Women's experiences of formula feeding their infants:an interpretative phenomenological study

Objective: This study aimed to explore the experiences of women in the process of formula feeding their infants. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of breastfeeding for infant health. After decades of breastfeeding promotions,breastfeeding rates in Hong Kong have been rising consistently; however, the low continuation rate is alarming. This study explores women's experiences with formula feeding their infants, including factors affecting their decision to do so.Methods: A qualitative approach using an interpretative phenomenological analysis(IPA) was adopted as the study design. Data were collected from 2014 to 2015 through individual in-depth unstructured interviews with 16 women, conducted between 3 and 12 months after the birth of their infant. Data were analyzed using IPA.Results: Three main themes emerged as follows:(1) self-struggle, with the subthemes of feeling like a milk cow and feeling trapped;(2) family conflict, with the subtheme of sharing the spotlight; and(3) interpersonal tensions, with the subthemes of embarrassment,staring, and innocence. Many mothers suffered various stressors and frustrations during breastfeeding. These findings suggest a number of pertinent areas that need to be considered in preparing an infant feeding campaign.Conclusions: The findings of this study reinforce our knowledge of women's struggles with multiple sources of pressure, such as career demands, childcare demands, and family life after giving birth. All mothers should be given assistance in making informed decisions about the optimal approach to feeding their babies given their individual situation and be provided with support to pursue their chosen feeding method.

豆粕替代鱼粉添加丁酸梭菌对大口黑鲈生长性能、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

为研发大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)优质配合饲料,以初始体质量(50.78±1.15)g的大口黑鲈幼鱼为研究对象,设置对照组鱼粉含量为30%,在对照组的基础上使用豆粕分别替代25%、50%和75%鱼粉记为D25、D50和D75处理组,并在3种豆粕替代基础上添加0.05%丁酸梭菌设计D25+C、D50+C和D75+C3个处理组,共计7种试验饲料,进行为期8周的饲喂试验,研究豆粕替代鱼粉并添加益生菌后鱼体的生长和抗氧化能力差异。结果显示:豆粕替代25%鱼粉时大口黑鲈的生长性能、体组成和抗氧化能力均未出现显著差异。但替代比例达到50%后大口黑鲈的增重率和特定增长率均显著降低,饲料系数显著升高,肝脏和血清总抗氧化能力、活性氧和超氧化物歧化酶均发生显著变化。然而,在替代50%鱼粉的基础上添加丁酸梭菌组与对照相比,增重率、特定增长率、活性氧和超氧化物歧化酶均无显著差异。当替代水平达到75%时添加丁酸梭菌与未添加组相比大口黑鲈的生长性能和抗氧化性能得到改善,但仍显著低于对照组。结果表明添加0.05%的丁酸梭菌可改善豆粕替代鱼粉比例达到50%对大口黑鲈生长性能和抗氧化能力造成的负面影响。

0~6月龄不同喂养方式对婴儿体格生长发育的影响

目的:通过对首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院出生的857例婴儿在0~6月龄喂养方式的随访,探索6个月内不同喂养方式对婴儿体格生长发育的影响。方法:对招募的研究对象进行纵向随访12个月,随访主要收集0~6月龄期间的婴儿喂养方式和12月龄以内的体格生长发育情况。利用世界卫生组织(WHO)Anthro软件计算年龄别体重评价、年龄别身长评价和年龄别体重别身长评价,通过方差分析、非参数秩和检验、χ^(2)检验以及线性回归等方法进行资料的描述性分析和婴儿体格生长发育影响因素的分析。结果:持续6月龄纯母乳喂养组婴儿6月龄和9月龄的体重评价和身长评价及12月龄的年龄别体重和年龄别身长别体重评价为正常发育的比例均高于6月龄内部分母乳喂养和纯人工喂养组的婴儿,差异均具有统计学意义(P≤0.05)。通过线性回归模型校正孕周、孕妇年龄、婴儿性别、分娩方式、婴儿出生体重以及出生身长等混杂因素后发现,0~6月龄不同喂养方式是婴儿12月龄时生长发育的重要影响因素。结论:持续6月龄的纯母乳喂养方式将影响婴儿在6月龄、9月龄、12月龄时的生长发育。因此,临床医生应倡导母亲在婴儿6月龄内尽可能持续完全母乳喂养,以保证婴儿的生长发育。

