Cost Comparison of Different Types of Formworks

Formwork is the temporary moulds in the construction which is fabricated based on the drawing and design of the structure and into which the concrete is poured to form the required structure.Formwork is an essential part of the construction as it has been used by the Romans.The formworks must be strong enough to withstand all types of loads.The joint must be in proper condition to avoid any kind of leakages.The materials used for the formworks should be economical,easily available and durable.The formworks can be made up of different materials such as plywood,steel,aluminum,composite material,etc.In steel formwork the plates used for the slab support are made up of galvanized steel and these are fabricated as per the requirements.Aluminum plates are used in the aluminum framework along with the other components made up of aluminum.The selection of a suitable framework is important in any project because it bears about 25%to 30%cost of the total cost of construction.In the present study,different types of formworks such as steel,plywood and aluminum were studied in a project and a comparison was made on the reusability and easiness in handling and maintenance.Also,a comparison of the formwork used in the construction of the 5th and 11th-floor tower based on the specific plan and drawing was done.The results showed that the aluminum formwork was found to be efficient and suitable among all formworks,although the cost was higher compared to other formwork materials.

Interactions between Superplasticizer and Release Agents at the Concrete/Formwork Interface

Improving the knowledge of rheological and tribological characteristics of fresh concrete is important to contribute to the progress of construction sites and the final quality of the work. The objective of this study is to identify the effect of a superplasticizer based on polycarboxylic ether on the tribological behavior of fresh concrete at the concrete/formwork and concrete/oil/formwork interfaces. Friction tests on fresh concrete were carried out using a plan/plan tribometer. In order to study the behavior of the superplasticizer close to the formwork, three concretes with 30% of paste and different dosage of superplasticizer were formulated. The results show that the increase of the dosage of superplasticizer reduces the friction stress. The properties of the superplasticizer generate a deflocculating action of concrete grains and lead to a stabilisation of the soap-oil micellae present in the vicinity of the formwork. Thus, the efficiency of superplasticizer depends on the quantity of fines, on the quantity of soap formed and so, on the release agent formulation.

Potential Use of Strain Hardening ECC in Permanent Formwork with Small Scale Flexural Beams

Utilizing pre-cast ECC panels as participating permanent formwork of concrete members, and the validity of using ECC to disperse the single crack in concrete into multiple ones in ECC were studied. In the process, totally two kinds of ECC with different tensile properties, 7 series of flat panels with different top surface figures and 3 U-shape panels with different inner surface forms were investigated. To evaluate the performance of the permanent formworks, small ECC-concrete composite beams were cast and tested mechanically. The 4-point bending test results show that the use of pre-cast ECC panels as permanent formwork can significantly improve the load capacity and toughness of a concrete member, effectively dispersing single widely opened crack in concrete into multiple ones in ECC. Most permanent formworks show perfect bond with the concrete cast on them, while the ones with partially debonded zone achieve the best mechanical performance. The U-shape permanent formworks show better performances than the flat ones, achieving much betler improvements in both the load capacity and toughness, together with better crack width control.

Reinforcement by polyurethane to stiffness of air-supported fabric formwork for concrete shell construction

By spraying concrete on inner surface,air-supported fabric structures can be used as formwork to construct reinforced concrete shell structures.The fabric formwork has the finished form of concrete structure.Large deviation from the desired shape of concrete shells still remains as central problem due to dead weight of concrete and less stiffness of fabric formwork.Polyurethane can be used not only as a bonding layer between fabrics and concrete but also as an additional stiffening layer.However,there is little research on mechanical behaviors of the polyurethane shell structure.This paper presents experimental studies on an inflated fabric model with and without polyurethane,including relief pressure tests,vertical loading tests and horizontal loading tests.Experimental results show that the additional polyurethane layer can significantly enhance the stiffness of the fabric formwork.Compared with the experiment,a numerical model using shell layered finite elements has a good prediction.The reinforcement by polyurethane to improve stiffness of air-supported fabric formwork is expected to be considered in the design and construction of the concrete shell,especially dealing with the advance of shape-control.

