Shear mechanical properties and fracturing responses of layered rough jointed rock-like materials

This study aims to investigate mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of layered rock with rough joint surfaces under direct shear loading.Cubic layered samples with dimensions of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm were casted using rock-like materials,with anisotropic angle(α)and joint roughness coefficient(JRC)ranging from 15°to 75°and 2-20,respectively.The direct shear tests were conducted under the application of initial normal stress(σ_(n)) ranging from 1-4 MPa.The test results indicate significant differences in mechanical properties,acoustic emission(AE)responses,maximum principal strain fields,and ultimate failure modes of layered samples under different test conditions.The peak stress increases with the increasingαand achieves a maximum value atα=60°or 75°.As σ_(n) increases,the peak stress shows an increasing trend,with correlation coefficients R² ranging from 0.918 to 0.995 for the linear least squares fitting.As JRC increases from 2-4 to 18-20,the cohesion increases by 86.32%whenα=15°,while the cohesion decreases by 27.93%whenα=75°.The differences in roughness characteristics of shear failure surface induced byαresult in anisotropic post-peak AE responses,which is characterized by active AE signals whenαis small and quiet AE signals for a largeα.For a given JRC=6-8 andσ_(n)=1 MPa,asαincreases,the accumulative AE counts increase by 224.31%(αincreased from 15°to 60°),and then decrease by 14.68%(αincreased from 60°to 75°).The shear failure surface is formed along the weak interlayer whenα=15°and penetrates the layered matrix whenα=60°.Whenα=15°,as σ_(n) increases,the adjacent weak interlayer induces a change in the direction of tensile cracks propagation,resulting in a stepped pattern of cracks distribution.The increase in JRC intensifies roughness characteristics of shear failure surface for a smallα,however,it is not pronounced for a largeα.The findings will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanical responses and failure mechanisms of the layered rocks subjected to shear loads.

Does Big 4 Affect the Earnings Response Coefficient （ERC）？ Evidence From Malaysia

This study examines the effect of audit quality （AQ） on the earnings response coefficient （ERC） based on a sample of 1,884 firm-year observations comprising 471 firms listed on the Bursa Malaysia from 2007 to 2010. This study tests whether AQ affects ERC after controlling the established determinants of ERC： beta, growth, earnings persistence, and size. Using reverse regression, the study confirms that Big 4 is significant and positive to ERC. Auditor switching from non-Big 4 to Big 4 indicates the same results; however, the switching of auditors among Big 4 is not significant. The study thus provides systematic and comprehensive additional evidence on the effect of AQ via the measurement of Big 4; and auditor switching from non-Big 4 to Big 4 and switching among Big 4 on ERC. This is an important contribution to the literature but especially so given that the evidence comes from Malaysia, an emerging economy, whereas the existing empirical literature relates mainly to the developed countries.

Effect of b value on monitoring therapeutic response by diffusion-weighted imaging

AIM： To explore the diffusion gradient b-factor that optimizes both apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） measurement and contrast-to-noise （CNR） for assessing tumor response to transarterial chemoembolization （TACE） in a rabbit model. METHODS： Twelve New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in the liver were treated with TACE. Diffusion-weighted imaging （DWI） with various b values was performed using the same protocol before and 3 d after treatment with TACE. ADC values and CNR of each tumor pre- and post-treatment with different b factors were analyzed. Correlation between ADC values and extent of necrosis in histological specimens was analyzed by a Pearson＇s correlation test.RESULTS： The quality of diffusion-weighted images diminished as the b value increased. A substantial decrease in the mean lesion-to-liver CNR was observed on both pre- and post-treatment DW images, the largest difference in CNR pre- and post-treatment was manifested at a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 （P = 0.036 ）. The effect of therapy on diffusion early after treatment was shown by a significant increase in ADCs （P = 0.007）, especially with large b factors （≥ 600 s/mm^2）. The mean percentage of necrotic cells present within the tumor was 76.3%-97.5%. A significant positive correlation was found between ADC values and the extent of necrosis with all b values except for b200, a higher relative coefficient between ADC values and percentage of necrosis was found on DWI with bl000 and b2000 （P = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively）. CONCLUSION： An increasing b value of up to 600 s/mm^2 would increase ADC contrast pre- and post-treatment, but decrease image quality. Taking into account both CNR and ADC measurement, diffusion-weighted imaging obtained with a b value of 1000 s/mm^2 is recommended for monitoring early hepatic tumor response to TACE.