山东地区饲料原料中微量元素含量分布研究

为了解山东地区主要禽用饲料原料中微量元素的含量分布情况,探讨其含量对配合饲料或全混合日粮中微量元素总量的影响,为饲料生产提供科学依据,收集来自山东省15个地市的玉米16份、豆粕17份、花生饼7份、花生粕14份、棉籽粕12份、玉米DDGS 15份、玉米蛋白粉15份,共计96份样品,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体对样品中的铜、铁、锰、锌、硒等5种微量元素含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:4种饼粕类饲料原料中铜、铁、锰、锌和硒含量分别为17.01、323.70、50.52、62.28 mg/kg和174.13μg/kg,玉米及其两种副产物中铜、铁、锰、锌和硒含量分别为6.13、194.09、12.27、32.28 mg/kg和97.98μg/kg。结果说明,不同种类饲料原料及同类原料不同品种之间的微量元素含量存在较大差异。

南水北调中线渠首前馈控制方案快速计算分析

明渠调水工程中为适时适量的满足下游用水需求,需要提前制定控制方案。前馈控制方案的设计往往较为复杂,且影响因素众多,调度人员难以快速做出决策。基于蓄量补偿法对南水北调中线工程刁河节制闸至十二里河节制闸段作前馈控制,基于蓄量补偿计算结果,分析了初始流量、分水流量与前馈控制时间的关系,构建了单、双变量的前馈控制时间快速计算公式。探究了不同因素对蓄量补偿控制下游水位偏差的影响,得到初始流量、分水流量与下游水位最大偏差之间的函数关系式。针对工程运行中的极端工况,原蓄量补偿控制的下游水位偏差过大的问题,采用二次蓄量补偿规则对渠池进行前馈控制,有效减小了下游水位偏差。

入炉煤配方优化软件的开发与应用

介绍AP粉煤气化工艺入炉煤质量标准,构建基于大数据的单煤和混配煤气化性能数据库,研发出的具有混配煤组分计算、相图计算、熔渣表面张力计算、黏温曲线计算、气化技术性能预测和气化成本预测6大功能的入炉煤配方优化软件。结合粉煤气化装置多年运行经验,介绍了用该软件进行入炉煤配方优化的计算过程和应用情况,可利用该软件进行气化生产用煤计划、采购计划和物流计划的制定,以及新煤种开发。该软件已陆续推广应用到多套煤化工装置。

不同饲料配方饲喂山谷型藏羊效果对比试验

在不同饲料配方饲喂条件下,青海互助山谷型藏羔羊试验组与对照组在为期80 d的饲喂试验中,试验组与对照组总增重分别为9.96 kg和5.67 kg,试验组较对照组提高4.29 kg,增重效果极显著(P<0.01)。试验组、对照组藏羊日增重分别为124.5 g和70.88 g,试验组比对照组增加了53.62 g,提高了75.65%,增重效果显著(P<0.05);试验组平均胴体重17.52 kg,对照组平均胴体重14.74 kg,试验组提高了18.86%;按照目前1 kg市场价60元计算,试验组比对照组只均新增收入166.8元,效益显著(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,运用试验组饲料配方饲喂藏羔羊,可获得良好的增重效果和经济效益。

Factors affecting breastfeeding duration in Greece:What is important?

AIM:To investigate factors associated with breastfeeding duration(BD) in a sample of mothers living in Greece.METHODS:Four hundred and twenty-eight mothers(438 infants) were initially recruited in a tertiary University Hospital.Monthly telephone interviews(1665in total) using a structured questionnaire(one for each infant) were conducted until the sixth postpartum month.Cox regression analysis was used to assess factors influencing any BD.RESULTS:Any breastfeeding rates in the first,third,and sixth month of the infant's life reached 87.5%,57.0%and 38.75%,respectively.In the multivariate analysis,maternal smoking in the lactation period[hazard-ratio(HR) = 4.20]and psychological status(HR = 1.72),and the introduction of a pacifier(HR =2.08),were inversely associated,while higher maternal education(HR_(university/college vs primary/high school) = 0.53,HR_(master's vs primary/high school) = 0.20),and being an immigrant(HR = 0.35) were positively associated with BD.CONCLUSION:Public health interventions should focus on campaigns against smoking during lactation,target women of lower educational status,and endorse the delayed introduction of pacifiers.