Formwork lateral pressure of precast normal-concrete composite shear walls infilled with self-compacting concrete

Wall cracking and mold expanding due to concrete vibrations can be effectively solved through the application of precast normal-concrete composite shear walls infilled with self-compacting concrete(SCC). However, the high liquidity of SCC will induce a higher lateral pressure. Therefore, it is important to obtain a better understanding of the template lateral pressure. In this work, nine composite shear walls were experimentally investigated, focusing on the effects of two parameters, i.e., the casting rate and the section width of the formwork. The time-varying pressure was monitored during the SCC pouring. It is found that the increase of casting rate from 3.2 m/h to 10.3 m/h resulted in a higher maximum lateral pressure. The higher casting rate led to a longer time required for the lateral pressure to drop to a steady value. There was no correlation between the section width and the rate of decrease in the initial formwork pressure and stable value. Based on the test results, a formula considering the effect of casting speed for the calculation of SCC formwork pressure was established to fill the gap in the current standards and for engineering applications.

Discussion Based on Formwork Construction of Box Girder Formwork Design Scheme

Formwork construction has been the important and difficult of the construction process, so the design plan is very important. This paper relies on the Shun Ping Yu subordinate Fertgbo bridge rebuilding project, detailing the cast-in-place box beam formwork support system safety special construction plan, focuses on box girder formwork design scheme of foundation design, box girder bracket design and box girder formwork design, to provide a reasonable reference for similar projects.

Application of Mobile Formwork Cast-In-Situ Beam Technology in Bridge Construction

The application of mobile formwork cast-in-situ beam technology is conducive to providing quality assurance for bridge constructions.At the same time,it can improve the overall mechanization level of the construction process and further accelerate the construction progress,so as to shorten the construction period and improve the economic benefits of enterprises.In fact,this construction method has been widely applied.In order to assure a positive outcome from the use of this technology,this paper analyzes the application of mobile formwork cast-in-situ beam technology in bridge construction to provide reference.

Influence of curing conditions on the shrinkage behavior of three-dimensional printed concrete formwork

The use of three-dimensional(3D)printed concrete as formwork is becoming more widely applied within the industry.However,the technology is still not optimized and there are many reports of preliminary cracking during the curing of cast concrete.This is believed to result from differential shrinkage between the printed and cast concrete.These cracks(in the printed concrete or at the interface between the infill and printed concrete)form a preferential path for aggressive substances and can reduce the durability of the combined concrete element.To ensure the desired service life of the structure,it is important that the differential shrinkage between cast and printed concrete is understood.This study investigated the effect of curing conditions on the differential shrinkage behavior of 3D and cast concrete.The influence of prewetting of the dry-cured 3D printed formwork was also determined.In the experimental program,a vibrated and self-compacting concrete were used as cast material.Linear 3D printed formwork was produced and combined with cast concrete to simulate a concrete structure.Printed formwork was cured for 1,7,or 28 d exposed to the air(relative humidity:60%or 95%)or submerged in water.The length change of the combined elements was observed over 56 d after concrete casting and throughout the thickness of the materials.Results show that increasing the curing period in dry conditions of the printed concrete leads to an expansion of the formwork on the first day after casting.The expansion leads to a non-uniform strain evolution throughout the curing period of the combined element.Printed concrete formwork stored in wet conditions does not expand after the casting process but tends to show a decreasing linear deformation within the whole elements.