Study of the seismic response of a recycled aggregate concrete frame structure

Based on six-degree-of-freedom three-dimensional shaking table tests, the seismic response of a recycled aggregate concrete （RAC） frame was obtained. The analysis results indicate that the maximum story shear force and overturning moment reduce proportionally along the height of the model under the same earthquake wave. The story shear force, base shear coefficient and overturning moment of the structure increase progressively as the acceleration amplitude increases. The base shear coefficient is primarily controlled by the peak ground acceleration （PGA）. The relationships between the PGA and the shear coefficient as well as between the PGA and the dynamic amplification factor are obtained by mathematical fitting. The dynamic amplification factor decreases rapidly at the elastic-plastic stage, but decreases slowly with the development of the elastic-plasticity stage. The results show that the RAC frame structure has reasonable deformability when compared with natural aggregate concrete frame structures. The maximum inter-story drift ratios of the RAC frame model under frequent and rare intensity 8 test phases are 1/266 and 1/29, respectively, which are larger than the allowable value of 1/500 and 1/50 according to Chinese seismic design requirements. Nevertheless, the RAC frame structure does not collapse under base excitations with PGAs from 0.066 g up to 1.170 g.

A method for stochastic seismic response analysis of non-classically damped structures

A method to calculate the stationary random response of a non-classically damped structure is proposed that features clearly-defined physical meaning and simple expression. The method is developed in the frequency domain. The expression of the proposed method consists of three terms, i.e., modal velocity response, modal displacement response, and coupled (between modal velocity and modal displacement response). Numerical results from the parametric study and three example structures reveal that the modal velocity response term and the coupled term are important to structural response estimates only for a dynamic system with a tuned mass damper. In typical cases, the modal displacement term can provide response estimates with satisfactory accuracy by itself, so that the modal velocity term and coupled term may be ignored without loss of accuracy. This is used to simplify the response computation of non-classically damped structures. For the white noise excitation, three modal correlation coefficients in closed form are derived. To consider the modal velocity response term and the coupled term, a simplified approximation based on white noise excitation is developed for the case when the modal velocity response is important to the structural responses. Numerical results show that the approximate expression based on white noise excitation can provide structural responses with satisfactory accuracy.

Wind-induced responses of super-large cooling towers

Traditional gust load factor(GLF)method,inertial wind load(IWL)method and tri-component method(LRC+IWL)cannot accurately analyze the wind-induced responses of super-large cooling towers,so the real combination formulas of fluctuating wind-induced responses and equivalent static wind loads(ESWLSs)were derived based on structural dynamics and random vibration theory.The consistent coupled method(CCM)was presented to compensate the coupled term between background and resonant response.Taking the super-large cooling tower(H=215 m)of nuclear power plant in Jiangxi Province,China,which is the highest and largest in China,as the example,based on modified equivalent beam-net design method,the aero-elastic model for simultaneous pressure and vibration measurement of super-large cooling tower is firstly carried out.Then,combining wind tunnel test and CCM,the effects of self-excited force on the surface pressures and wind-induced responses are discussed,and the wind-induced response characteristics of background component,resonant component,coupled term between background and resonant response,fluctuating responses,and wind vibration coefficients are discussed.It can be concluded that wind-induced response mechanism must be understood to direct the wind resistant design for super-large cooling towers.

