Modeling and Comprehensive Review of Signaling Storms in 3GPP-Based Mobile Broadband Networks:Causes,Solutions,and Countermeasures

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband networks.However,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing power.There have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial losses.This paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling storms.In this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and countermeasures.We provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding solutions.Another important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a table.This paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference publication.To our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.

Association of the glycemic background patterns and the diabetes management efficacy in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Inadequate glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)is a major public health problem and a significant risk factor for the progression of diabetic complications.AIM To evaluate the effects of intensive and supportive glycemic management strategies over a 12-month period in individuals with T2DM with glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)≥10%and varying backgrounds of glycemic control.METHODS This prospective observational study investigated glycemic control in patients with poorly controlled T2DM over 12 months.Participants were categorized into four groups based on prior glycemic history:Newly diagnosed,previously well controlled with recent worsening,previously off-target but now worsening,and HbA1c consistently above 10%.HbA1c levels were monitored quarterly,and patients received medical,educational,and dietary support as needed.The analysis focused on the success rates of good glycemic control and the associated factors within each group.RESULTS The study showed significant improvements in HbA1c levels in all participants.The most significant improvement was observed in individuals newly diagnosed with diabetes:65%achieved an HbA1c target of≤7%.The results varied between participants with different glycemic control histories,followed by decreasing success rates:39%in participants with previously good glycemic control,21%in participants whose glycemic control had deteriorated compared to before,and only 10%in participants with persistently poor control,with mean HbA1c levels of 6.3%,7.7%,8.2%,and 9.7%,respectively.After one year,65.2%of the“newly diagnosed patients”,39.3%in the“previously controlled group”,21.9%in the“previously off-target but now worsened'”group and 10%in the“poorly controlled from the start”group had achieved HbA1c levels of 7 and below.CONCLUSION In poorly controlled diabetes,the rate at which treatment goals are achieved is associated with the glycemic background characteristics,emphasizing the need for tailored strategies.Therefore,different and comprehensive treatment approaches are needed for patients with persistent uncontrolled diabetes.

What to Cache：Differentiated Caching Resource Allocation and Management in Information-Centric Networking

Information-centric networking(ICN) aims to improve the efficiency of content delivery and reduce the redundancy of data transmission by caching contents in network nodes. An important issue is to design caching methods with better cache hit rate and achieve allocating on-demand. Therefore, an in-network caching scheduling scheme for ICN was designed, distinguishing different kinds of contents and dynamically allocating the cache size on-demand. First discussing what was appropriated to be cached in nodes, and then a classification about the contents could be cached was proposed. Furthermore, we used AHP to weight different contents classes through analyzing users' behavior. And a distributed control process was built, to achieve differentiated caching resource allocation and management. The designed scheme not only avoids the waste of caching resource, but also further enhances the cache availability. Finally, the simulation results are illustrated to show that our method has the superior performance in the aspects of server hit rate and convergence.

A Controller-Based Architecture for Information Centric Network Construction and Topology management

Information-Centric Networking(ICN) has recently emerged as a result of the increased demand to access contents regardless of their location in the network services. This new approach facilitates content distribution as a service of the network with lower delay and higher security in comparison with the current IP network. Applying ICN in current IP infrastructure leads to major complexities. One approach to deploy ICN with less complexity is to integrate ICN with Software Defined Networking(SDN). The SDN controller manages the content distribution, caching, and routing based on the users' requests. In this paper, we extend these context by addressing the ICN topology management problem over the SDN network to achieve an improved user experience as well as network performance. In particular, a centralized controller is designed to construct and manage the ICN overlay. Experimental results indicate that this adopted topology management strategy achieves high performance, in terms of low failure in interest satisfaction and reduced download time compared to a plain ICN.

Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Nursery Bed Treatments for the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes [Meloidogynejavanica （Treub） Chitwood and Meloidogyne incognita （Kofoid and White） Chitwood] in Smallholder Farms in Kenya

Root-knot nematodes （Meloidogvne spp.） constrain the production of high value vegetable crops, such as tomato, on smallholder farms in Kenya. For several years, control of root-knot nematodes largely depended on the use of synthetic nematicides, most of which have been banned due to their toxicity to humans and the environment. Farmer-participatory trials were established, for two consecutive growing seasons on farmers＇ fields infested with root-knot nematodes （A4eloidogvne javanica and Meloidogyne incognita）, at two sites in central Kenya （Maragua and Kirinyaga districts）, representing two contrasting group of farmers （low-input and high-input）. The trials aimed at evaluating the potential of using biological control agents （BCAs）, i.e. Poehonia ehlamydosporia and Pasteuria penetrans, antagonistic plants （Crotalaria grahamiana and Tagetes minuta）, ＂＇trash burning＂ and chemical control （dazomet 98% = Basamid~ Granular） in the management of root-knot nematodes in tomato nursery beds, and quantify the associated net benefits, compared to an untreated control. Crotalaria grahamiana, ＂trash burning＂ and dazomet, significantly （P 〈 0.05） reduced the number of second-stage juveniles （J2s） of the root-knot nematodes in the soil in nursery beds during the first season at Karigui-ini, but there was no significant （P 〉 0.05） increase in yield after transplanting tomato seedlings from the respective treatment. Similarly, one of the BCAs （P. ehlamydosporia）, was effectively transferred to the field with seedlings from the BCA-treated nursery beds, but there was no significant （P 〉 0.05） increase in yield due to slow proliferation of the BCA, after transplanting. Participatory partial budgets were successfully developed with srnallholder farmers, and proved to be a vital tool in making informed decisions on management options for root-knot nematodes. In general, labour was considered by all farmers as the major input that contributed to the overall additional cost of the different treatments at both sites. This necessitates improvement in efficiency of labour resource use.

Interference management via access control and mobility prediction in two-tier heterogeneous networks

Abstract： Two-tier heterogeneous networks （HetNets）, where the current cellular networks, i.e., macrocells, are overlapped with a large number of randomly distributed femtocells, can potentially bring significant benefits to spectral utilization and system capacity. The interference management and access control for open and closed femtocells in two-tier HetNets were focused. The contributions consist of two parts. Firstly, in order to reduce the uplink interference caused by MUEs （macrocell user equipments） at closed femtocells, an incentive mechanism to implement interference mitigation was proposed. It encourages femtoeells that work with closed-subscriber-group （CSG） to allow the interfering MUEs access in but only via uplink, which can reduce the interference significantly and also benefit the marco-tier. The interference issue was then studied in open-subscriber-group （OSG） femtocells from the perspective of handover and mobility prediction. Inbound handover provides an alternative solution for open femtocells when interference turns up, while this accompanies with PCI （physical cell identity） confusion during inbound handover. To reduce the PCI confusion, a dynamic PCI allocation scheme was proposed, by which the high handin femtocells have the dedicated PCI while the others share the reuse PCIs. A Markov chain based mobility prediction algorithm was designed to decide whether the femtoeell status is with high handover requests. Numerical analysis reveals that the UL interference is managed well for the CSG femtocell and the PCI confusion issue is mitigated greatly in OSG femtocell compared to the conventional approaches.

Coordinated control between a grid forming inverter and grid following inverters suppling power in a standalone microgrid

Battery energy storage systems,fuel cells,and photovoltaic generators are being adopted in distribution networks to achieve CO;emission reduction.These power sources require inverters to connect to AC networks.However,sub-networks,such as a microgrids containing inverter power sources,may be disconnected from the utility network and operated in a standalone mode during extended blackouts.This study focuses on a standalone microgrid supplied by inverter power sources without a synchronous generator and proposes a new microgrid inverter control.In this inverter control,a single grid forming inverter is operated as a master power source to determine frequency and voltage,and other inverters,called grid following inverters,are operated as subordinate power sources with active and reactive power control.The necessary functions in the energy management system are examined,and the coordinated operation of all inverters in the microgrid is demonstrated via simulation.