拼接成型UHPC免拆模板钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能

为研究超高性能混凝土(UHPC)免拆模板钢筋混凝土(URC)柱的抗震性能,选取UHPC免拆模板拼接方式和表面处理方式为试验设计参数,制作并完成了9个URC柱和1个钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的拟静力加载试验。模板拼接方式为螺栓加角钢连接、螺栓连接和环氧树脂砂浆连接;表面处理方式为光面处理、气泡膜印花处理和设肋处理,通过拟静力试验研究了模板拼接方式及表面处理方式对该类柱抗震性能的影响。此外,基于平截面假定,提出了URC柱的正截面偏压承载力计算式。结果表明:峰值荷载前,UHPC模板与核心混凝土黏结面无明显破坏,URC柱表现出良好的整体性,尤其是采用螺栓加角钢连接的URC柱,即使加载至极限位移时,也没有发生界面黏结失效破坏;与普通RC柱相比,URC柱的承载力提高了6.4%~43.3%,延性提高了11.4%~48.7%,耗能能力提高了27.7%~85.3%;三种连接方式中,采用螺栓加角钢连接的URC柱承载力最高,连接最可靠。最后,基于平截面假定提出的公式计算值与试验值吻合较好,可为工程应用提供参考。

大跨度混凝土钢筋框架梁挠度超限研究

根据大量的工程实践,大跨度钢筋混凝土框架梁由于设计不合理引起大跨度梁超限的工程案例很少,大多数是施工原因导致挠度超限。以某工程挠度超限的大跨度钢筋混凝土梁为例,根据设计资料和现场检测资料,从设计和施工两方面,利用数值计算和有限元模拟,验证分析大跨度钢筋混凝土框架梁挠度超限的原因。验证分析表明,梁板混凝土实际浇筑厚度超限与梁模板起拱高度不足可能引起梁挠度增加。当梁下立杆稳定承载力不足时,梁也易随立杆屈曲变形产生较大挠度。

3D打印混凝土永久模板叠合柱的抗压性能数值模拟研究

为深入研究3D打印混凝土永久模板叠合柱的抗压性能,基于3D打印混凝土永久模板叠合柱及同尺寸整体现浇对照柱试验建立构件数值模型,模拟分析其轴压荷载-位移响应及失效形态。针对界面粘结性能、现浇混凝土抗压强度、打印模板厚度、荷载偏心距等参数开展3D打印混凝土永久模板叠合柱的抗压性能计算分析,研究表明:叠合柱轴压极限承载力随着薄弱界面剪切强度、刚度及现浇混凝土抗压强度的增大而增大。由于打印材料的抗压强度高于现浇混凝土,叠合柱抗压极限承载力提升率与打印模板厚度呈近似线性关系,叠合圆柱的抗压极限承载力随着荷载偏心距的增大而降低,呈近似线性负相关。此外,偏心距对叠合圆柱极限承载力下降幅度的影响大于现浇圆柱。

基于拉丁超立方抽样的高大模板支撑体系承载力有限元分析

目的研究不同缺陷构配件下高大模板支撑体系承载性能的变化,为高大模板支撑体系的布置、构配件的搭配及使用提供指导,以预防和减少其在实际工程中的坍塌事故。方法基于拉丁超立方抽样,考虑构配件缺陷对三种搭设参数模板支撑体系承载性能的影响,随机取线性屈曲分析中一阶屈曲承载力的0.1%~0.2%作为假想水平力,对构配件性能缺陷进行有限元分析,探究不同搭设参数下支撑体系承载力及失稳模式。结果SPR对承载力的影响大于D和t,并且双因素耦合对承载力的影响大于单因素。立杆步距的变化对支撑体系承载力的影响大于立杆间距。随着影响因素耦合数量的增加,步距对支撑体系承载性能的影响也会随之增大。结论支撑体系搭设过程中将存在缺陷的构配件使用时分散排布,可以防止高大模板支撑体系整体失稳倒塌。