Effects of Semi-Solid Enteral Formula on Aspiration Pneumonia and Diarrhea

Objective: The effects of semi-solid enteral formula were investigated in tube feeding patients with aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea caused by liquid enteral formula. Methods: In 25 cases of aspiration pneumonia and 10 cases of diarrhea (5 cases had both aspiration pneumonia and diarrhea) caused by liquid enteral formula, the rate of improvement by changing the liquid enteral formula to semi-solid enteral formula was studied. The semi-solid enteral formula (PG Soft&reg;EJ) was infused via the nasogastric tube (16Fr) or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube (20Fr). Results: The semi-solid enteral formula was effective in 72% of aspiration pneumonia cases and in 80% of diarrhea cases. Constipation was observed in one case but was controlled with magnesium oxide. Conclusion: In cases of aspiration pneumonia and/or diarrhea, changing liquid enteral formula to semi-solid enteral formula frequently shows improvement.

基于类固醇合成途径的生物进化及其产物的饲料资源利用

类固醇作为一类具有环戊烷多氢菲骨架结构和具有多种生理活性的物质,其骨架结构具有合成之后不可再分解的特性,成为生物分子进化的重要事件。通过自身合成或食物来源,不同进化程度的生物体富集了高含量的固醇合成途径的中间产物,尤其在抵御恶劣环境条件下,这些物质成为维持其生长、繁育和生存的必需物质。这些类固醇合成中间产物同样是养殖动物的必需物质,必须在配合饲料中进行有效的补充。认识这些物质的化学结构、性质及其在自然生物中的分布,对于创新性地开发生物资源、了解饲料中“未知生长因子”或“未知必需物质”的种类及其来源是非常必要的。

Research on Yarn Tension under Positive Guiding by Feed Rollers

In the carpet tufting machine,feed rollers are used to guide the yarns positively.After deducing the general Euler formula of yarn tension under positive guide of rollers,a conclusion is got that the tension of yarns at the output side of each roller tends to decrease one by one.Afterwards,a computing formula of wrap angle of yarn passing through the feed roller is deduced by application of triangle geometry method.By analyzing the effect of each parameter on the yarn tension,values of the space between rollers and the roller diameter are proposed for design reference,and relations between the yarn tension and the two key parameters,the friction coefficient of roller surface and the speed of rollers,are illustrated in detail.Consequently,a policy is drawn out to control the yarn tension.The results of this paper provide not only theory foundation for empirical settings of the operational parameters of tufting machine,but also theory support for further research on yarn tension-control methods.

Assay of ghrelin concentration in infant formulas and breast milk

AIM: To test if total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. METHODS: Using a radioimmunoassay, we measured total ghrelin concentrations in 19 samples of commercial infant formulas and in 20 samples of human milk. We also determined ghrelin concentration in the serum of infants and lactating mothers. RESULTS: Ghrelin concentrations were significantly higher in artificial milk (2007.1 ± 1725.36 pg/mL) than in human milk (828.17 ± 323.32 pg/mL) (P = 0.005). The mean ghrelin concentration in infant serum (n = 56) was 1115.86 ± 42.89 pg/mL, and was significantly higher (P = 0.023) in formula-fed infants (1247.93 ± 328.07 pg/mL) than in breast-fed infants (1045.7 ± 263.38 pg/mL). The mean serum ghrelin concentration (mean ± SD) in lactating mothers (n = 20) was 1319.18 ± 140.18 pg/mL. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that total ghrelin is present in infant formulas. This findingraises diverse questions regarding the uptake, absorption and metabolic effects of this hormone.

Evaluating Feed Intake of Fishes in Aquaculture Nutrition Experiments with Due Consideration of Mortality and Fish Survival

Mortality is normal and natural in aquaculture experiments. However, it becomes a problem when measuring feed intake as a component of nutrient utilization parameters such as: feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency, apparent net protein utilization, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value. In order to accurately evaluate feed intake with due consideration of mortality encountered, a formulae was developed using empirical data obtained from an experiement that had mortality. The formulae Fwas: total feed consumed by numbers of survived fishes=DL∑_(i=1)~n(F_i/N_i)N. Where, D=Numbers of days fishes were fed within each period ibefore it was adjusted(e.g fortnight), it was constant throught period of experiment; F=Uantity of feed fed per day for a fortnight before the quantity was adjusted, it changed every fortnight; L=Numbers of living fishes at the end of experimental period; N=Numbers of fishes at each weighing period, it might change every fortnight or might be constant if no mortality occurred; while n=Numbers of times fishes were weighed and quantity of feed was adjusted but this did not include the final weighing at the termination of experiment. However, if the fishes were weighed weekly, then D=6.

