the forming limit diagram but not the right area.In this study,in order to improve the accuracy of the original shear failure criterion,a modifed shear failure criterion was proposed based on in-depth analysis of the original shear failure criterion.The detailed improvement strategies of the shear failure criterion and the complete calculation process are given.Based on the modifed shear failure criterion and diferent constitutive equations,the theoretical forming limit of TRIP780 steel and 5754O aluminum alloy sheet metals are calculated.By comparing the theoretical and experimental results,it is shown that proposed modifed shear failure criterion can predict the right area of forming limit more reasonably than the original shear failure criterion.The efect of the pre-strain and constitutive equation on the forming limits are also analyzed in depth.The modifed shear failure criterion proposed in this study provides an alternative and reliable method to predict forming limit of sheet metals.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) and Forming Limit Stress Diagram (FLSD)

In this work, forming limit diagram for aluminum alloy 3105 is performed experimentally and forming limit based on stress (FLSD) calculated from strains that resulted from experimental procedure. In addition, numerical prediction by ductile fracture criteria using simulation is considered and it is shown that they are well suited with the experimental results. The strain paths from finite element simulations are found fairly acceptable to represent both sides of the FLD.

Determination and application of stress-based forming limit diagram in aluminum tube hydroforming

The stress-based forming limit diagram(FLSD) established with limit stress is independent of the strain paths. Compared with traditional strain-based forming limit diagram(FLD),it is more convenient and practical to use as the criterion of forming limit under complex strain paths. The forming limit of 3A21 aluminum alloy sheet was tested and its forming limit diagram(FLD) was determined. Then the FLSD of 3A21 was constituted by transformation formulas between limit strain and limit stress. This FLSD was used in conjunction with LS-DYNA finite element simulations to predict the onset of fracture and limit forming pressure in tube hydroforming. The results indicate that the fracture often occurs in the transition region between corner and straight side of the tube,and the limit forming pressure is 46.4 MPa. The simulation result agrees with the experimental result,and the FLSD is able to predict the forming limit of tube hydroforming with remarkable accuracy.

PREDICTION FOR FORMING LIMIT OF AL2024T3 SHEET BASED ON DAMAGE THEORY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

This paper presents the application of anisotropic damage theory to the study of forming limit diagram of A12024T3 aluminum alloy sheet. In the prediction of limiting strains of the aluminum sheet structure, a finite element cell model has been constructed. The cell model consists of two phases, the aluminum alloy matrix and the intermetallic cluster. The material behavior of the aluminum alloy matrix is described with a fully coupled elasto-plastic damage constitutive equation. The intermetallic cluster is assumed to be elastic and brittle. By varying the stretching ratio, the limiting strains of the sheet under biaxial stretching have been predicted by using the necking criterion proposed. The prediction is in good agreement with the experimental findings. Moreover, the finite element cell model can provide information for understanding the microscopic damage mechanism of the aluminum alloy. Over-estimation of the limit strains may result if the effect of material damage is ignored in the sheet metal forming study.

Forming limits of nickel coating on right region

The forming limits of nickel coating on the right region were studied, so as to direct the preparation of the material and help the production of workpieces. The electrodeposited nickel coating was prepared on steel substrate to form advanced structures, and its plastic instability was investigated by the Swift Plastic Instability Theory. By using the compound law for laminated sheet metals, explicit equations for the calculation of the instable eigen values were deduced. The forming limit diagrams of the nickel coating on the right region were plotted. It is exhibited that the forming limit of the coating sheet is between the forming limits of the individual nickel coating and steel substrate. The forming limit of the nickel coating is not so good as that of the steel substrate, and the forming limit strain of the coating sheet tends to diminish with the increase of thickness of the coating. The greater the normal anisotropic coefficient of the materials is, the better the forming limit is.