岩棉复合保温外模板承载力及温度效应分析

为了提高建筑外围护结构施工效率及解决传统外保温系统长期存在的易脱落和易着火问题,提出了一种集保温和建筑模板于一体的岩棉复合保温外模板(RW-CIEF)体系。RW-CIEF由内到外依次为内侧加强层、岩棉保温芯材、黏结层、保温过渡层以及外侧加强层。以哈尔滨市为例,基于全寿命周期成本(life cycle cost,C lc)确定了岩棉保温芯材的最佳厚度。采用有限元分析与理论计算相结合的方法探求了RW-CIEF在工程中的可行性,分析了RW-CIEF的抗弯性能、施工承载力及温度效应下的应力和变形,讨论了开槽形式、开槽宽度、开槽深度以及开槽间距对RW-CIEF抗弯性能的影响。结果表明:RW-CIEF的抗弯性能理论计算结果与有限元分析结果有较高的一致性;开槽处理可有效提高RW-CIEF的抗弯性能,综合抗弯性能、热工特性及加工角度,建议开槽形式选用对应开井字槽或对应开纵槽,开槽深度和宽度均为10 mm,开槽间距为150 mm;设计的RW-CIEF满足施工承载力,可保证外围护结构保温工程施工质量;由温度效应产生的最大拉应力和压应力均未超过RW-CIEF的外侧加强层承载力,反映出RW-CIEF出现夏季空鼓或冬季开裂现象的可能性极小。提出的RW-CIEF体系可为外围护结构保温工程及建筑模板工程未来研究方向提供一种新的思路和方法。

基于EMI-CNN的建筑施工模板支撑体系节点健康监测

为预防模板坍塌引发建筑施工安全事故风险,提出一种基于压电阻抗法(EMI)和卷积神经网络(CNN)的模板支撑体系节点智能监测方法。首先,利用压电陶瓷传感器(PZT)的机电耦合特性及其集驱动-传感于一体的特点,建立PZT-节点耦合系统的机电阻抗传感机制模型;其次,基于EMI法,以与待测结构耦合的PZT片电导信号为监测指标,确定模板支撑体系节点松动的发生;然后,以敏感频段内PZT片的801个原始电导信号为模型输入,9个节点松动程度为模型输出,构建162组学习样本和27组测试样本,建立EMI-CNN模型,确定节点松动程度;最后,以一个实际工程中的建筑施工模板体系节点为例,验证EMI-CNN模型的有效性,并对比分析EMI-BP模型。研究结果表明:EMI-CNN模型经过85次迭代达到收敛,预测准确率达到100%,相较于EMI-BP模型提高29.63%。该监测方法可实现对建筑施工模板支撑体系节点健康状态实时、准确、无损监测。

基于铝模板BIM自动配模需求的结构模型研究

针对现有铝模板自动配模效率低和准确性差的问题,主要由BIM结构模型信息量大、建模规范性差及配模规则约束不清晰等因素造成。本文以铝模板配模设计阶段中的结构模型为研究重点,首先分析了模型中有效的空间信息与构件信息,然后在模型建模、分类编码以及避让策略方面制定了相应规则。通过选取工程案例并开发测试插件以实现信息提取与自动配模,验证了模型信息的有效性和规则的可行性。研究结果表明,所提方法不仅能显著提高铝模板BIM自动配模的效率,还能为其他BIM结构模型的相关研究提供借鉴和支持。

环境因素影响下钢筋混凝土索塔爬模施工仿真分析方法

为探究爬模施工进程中索塔空间温度场和应力场分布,掌握塔柱线形特性,提出一种索塔爬模施工仿真分析方法.利用Fortran编程语言开发相应子程序,对结构施加复杂温度边界,实现不同节段混凝土水化放热、收缩徐变.利用Abaqus软件对索塔爬模施工过程进行分析.结果表明:施工过程中索塔空间温度分布不均匀,塔柱表里最大温差达25.9℃,向阳面与背阴面温差最大为9℃;考虑温度效应后,塔柱所受拉应力更大,且空间应力分布具有很强的时变性,索塔线形特征与变化规律也发生改变;施工塔顶累积竖向位移先增大后减小,在爬模第16节段达到最大值20.5 mm;施工过程塔顶累计顺桥向和横桥向位移更大,最大值分别为6.5和22.3 mm.

