We study a supply chain consisted of a supplier and both retailers,and the supplier sells a single product through a dominant retailer and a weak retailer.The aggressive bargaining behavior of the dominant retailer br...We study a supply chain consisted of a supplier and both retailers,and the supplier sells a single product through a dominant retailer and a weak retailer.The aggressive bargaining behavior of the dominant retailer brings the supplier much concern and two feasible strategies are presented to respond to that:difference-setting wholesale pricing contract and integration with the weak retailer.We investigate the decisions of supply chain members under each solution and find that,compared to the traditional form,the supplier always benefits from announcing the difference-setting wholesale pricing contract for it not only raises the marginal wholesale profits of both channels but also reduces the market share of the dominant retailer,thus potentially weakening its channel power.In addition,we show that combining with the weak retailer is not a wise choice for suppliers when the dominant retailer with relatively little bargaining power enjoys a large market share.Finally,by comparing the equilibria of these two solutions,we find that the optimal choice for suppliers depends not only on the difference in market share but also on the dominant retailer's bargaining power in the negotiation.展开更多
The security problem of mobile agents is widely being discussed. The problem which protects mobile agents from malicious hosts is difficult to solve, because a host has access to the complete internal state of an agen...The security problem of mobile agents is widely being discussed. The problem which protects mobile agents from malicious hosts is difficult to solve, because a host has access to the complete internal state of an agent. Forward integrity in mobile agents guarantees that offers contained in a mobile agent from previously visited host can not be modified by a malicious host. Itinerary secrecy can prevent mobile agent from being passively attack. This paper proposes a new forward integrity and itinerary secrecy protocol for mobile agent. The protocol can also resist collusion truncation attack.展开更多
Let BH={BHt,t≥0}be a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst index H∈(0,1).Inspired by pathwise integrals and Wick product,in this paper,we consider the forward and symmetric Wick-Itôintegrals with respect to BH ...Let BH={BHt,t≥0}be a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst index H∈(0,1).Inspired by pathwise integrals and Wick product,in this paper,we consider the forward and symmetric Wick-Itôintegrals with respect to BH as follows:∫t0us⋄d−BHs=limε↓01ε∫t0us⋄(BHs+ε−BHs)ds,∫t0us⋄d∘BHs=limε↓012ε∫t0us⋄(BHs+ε−BH(s−ε)∨0)ds,in probability,where◊denotes the Wick product.We show that the two integrals coincide with divergence-type integral of BH for all H∈(0,1).展开更多
The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congres...The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.展开更多
In this paper,we study the distribution function of the time of explosion of a stochastic differential equation modeling the length of the dominant crack due to fatigue.The main novelty is that initial condition is re...In this paper,we study the distribution function of the time of explosion of a stochastic differential equation modeling the length of the dominant crack due to fatigue.The main novelty is that initial condition is regarded as an anticipating random variable and the stochastic integral is in the forward sense.Under suitable conditions,we use the substitution formula from Russo and Vallois to find the local solution of this equation.Then,we find the law of blow up time by proving some results on barrier crossing probabilities of Brownian bridge.展开更多
基金the support from National Natural and Science Foundation of China with Grant Number 71971134.
文摘We study a supply chain consisted of a supplier and both retailers,and the supplier sells a single product through a dominant retailer and a weak retailer.The aggressive bargaining behavior of the dominant retailer brings the supplier much concern and two feasible strategies are presented to respond to that:difference-setting wholesale pricing contract and integration with the weak retailer.We investigate the decisions of supply chain members under each solution and find that,compared to the traditional form,the supplier always benefits from announcing the difference-setting wholesale pricing contract for it not only raises the marginal wholesale profits of both channels but also reduces the market share of the dominant retailer,thus potentially weakening its channel power.In addition,we show that combining with the weak retailer is not a wise choice for suppliers when the dominant retailer with relatively little bargaining power enjoys a large market share.Finally,by comparing the equilibria of these two solutions,we find that the optimal choice for suppliers depends not only on the difference in market share but also on the dominant retailer's bargaining power in the negotiation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (60373087 ,60473023 ,90104005)
文摘The security problem of mobile agents is widely being discussed. The problem which protects mobile agents from malicious hosts is difficult to solve, because a host has access to the complete internal state of an agent. Forward integrity in mobile agents guarantees that offers contained in a mobile agent from previously visited host can not be modified by a malicious host. Itinerary secrecy can prevent mobile agent from being passively attack. This paper proposes a new forward integrity and itinerary secrecy protocol for mobile agent. The protocol can also resist collusion truncation attack.
基金This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11971101).
文摘Let BH={BHt,t≥0}be a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst index H∈(0,1).Inspired by pathwise integrals and Wick product,in this paper,we consider the forward and symmetric Wick-Itôintegrals with respect to BH as follows:∫t0us⋄d−BHs=limε↓01ε∫t0us⋄(BHs+ε−BHs)ds,∫t0us⋄d∘BHs=limε↓012ε∫t0us⋄(BHs+ε−BH(s−ε)∨0)ds,in probability,where◊denotes the Wick product.We show that the two integrals coincide with divergence-type integral of BH for all H∈(0,1).
文摘The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.
文摘In this paper,we study the distribution function of the time of explosion of a stochastic differential equation modeling the length of the dominant crack due to fatigue.The main novelty is that initial condition is regarded as an anticipating random variable and the stochastic integral is in the forward sense.Under suitable conditions,we use the substitution formula from Russo and Vallois to find the local solution of this equation.Then,we find the law of blow up time by proving some results on barrier crossing probabilities of Brownian bridge.