Hot Granules Medium Pressure Forming Process of AA7075 Conical Parts

High strength aluminum alloy plate has a low elongation at room temperature, which leads to the forming of its components need a high temperature. Liquid or gas is used as the pressure-transfer medium in the existing flexible mould forming process, the heat resistance of the medium and pressurizing device makes the application of aluminum alloy plate thermoforming restricted. To solve this problem, the existing medium is replaced by the heat-resisting solid granules and the general pressure equipments are applied. Based on the pressure-transfer performance test of the solid granules medium, the feasibility that the assumption of the extended Drucker-Prager linear model can be used in the finite element analysis is proved. The constitutive equation, the yield function and the theoretical forming limit diagram（FLD） of AA7075 sheet are established. Through the finite element numerical simulation of hot granules medium pressure forming（HGMF） process, not only the influence laws of the process parameters, such as forming temperature, the blank-holder gap and the diameter of the slab, on sheet metal forming performance are discussed, but also the broken area of the forming process is analyzed and predicted, which are coincided with the technological test. The conical part whose half cone angle is 15° and relative height H/d0 is 0.57, is formed in one process at 250℃. The HGMF process solves the problems of loading and seal in the existing flexible mould forming process and provides a novel technology for thermoforming of light alloy plate, such as magnesium alloy, aluminium alloy and titanium alloy.

Research on technological parameters of pressure forming with hot granule medium on AA7075 sheet

Hot granule medium pressure forming(HGMF) process is a new process in which granule medium replaces the medium in existing flexible-die hot forming process, such as liquids, gases or viscous medium. Hot forming of light alloy sheet parts can be realized based on the properties of granule medium, such as withstanding high temperature and pressure, filling well, sealing and loading easily. In this work, the forming of AA7075 cylindrical parts by HGMF process is taken as an example to establish the constitutive relation and forming limit diagram(FLD) of AA7075 sheet which is related to temperature by hot uniaxial tensile test of sheet metal. Based on the assumption that granule medium is applied to extended Drucker-Prager linear material model, the finite element model of HGMF process is established and the effect of technological parameters, such as forming temperature, blank-holder gap and drawing ratio, on the sheet metal formability, is studied. The limit drawing ratio curve of AA7075 cylindrical parts at forming temperature of 175-300 °C is obtained by HGMF process test, and the limit drawing ratio reaches the maximum value of 1.71 at 250 °C. The results of numerical simulation are consistent with the results of process test, and the forming force, distribution of wall thichness and form of instability are predicted correctly, which provides reference for the application of HGMF process.

新型汽车覆盖件钢板性能研究

UF340作为一种新型超细晶高强钢,在汽车外覆盖件的应用上具有替代HC180BD的潜力,研究了UF340力学性能和成形性能。结果表明,在塑性、加工硬化指数和各向异性方面,UF340与HC180BD具有相似的力学性能,与HC180BD相比UF340没有明显的烘烤硬化性,2种材料的成形性能基本一致。通过Keeler模型计算获得UF340的成形极限曲线与成形试验结果存在一定差异,采用线性分段拟合方式获得的成形极限图与试验结果吻合度更高,采用该方法获得的成形极限曲线可为新材料的成形应用提供参考。

镁合金板材成形极限图(FLD)的实验研究

首次利用电蚀网格法,在 BCS-30D 板材成形性试验机上进行镁合金板材成形实验,利用先进的 ASAME 自动应变测量系统进行应变测量分析,测试镁合金板材的成形极限图(FLD)。实验表明,室温下 AZ31B 镁合金冷轧态板材的力学性能和冲压性能不佳,难以完成成形极限图的测试,不具备成形加工能力;热轧态镁合金板材具有一定的塑性和成形性能,并测试了其成形极限图。成形极限曲线 FLC 的测试对制订镁合金板材的冲压成形工艺提供了理论依据。

轿车零件应变分析与FLD选材预测

对ＣＡ７２２０红旗轿车主要零件使用的钢板进行了冲压级别分类，采用网格法测定了零件冲压后的应变值并绘制了零件应变图和成形极限图（ＦＬＤ）。用有限元模拟分析（ＦＥＡ）确定出油底壳零件变形的危险部位，计算了危险部位的成形安全裕度，并对零件优化选材进行了性能预测。