Hybrid Power Systems Energy Controller Based on Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic

This paper presents a novel adaptive scheme for energy management in stand-alone hybrid power systems. The proposed management system is designed to manage the power flow between the hybrid power system and energy storage elements in order to satisfy the load requirements based on artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic controllers. The neural network controller is employed to achieve the maximum power point (MPP) for different types of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The advance fuzzy logic controller is developed to distribute the power among the hybrid system and to manage the charge and discharge current flow for performance optimization. The developed management system performance was assessed using a hybrid system comprised PV panels, wind turbine (WT), battery storage, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). To improve the generating performance of the PEMFC and prolong its life, stack temperature is controlled by a fuzzy logic controller. The dynamic behavior of the proposed model is examined under different operating conditions. Real-time measured parameters are used as inputs for the developed system. The proposed model and its control strategy offer a proper tool for optimizing hybrid power system performance, such as that used in smart-house applications.

A Novel Fuzzy—Adaptive Hysteresis Controller Based Three Phase Four Wire-Four Leg Shunt Active Filter for Harmonic and Reactive Power Compensation

This paper presents a fuzzy logic based three phase four wire four-leg shunt active power filter to suppress harmonic currents. Modified instantaneous p-q theory is adopted for calculating the compensating current. Fuzzy-adaptive hysteresis band technique is applied for the current control to derive the switching signals for the voltage source inverter. A fuzzy logic controller is developed to control the voltage of the DC capacitor. Computer simulations are carried out on a sample power system to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed control strategy, for harmonic reduction under three different conditions namely, ideal, unbalance, unbalance and distorted source voltage conditions. The proposed control strategy is found to be effective to reduce the harmonics and compensate reactive power and neutral current and balance load currents under ideal and non-ideal source voltage conditions.

Management and Control of Outsourcing in Dispersed Network Manufacturing Systems

The trend of economic globalisation and advances in i nformation technology has led to the emergence of dispersed manufacturing system s as a form of the virtual organisation. New manufacturing strategy pays more at tention to the management of the total value chain and therefore puts emphasis o n outsourcing. In fact, outsourcing is an efficient way of utilizing available r esources and has become one key aspect of the manufacturing strategy. Improved d ecision and organization on outsourcing will result in cost production and short er lead-times. However, most concepts and practice of traditional outsourcing do not adapt to t he changing environment and meet increasing performance requirements. On the oth er hand, virtual organisations might display instability between pure outsourcin g and establishing alliance. Balance and trade-off between independent agents a nd creating alliance are thus required. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop a model to support decision-making, management and control on outsou rcing in a dispersed network manufacturing system and to discuss several key iss ues that are relevant to the relationship between the agents of the network. Dev elopment of the model will deploy Applied System Theory and will be built on fou ndations of earlier research on industrial management such the theories of Outso urcing, Order Entry Points, Design of Organisations and Logistic Control. The is sues that will be addressed in this paper are: · The selection of suppliers and co-makers; · Communication between suppliers and clients; · The mechanisms for profit-sharing between agents; · The product data management to integrate the knowledge of the different agent s into product design. Industrial companies will benefit from this research by the practical methods an d implementation extending their business models beyond concepts for outsourcing and alliances. Additionally, the exploration will lead to proactive contributio n of manufacturing during engineering, which would improve management and contro l of dispersed manufacturing systems.

A Ship of Fools Failing Harmonization and the Disregard of Principles of Finance

The development of the EU according to the strategy Europe 2020 has encountered significant difficulties. It was caused in great part by the underestimation and in some cases total ignorance towards the principles of financial science. The paper discusses the absence of financial-law based point of view regarding the future development scenarios until 2020. Then the five goals set out by the strategy are examined. The critical state of finance in the EU shows the fruitlessness of all the harmonization efforts lately. The authors of fake statistics and fake misleading prognoses have not been brought to justice. The causes of the crisis have been wrongly identified. We are losing our wealth, which generations had labored to accumulate. We are actively giving up our civil rights and the security of our citizens to create a more pleasant environment for Saudi Arabia. During this effort we have contributed to the destruction of millions of lives in the Middle East. We are the only ones in the world still lending our trust to rating agencies that deliberately derailed the global economy in the pursuit of extra profit.