配方技术的相关算法及对饲料企业的多重指导作用

饲料是我国畜牧产业可持续发展的重要保障,而配方技术是饲料生产的核心。充分挖掘饲料配方技术的潜在价值,是实现饲料原料资源合理分配、构建最优饲料配方的关键。文章归纳总结了配方技术的各种相关算法,介绍了其数学原理,详细阐述了各种算法对饲料企业的指导作用,并提出了基于配方技术的配方调整流程方案和辅助饲料企业关键业务环节决策的配方技术应用流程方案,从而为有效实现饲料配方的精准设计和提升饲料企业核心竞争力提供参考价值。

Design and Application of Dietary Formula for Muscovy Duck at Different Growth Stages

In this study,feed formulation software REFS3000 was applied to design dietary formula for black-feather Muscovy duck at different growth stages,which provided the basic information for dietary combination in further feeding experiment,aiming at improving the targeted feeding level of duck in China.

基于稳定性同位素技术分析池塘养殖中华绒螯蟹成蟹各种食物的贡献率

为确定池塘养殖中华绒螯蟹成蟹的食物来源及贡献比例,采用稳定性同位素技术,分析了池塘养殖的中华绒螯蟹成蟹肌肉、硬颗粒饲料、软颗粒饲料和池塘常见天然饵料中的碳、氮稳定性同位素特征。结果显示,中华绒螯蟹肌肉中的碳稳定性同位素(δ^(13)C)为(-19.86±0.03)‰,氮稳定性同位素(δ^(15)N)为(7.47±0.03)‰。配合饲料和池塘中天然饵料的δ^(13)C值分布范围为-27.04‰~-22.87‰,δ^(15)N值分布范围为1.46‰~7.20‰。通过食源贡献率分析,在养殖池塘中,中华绒螯蟹的第一食物来源为配合饲料,其中硬颗粒饲料占18.68%,软颗粒饲料占16.81%,其余饵料的贡献率由大到小依次为底栖生物、浮游动物、浮萍、本底中华绒螯蟹、沉积物、伊乐藻和浮游植物,贡献率分别为16.37%、12.72%、8.29%、7.91%、7.90%、5.79%和5.53%。综上,在养殖池塘中,硬颗粒饲料和软颗粒饲料为中华绒螯蟹成蟹的主要食物,两者约占总食物贡献的35.49%,底栖生物、浮游动物和水生植物等天然饵料的食物贡献率合计约为56.60%。

寡糖的生理功能及其在水产配合饲料中的应用

寡糖种类繁多,生理功能多样,来源广泛,不仅可以从生物中提取,而且能够通过降解和人工合成等方法获得。寡糖作为绿色高效的饲料添加剂在水产动物的抗氧化、抗菌、调节免疫、抗炎等方面发挥着重要作用,是一类应用前景广阔的水产饲料添加剂。目前,科技工作者围绕寡糖的理化性质、制备方法、生理功能及适宜添加剂量等开展了一系列有益的工作。文章简要综述了寡糖理化性质、生理功能及其在水产养殖中的应用现状及发展对策,旨在为寡糖在水产配合饲料中的应用积累基础资料。

极低出生体重儿不同喂养方式下早期生长发育和并发症的比较

目的探讨2种不同喂养方式对极低出生体重儿(very low birth weight infant,VLBWI)生后早期(住院期间)生长发育和并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析2020年1月1日至2021年12月31日浙江省金华市中心医院新生儿科收治的90例极低出生体重儿的临床资料,按照住院期间母乳喂养总量占比的不同,将其分为试验组(42例)和对照组(48例)。试验组极低出生体重儿采用强化母乳喂养为主(住院期间母乳喂养总量≥总喂养量的50%);对照组极低出生体重儿采用早产儿配方奶喂养为主(住院期间母乳喂养总量<总喂养量的50%)。比较两组极低出生体重儿生后早期生长发育和并发症发生率的情况。结果试验组与对照组极低出生体重儿住院期间体重增长速率[(15.11±2.97)g/(kg·d)vs.(15.52±3.25)g/(kg·d)]、身长增长速率[(0.92±0.16)cm/w vs.(0.93±0.22)cm/w]、头围增长速率[(0.73±0.18)cm/w vs.(0.76±0.16)cm/w]和出院时宫外生长迟缓的发生率(40.48%vs.37.50%)比较,其差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组极低出生体重儿住院期间并发症发生率的比较:喂养不耐受(19.05%vs.39.58%)、坏死性小肠结肠炎(9.52%vs.29.17%)与院内感染(42.86%vs.66.67%),其差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论极低出生体重儿强化母乳喂养有助于降低喂养不耐受、坏死性小肠结肠炎和院内感染的发生,生长速率与早产儿配方奶喂养相当,可以在临床上推广。