A simplified multisupport response spectrum method

A simplified multisupport response spectrum method is presented.The structural response is a sum of two components of a structure with a first natural period less than 2 s.The first component is the pseudostatic response caused by the inconsistent motions of the structural supports,and the second is the structural dynamic response to ground motion accelerations.This method is formally consistent with the classical response spectrum method,and the effects of multisupport excitation are considered for any modal response spectrum or modal superposition.If the seismic inputs at each support are the same,the support displacements caused by the pseudostatic response become rigid body displacements.The response spectrum in the case of multisupport excitations then reduces to that for uniform excitations.In other words,this multisupport response spectrum method is a modification and extension of the existing response spectrum method under uniform excitation.Moreover,most of the coherency coefficients in this formulation are simplified by approximating the ground motion excitation as white noise.The results indicate that this simplification can reduce the calculation time while maintaining accuracy.Furthermore,the internal forces obtained by the multisupport response spectrum method are compared with those produced by the traditional response spectrum method in two case studies of existing long-span structures.Because the effects of inconsistent support displacements are not considered in the traditional response spectrum method,the values of internal forces near the supports are underestimated.These regions are important potential failure points and deserve special attention in the seismic design of reticulated structures.

Permanent deformation response parameters of asphalt mixtures for a new mix-confined repeated load test

The main objective of this work is to propose new mixture response parameters and to compare correlations with rut depths and sensitivity of permanent deformation response parameters based on field extracted cores and lab-mixed duplicates. A new "mix-confined" test is developed and four new parameters for this test are proposed. Correlation coefficients with rut depths and coefficients of variation (sensitivity) are compared between the four new and two existing parameters. Some parameters are recommended to be used for the newly developed test. The results show that, newly developed test can capture the changes of permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures. Only one new parameter (D1 of Stephen Price model) and one existing parameter (flow number, Fn ) have strong correlations with rut depths of asphalt pavements (R2 greater than 0.7) and have relative small sensitivity (coefficient of variation, COV, less than 30%). For polymer modified asphalt mixtures, the parameter D1 rather than Fn should be used. These findings can be used to check the permanent deformation of asphalt mixture during the mix design.

Design of complex FIR filters with arbitrary magnitude and group delay responses

To design approximately linear-phase complex coefficient finite impulse response （FIR） digital filters with arbitrary magnitude and group delay responses, a novel neural network approach is studied. The approach is based on a batch back-propagation neural network algorithm by directly minimizing the real magnitude error and phase error from the linear-phase to obtain the filter＇s coefficients. The approach can deal with both the real and complex coefficient FIR digital filters design problems. The main advantage of the proposed design method is the significant reduction in the group delay error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with two optimal design examples.

Wind-induced response analysis of conical membrane structures

Conical membrane structures are a typical form of tensile membrane structures. In the past, most studies focused on the static performance, but few on dynamic performance. In this paper, systematic parameter analysis of wind-induced response of conical membrane structures has been performed with nonlinear random simulation method in a time domain, by considering some parameters, such as span, rise-span ratio, prestress of membrane, and characteristic of the approaching wind flow. Moreover, formulas of the dynamic coefficient and nonlinear adjustment factor are advised, which can be conveniently used in wind-resistant design of conical membrane structures.

Study on dynamic response of multi-degree-of-freedom explosion vessel system under impact load

In order to study the dynamic response and calculate the axial dynamic coefficient of the monolayer cylindrical explosion vessel,the wall of vessel is simplified as a multi-degree-of-freedom(MDoF) undamped elastic foundation beam.Decoupling the coupled motion equation and using Duhamel's integrals,the solutions in generalized coordinates of the equations under exponentially decaying loads,square wave loads and triangular wave loads are calculated.These solutions are consistent in form with the solutions of single-degree-of-freedom(SDoF) undamped forced vibration simplified model.Based on the model,equivalent MDoF design method(also called MDoF dynamic coefficient method) of cylindrical explosion vessel is proposed.The traditional method can only predict the dynamic coefficient of torus portion around the explosion center,but this method can predict that of the vessel wall at any axial n dividing point position.It is verified that the prediction accuracy of this model is greatly improved compared with the SDoF model by comparing the results of this model with SDoF model and numerical simulation in different working conditions.However,the prediction accuracy decreases as the scaled distance decreases and approaches the end of the vessel,which is related to the accuracy of the empirical formula of the implosion load,the simplification of the explosion load direction,the boundary conditions,and the loading time difference.