基于多元线性回归的6016汽车铝板FLD_0预测模型

成形极限图中FLD0(平面应变处的主应变)的准确性关系到汽车零件CAE仿真分析和安全裕度判定的精度。文章针对15种不同性能的6016汽车铝板,采用相关性分析方法研究了材料厚度、屈强比、延伸率、n值和r值等对6016汽车铝板FLD0的影响规律,并基于多元线性回归方法建立了6016汽车铝板FLD0的预测模型。

薄板成形极限图(FLD)的多项式拟合分析

基于多项式拟合的基本原理以及相关性与方差的综合分析,探讨了成形极限散点与高次多项式之间的相关特性以及表面工程主应变极值点FLD0与拟合曲线的关系。在所得的拟合曲线基础上配合数理统计与概率理论分析,拟合曲线的上下置信函数可以成为描绘成形极限曲线(FLC)的重要依据,也可以为FLD0值的区间估计提供可靠科学的置信分析。

侧围外板腰线后三角窗位置起皱分析及对策

从冲压成型理论出发,结合成型极限图(FLD)阐述冲压起皱机理,为分析起皱问题提供了思路,以某车型SUV侧围外板为例,对腰线后三角窗位置的起皱问题进行解析,并于同步工程阶段,借助AutoForm分析软件找到了一种解决该起皱问题的对策,产品实物证实了该方法的有效性,对于同类结构的产品或工艺提供了参考,具有一定的推广和借鉴意义。

基于DIC技术的曲率对成形极限的影响研究

高强度钢因具有强度高、相同强度下质量更小的特点,成为目前车身及零部件上使用最多的材料。起皱、破裂是汽车覆盖件在弯曲成形及曲面翻边成形过程中的主要缺陷,而曲率是影响其成形性能的重要因素。为了预防起皱、破裂等缺陷,提高高强度钢的成形性能,利用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术及Nakajima试验研究曲率对高强度钢成形极限的影响。以DP780高强度钢为试验材料,分别在不同直径的冲头下对其进行胀形试验,利用DIC技术实时监测板材的应变状态,通过位置相关法求得DP780在不同曲率下的成形极限曲线(Forming Limit Curves,FLC),并绘制各曲率下DP780板材的成形极限图(Forming Limit Diagrams,FLD)。通过对比各曲率下的FLC可知,DP780高强度钢板的成形性能随着曲率的增加而提高。

Forming Limit Stress Diagram Prediction of Aluminum Alloy 5052 Based on GTN Model Parameters Determined by In Situ Tensile Test

The conventional forming limit diagram （FLD） is described as a plot of major strain versus minor strain. However, FLD is dependent on forming history and strain path. In the present study, a forming limit stress-based diagram （FLSD） has been adopted to predict the fracture limit of aluminum alloy （AA） 5052-O1 sheet. Nakazima test is simulated by plastic constitutive formula derived from the modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman （GTN） model. An in situ tensile test with scanning electron microscope （SEM） is proposed to determine the parameters in GTN model. The damage evolution is observed and recorded, and the parameters of GTN model are identified through counting void fraction at three damage stages of AA5052-O 1. According to the experimental results, the original void volume fraction, the volume fraction of potential nucleated voids, the critical void volume fraction, the void volume fraction at the final failure of material are assigned as 0.002 918, 0.024 9, 0.030 103, 0.048 54, respectively. The stress and strain are obtained at the last loading step before crack. FLSD and FLD of AA5052-O 1 are plotted. Compared with the experimental Nakazima test and uniaxial tensile test, the predicted results show a good agreement. The parameters determined by in situ tensile test can be applied to the research of the forming limit for ductile metals.