镁合金建筑模板的表面化学镀与耐蚀性能

采用化学镀的方法在镁合金建筑模板表面分别制备了单一Sn膜、单一Zn膜和复合Sn-Zn膜,对比分析了pH、温度和膜层数对镁合金表面膜层显微形貌和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:对于单一膜,在pH值为6.0、温度为75℃时制备的单一Sn膜和在pH值为9.5、温度为75℃时制备的单一Zn膜都具有较好成膜质量;当膜层数为9时,复合Sn-Zn膜完全覆盖镁合金基体且膜层成膜质量较好。相较于镁合金基体,单一Sn膜、单一Zn膜、复合Sn-Zn膜的腐蚀电位都发生正向移动,腐蚀电流密度发生不同程度减小,复合Sn-Zn膜的腐蚀电位最正、腐蚀电流密度最小。在镁合金基体表面化学镀单一Sn膜、单一Zn膜、复合Sn-Zn膜都有助于提升镁合金的耐蚀性能,且复合Sn-Zn膜对基体的保护作用要优于单一Sn膜、单一Zn膜。

厚煤层柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道支护技术研究

柔模混凝土墙沿空留巷技术作为无煤柱开采的一种,现已被应用于我国神东矿区多个煤矿。为解决在留巷复用过程中沿空巷道围岩结构稳定性差、变形剧烈、支护难度大的难题,以大柳塔煤矿52605柔模混凝土墙沿空留巷工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的研究方法,研究了柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道的围岩变形特征,建立柔模混凝土墙沿空巷道围岩结构力学模型,得到从巷道掘进阶段至巷道复用阶段沿空巷道全生命使用周期的应力演化规律,并根据巷道不同的使用阶段提出了对应的支护方案。研究结果表明:上覆岩层作用力直接作用在直接顶与混凝土墙岩层接触位置,有利于侧向支承压力传递,巷道围岩变形较大;二次采动超前支承压力导致留巷段前方顶板发生塑性破坏,塑性破坏与底板塑性区联通,将加剧煤壁侧的破坏;现场工程实践表明对沿空巷道进行合理分时分区支护,可改善应力环境,有效控制围岩变形。

预制模壳填芯混凝土悬臂盖梁承载力分析

盖梁的轻量化发展是实现全预制桥梁的必然要求。基于已有的预制模壳填芯混凝土悬臂盖梁静力试验,采用有限元软件ABAQUS对试件PRC1进行数值分析,有限元计算结果和试验结果吻合较好,验证了有限元模型的可靠性。通过修改已验证的有限元模型参数,进一步分析外壳混凝土强度、纵筋配筋率和交界面接触设置对预制模壳填芯混凝土悬臂盖梁力学性能的影响。基于钢筋混凝土一般构件的承载力计算方法建立试件的理论计算公式,并对提出的计算公式进行验证。研究结果表明:当外壳材料为普通混凝土时,混凝土强度等级从C35增加到C60,峰值承载力仅提高1%,而当外壳材料为超高性能混凝土(UHPC)时,峰值承载力相较C35提高了22%。纵筋配筋率与峰值承载力呈线性增长趋势,当顶部第1排纵筋直径从14 mm增加到22 mm时,峰值承载力提高了34%。交界面接触设置为绑定约束比面面接触的峰值承载力更接近试验值,且后者是相对保守的。基于钢筋混凝土一般构件建立的承载力计算方法所计算结果与试验结果和有限元分析结果吻合较好。

一种新型预制装配式免拆模板设计与开发

为克服传统建筑模板施工质量不高、工序多、周转率低和现场环境乱等质量缺陷,在总结现有免拆模板的基础上设计、开发了一种可实现装饰装修一体化的新型预制装配式免拆模板。本文介绍了新型装配式免拆模板的基本构造及施工要点,为新型装配式免拆模板的推广应用提供一定的借鉴和参考。