The simulation of temperature dependence of responsivity and response time for 6H-SiC UV photodetector

In this paper the temperature dependence of responsivity and response time for 6H-SiC ultraviolet （UV） photodetector is simulated based on numerical model in the range from 300 K to 900 K. The simulation results show that the responsivity and the response time of device are less sensitive to temperature and this kind of UV photodetector has excellent temperature stability. Also the effects of device structure and bias voltage on the responsivity and the response time are presented. The thicker the drift region is, the higher the responsivity and the longer the response time are. So the thickness of drift region has to be carefully designed to make trade-off between responsivity and response time.

A CLOSED-FORM ALGORITHM FOR THE STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF ELASTIC MECHANISMS

This paper presents a closed-form algorithm for the steady-state response of elastic mecha-nisms. Based on an analytic expression of the initial conditions, the steady-state response can beobtained by just one cycle of integration, thus the algorithm is of high efficiency. The algorithm isthen verified by comparing the computational results with the previously published experimental re-sults.

A Contribution to the Analysis of Frequency Response and Impedance Measurements to Evaluation and Diagnosis of Power Transformers

This paper has an objective to show a developed quantitative criterion,based in two mathematical variables that explicit the deviation degree of a normal situation,applying simultaneously data from terminal impedances and frequency response.Based in more than 100-measured equipment,of different applications(step-up transformer,transmission transformer,etc.,),for a period of 10 years,the work presents some examples of practical application of this methodology in Brazilian Electrical System.

Shrinkage Estimation of Semiparametric Model with Missing Responses for Cluster Data

This paper simultaneously investigates variable selection and imputation estimation of semiparametric partially linear varying-coefficient model in that case where there exist missing responses for cluster data. As is well known, commonly used approach to deal with missing data is complete-case data. Combined the idea of complete-case data with a discussion of shrinkage estimation is made on different cluster. In order to avoid the biased results as well as improve the estimation efficiency, this article introduces Group Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Group Lasso) to semiparametric model. That is to say, the method combines the approach of local polynomial smoothing and the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. In that case, it can conduct nonparametric estimation and variable selection in a computationally efficient manner. According to the same criterion, the parametric estimators are also obtained. Additionally, for each cluster, the nonparametric and parametric estimators are derived, and then compute the weighted average per cluster as finally estimators. Moreover, the large sample properties of estimators are also derived respectively.

计及工作点偏移的减载风电系统频率响应模型

随着风电并网容量不断升高,利用减载风电机组参与一次调频对保障系统频率稳定性具有重要意义。然而,风机的工作点会随其转速变化而发生偏移,使得风机的实际一次调频贡献小于期望值。为此,文中首先分析了频率故障后风电机组减载功率跟踪控制与综合惯量控制的交互影响,指出了风机工作点偏移导致其调频效果削弱的基本原理。其次,基于风机的转子运动方程推导了风电功频传递函数,建立了计及减载风电机组工作点偏移的系统频率响应模型,并利用最小二乘法对其进行降阶,推导了系统频率最低点的解析式。然后,针对虚拟惯量控制的频率恢复期间引起功率倒流、微分环节放大噪声等缺点,提出利用下垂控制替代综合惯量控制。同时,为使减载风电机组获得期望的调频效果,基于频率最低点和稳态频率指标对风机控制参数进行了修正,提出了两种等效下垂系数的计算方法。最后,在MATLAB/Simulink平台建立了四机两区域模型,验证了所提降阶方法及修正方法的有效性。