基于Dynaform获取铝合金成形极限的试验及理论研究

针对许多轿车上采用的进口铝合金板料缺少材料成形极限图的问题,本文根据铝合金板料失稳理论,将最大凸模压力判断方法与单元应变路径突变判断方法相结合,提出了一种综合判断铝合金板料失稳的方法,并基于Dynaform的有限元仿真,获取铝合金板料的成形极限图。同时论文根据国标进行了铝合金板料的性能试验,试验数据与仿真数据吻合较好。

The Formablity of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy Sheet

The forming limit diagrams （ FLD ） of AZ31B magnesium alloy sheet were tested by means of the electro etching grid method based on the forming experiment of magnesium alloy sheet carried out with a BCS- 30D sheet forming testing machine and the strain testing analysis made with an advanced ASAME automatic strain measuring system. Experiments show that, at room temperature, the mechanical properties and deep drawing peorformance of AZ31B cold-rolled magnesium alloy sheet were so poor that it failed to test the forming limit diagrams without an ideal forming and processing capacity, while the hot-rolled magnesium alloy sheet was of a little better plasticity and forming peorformance after testing its forming limit diagrams. It can be concluded that the testing of the forming limit curves （ FLC ） offers the theoretical foundation for the drawing of the deep drawing and forming process of magnesium alloy sheet.

基于DYNAFORM的轿车后背门冲压成形的仿真模拟

文章根据该外覆盖件特点运用CAE软件DYNAFORM进行精模拟,制定关键技术设计的方案,在此基础上,通过拉延筋的综合优化(拉延筋圆角半径和拉延筋筋高等),达到制件无拉裂、少起皱、小回弹,保证冲压件质量,对实际生产起指导作用.较采用传统的"试错法"设计模具可以降低研发成本,从而增强企业在市场中的竞争力.

Prediction of Forming Limit Diagrams for Materials with HCP Structure

The forming limit diagram（FLD） is an important tool to be used when characterizing the formability of metallic sheets used in metal forming processes. Experimental measurement and determination of the FLD is timeconsuming and therefore the analytical prediction based on theory of plasticity and instability criteria allows a direct and efficient methodology to obtain critical values at different loading paths, thus carrying significant practical importance.However, the accuracy of the plastic instability prediction is strongly dependent on the choice of the material constitutive model [1–3]. Particularly for materials with hexagonal close packed（HCP） crystallographic structure, they have a very limited number of active slip systems at room temperature and demonstrate a strong asymmetry between yielding in tension and compression [4, 5]. Not only the magnitude of the yield locus changes, but also the shape of the yield surface is evolving during the plastic deformation [4]. Conventional phenomenological constitutive models of plasticity fail to capture this unconventional mechanical behavior [4, 6]. Cazacu and Plunkett [6] have proposed generic yield criteria, by using the transformed principal stress, to account for the initial plastic anisotropy and strength differential（SD） effect simultaneously. In this contribution, a generic FLD MATLAB script was developed based on Marciniak–Kuczynski analytical theory and applied to predict the localized necking. The influence of asymmetrical effect on the FLD was evaluated. Several yield functions such as von Mises, Hill, Barlat89, and Cazacu06 were incorporated into analysis. The paper also presents and discusses the influence of different hardening laws on the formability of materials with HCP crystal structures. The findings indicate that the plastic instability theory coupled with Cazacu model can adequately predict the onset of localized necking for HCP materials under different strain paths.

Formability improvement and blank shape definition for deep drawing of cylindrical cup with complex curve profile from SPCC sheets using FEM

In the current work,to predict and improve the formability of deep drawing process for steel plate cold rolled commercial grade(SPCC) sheets,three parameters including the blanking force,the die and punch corner radius were considered.The experimental plan according to Taguchi's orthogonal array was coupled with the finite element method(FEM) simulations.Firstly,the data from the test of stress-strain and forming limit curves were used as input into ABAQUS/Explicit finite element code to predict the failure occurrence of deep drawing process.The three parameters were then validated to establish their effects on the press formability.The optimum case found via simulation was finally confirmed through an experiment.In order to obtain the complex curve profile of cup shape after deep drawing,the anisotropic behavior of earring phenomenon was modeled and implemented into FEM.After such phenomenon was correctly predicted,an error metric compared with design curve was then measured.