辽宁省商品猪饲料粗蛋白水平调查与分析

研究旨在从整体上把握辽宁省各阶段猪饲料的粗蛋白水平,为低蛋白日粮在辽宁省的推广应用提供参考。调查收集来自辽宁省内的猪配合饲料和浓缩饲料样品共468个,用于检测粗蛋白水平。结果显示:断奶猪、保育猪、仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪、妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪配合饲料的平均粗蛋白水平分别为18.86%、18.06%、16.08%、15.75%、15.10%、14.08%和17.12%。保育猪、仔猪、生长猪、育肥猪、妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪浓缩饲料的粗蛋白含量,折算为配合饲料的粗蛋白水平分别为18.47%、16.39%、15.54%、15.06%、14.25%和16.37%。研究表明,辽宁省内的猪用商品饲料的平均粗蛋白水平略高于《仔猪、生长育肥猪配合饲料》国家推荐标准;但随着饲料营养研究深入以及低蛋白日粮配方理念推广,猪饲料的粗蛋白水平仍有继续下降的空间与潜力。

不同投喂模式对中间球海胆生长及性腺发育、感官品质和营养品质的影响

本试验旨在探究不同投喂模式对中间球海胆生长及性腺发育、感官品质和营养品质的影响。试验1:设置饲料组(投喂配合饲料)和海带组(投喂海带),每组6只海胆,均持续投喂85 d。试验2:设置饲料组和海带组,每组6只海胆,其中饲料组前85 d投喂配合饲料,后78 d投喂海带;海带组持续投喂海带163 d。结果表明:1)试验1和试验2结束时,海带组海胆的增重率显著高于饲料组(P<0.05)。与试验1相比,试验2饲料组海胆的增重率及海带组海胆的增重率、消化道指数均显著提高(P<0.05)。2)试验1结束时,海带组海胆的性腺指数显著低于饲料组(P<0.05)。试验1和试验2结束时,饲料组海胆性腺的红度(a*)、黄度(b*)值均显著低于海带组(P<0.05),而亮度(L*)值均显著高于海带组(P<0.05)。与试验1相比,试验2饲料组和海带组海胆性腺的L*、a*、b*值均显著提高(P<0.05)。3)试验1结束时,饲料组海胆性腺的硬度显著低于海带组(P<0.05);试验2结束时,饲料组海胆性腺的黏附性和内聚性均显著高于海带组(P<0.05)。与试验1相比,试验2饲料组海胆性腺的内聚性、弹性、胶着性、咀嚼性及海带组海胆性腺的弹性均显著提高(P<0.05)。4)试验1结束时,饲料组海胆性腺的非必需氨基酸(NEAA)和甜味氨基酸含量显著高于海带组(P<0.05);试验2结束时,饲料组海胆性腺的必需氨基酸(EAA)含量显著高于海带组(P<0.05)。与试验1相比,试验2海带组海胆性腺的EAA、总氨基酸(TAA)、NEAA和苦味氨基酸含量均显著提高(P<0.05)。5)试验1和试验2结束时,饲料组海胆性腺的二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量和n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)显著低于海带组(P<0.05),二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量显著高于海带组(P<0.05)。与试验1相比,试验2饲料组和海带组海胆性腺的EPA、∑n-3 PUFA含量和n-3/n-6 PUFA均显著提高(P<0.05),饲料组海胆性腺的二十碳四烯酸(ARA)含量显著提高(P<0.05)。由此可见,投喂配合饲料虽然提高了海胆的性腺指数,但降低了海胆的生长和性腺感官品质。与全程投喂配合饲料相比,使用配合饲料-海带接力的投喂模式可提高海胆性腺的颜色、质地和必需脂肪酸含量。