导风栏杆参数对钢桁梁桥风车桥耦合振动影响研究

为探究导风栏杆参数对钢桁梁桥风车桥耦合振动的影响,以某典型超高墩钢桁梁桥为背景,对设置了新型导风栏杆的节段模型进行风洞试验及CFD数值模拟,得到不同导风栏杆参数及风攻角下车、桥三分力系数。在此基础上,建立风-车-桥系统空间耦合振动仿真分析模型,分析不同风速情况下不同导风栏杆间距、挡风面角度以及风攻角对车-桥系统动力响应的影响,得到最优导风栏杆参数。结果表明:随着导风栏杆间距增大,桥梁阻力系数缓慢减小,列车阻力系数呈增大趋势;随着挡风面角度的增大,桥梁三分力系数变化较小,列车阻力系数呈增大趋势;导风栏杆对桥梁三分力系数随风攻角变化的变化趋势影响较小,对列车阻力系数随风攻角变化的变化趋势影响较大;对于此类桥梁而言,导风栏杆间距为60~75 cm时挡风效果较为显著,60 cm间距导风栏杆可最大程度降低列车响应,且不显著增大桥梁响应;挡风面角度为10°~20°时挡风效果较为显著,10°挡风角的导风栏杆可以在充分发挥挡风效果的同时将列车响应控制在较低水平,且不会显著增大桥梁响应;挡风面角度相较于导风栏杆间距对车-桥系统振动影响小;导风栏杆可以有效减小3种风攻角条件下的列车脱轨系数以及-7°攻角条件下的轮重减载率,但同时也增大了-7°攻角和0°攻角条件下的轮重减载率以及桥梁中跨跨中横向位移。研究结果为进一步优化导风栏杆参数和保证列车在超高墩钢桁梁桥上安全营运提供参考。

胶囊形气膜结构风致气弹响应及风振系数研究

针对1/3矢跨比胶囊形气膜结构进行了气弹模型风洞试验,研究了结构的风致气弹响应变化规律,并给出了可供设计参考的风振系数。研究发现:结构平均变形呈迎风面凹陷,顶部隆起,横风向向外凸出的趋势,且这种变形趋势随着内压减小和风速增大越来越明显。0°风向角时的平均变形和振幅大于45°风向角时的平均变形和振幅大于90°风向角时的平均变形和振幅,结构合位移均值的极值出现在迎风面与顶面中心点;0°和45°风向角下,顶点竖向振幅>顺风向振幅>横风向振幅,结构以1阶模态振动为主;90°风向角下,顶点横风向振幅大于其他两个方向,结构以1阶和2阶模态叠加振动为主。各工况下结构的内压均有不同程度的减小。最后给出了考虑流固耦合效应的响应风振系数。

基于气弹模型风洞试验的高耸桅杆风振响应特性

为了探究高耸桅杆结构风振响应特性,采用刚性节段加连接棒法制作了356 m高桅杆的气弹模型,通过风洞试验研究了桅杆结构的位移响应高度分布特征和模态参与特性,并分析了风速和风向的影响.结果表明,桅杆结构的位移响应随高度呈非线性变化,其最大平均和脉动响应均出现在顶部2层纤绳锚固点间的中间部位.桅杆结构的横风向响应基本与顺风向相当.风向改变对平均位移有一定影响,对脉动无明显影响.结构顺、横风向风振响应中前三阶模态振动能量具有相近量级,且风速变化会对桅杆结构的模态频率产生一定影响.结构气动阻尼均为正值,且随风速增加而增大.桅杆结构的顺风向风振系数除底部外,其他高度均要显著低于规范值.风速和风向的改变对桅杆中、上部的风振系数影响较小,仅在底部影响较为明显.

天津典型观测井渗透性变化及对玛多7.4级地震响应机理分析

采用微水试验和固体潮汐反演两种方法计算了王3井、宝坻新井、宁河井不同时期渗透系数,经对比分析发现,两种方法计算含水层渗透系数所得结果在总体量级上是相当的,并且变化趋势是一致的,发育稳定、连续性较好的含水层中的观测井,二者计算结果更加接近。微水试验估算的井含水层渗透系数主要反映了井孔周围局部含水层渗透能力在短时间内水流过程中的渗透性特征,而固体潮汐反演估算的渗透系数则反映了在较长时间内较大范围含水层的平均渗透能力。因而,在观测井同震响应分析、抽(注)水干扰等异常核实分析中,使用微水试验估算的井含水层渗透系数更为合理,而在分析区域应力场变化中使用固体潮汐反演估算的渗透系数则更合理。本文分析了三口观测井水位和渗透性变化特征以及产生原因,并进一步分析了王3井和宝坻新井水位对2021年5月22日青海玛多7.4级地震同震响应机理,以及玛多地震对宁河井水位观测的影响机制,发现应力积累、抽/注水干扰、地震波传播等因素均会对含水介质渗透性造成影响。并且,地震波传播过程对不同含水介质造成的影响不同,而含水层岩性相同的不同观测井对同一地震的响应特征和机理也不相同。