Local Government Asset Management:Affecting Factors and Policy Implications on Government Work Unit of Central Java Province in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of Human Resource Competence,Regulation,Information Technology,Reconciliation,and Internal Control System on Asset Management in Local Government Work Unit(abbreviated SKPD)of Central Java Provincial Government.This research is conducted because there is still record in the Final Report of Inspection by the Republic of Indonesia Audit Board(abbreviated BPK)concerning problem of asset management conducted by some SKPDs of Central Java Provincial Government,although in general the Local Government Financial Report of Central Java Province has got opinion“Reasonable Without Exception”.The data source of this research is primary data collected through interview method on asset management officers at the 48 SKPD in Central Java Provincial Government.Data analysis method used in this research is multiple regression analysis.This research finds that the Human Resource Competence,the Regulation,the Information Technology,the Reconciliation,and the Internal Control System have positive and significant effect on the Asset Management at the Local Government Work Unit of Central Java Provincial Government at level of significance 0.05.Ability to explain of the independent variables to the Asset Management variable is equal to 67.7%.

Design and analysis of an advanced thermal management system for the solar close observations and proximity experiments spacecraft

In this paper,the mission and the thermal environment of the Solar Close Observations and Proximity Experiments(SCOPE)spacecraft are analyzed,and an advanced thermal management system(ATMS)is designed for it.The relationship and functions of the integrated database,the intelligent thermal control system and the efficient liquid cooling system in the ATMS are elaborated upon.For the complex thermal field regulation system and extreme space thermal environment,a modular simulation and thermal field planning method are proposed,and the feasibility of the planning algorithm is verified by numerical simulation.A solar array liquid cooling system is developed,and the system simulation results indicate that the temperatures of the solar arrays meet the requirements as the spacecraft flies by perihelion and aphelion.The advanced thermal management study supports the development of the SCOPE program and provides a reference for the thermal management in other deep-space exploration programs.

The Influence of Spiritual Values on Work Motivation, Management Control, and Quality of Financial Information on IFIs in Indonesia

This study aims to investigate the influence of spiritual values on work motivation, management control, and the quality of financial information on Islamic financial institutions （IFIs） in Indonesia. Spiritual values are measured using four reflexive indicators, namely, Shiddiq, Fathanah, Amanah, and Tabligh. Work motivation is formed by four formative indicators, namely, compensation, recognition, work experience, and openness. Management control variable is formed by four formative indicators, namely, planning, implementing, evaluating, and monitoring, and finally, the quality of financial information is manifested in four reflexive variables, namely, relevant, comparable, understandable, and consistent. Data are collected through questionnaires with 125 respondents as samples from three types of IFIs, such as Islamic banking, Islamic pawnshop, and Islamic insurance in Indonesia. Methods of data analysis include the use of partial least squares （PLS） to analyze the influence of spiritual values on work motivation, management control, and quality of financial information. The results of this study showed that the manifestation of spiritual values in IFIs is able to influence the quality of financial information through the media as motivation and management control, but directly spiritual values are not able to influence the quality of financial information. While work motivation and management control significantly influence the quality of financial information.

Security,Controllability,Manageability and Survivability in Trustworthy Network

The Internet plays increasingly important roles in everyone's life; however, the existence of a mismatch between the basic architectural idea beneath the Internet and the emerging requirements for it is becoming more and more obvious. Although the Internet community came up with a consensus that the future network should be trustworthy, the concept of 'trustworthy networks' and the ways leading us to a trustworthy network are not yet clear. This research insists that the security, controllability, manageability, and survivability should be basic properties of a trustworthy network. The key ideas and techniques involved in these properties are studied, and recent developments and progresses are surveyed. At the same time, the technical trends and challenges are briefly discussed. The network trustworthiness could and should be eventually achieved.

Problems and Countermeasures of the Internal Control of Monetary Funds:A Case Study of Foshan Lighting

Monetary fund is the most fundamental element for enterprises to engage in production and lucrative business activities,which has an impact on the operation process and outcomes.Therefore,enterprises must regard fund management as one of their key management links and establish an effective and practical internal control system.However,sensational cases such as the collapse of Barings Bank have exposed many problems existing in the internal control of monetary funds.Moreover,the high liquidity of funds itself engenders them as the target of embezzlement and self-interest,which will eventually threaten the company’s wealth.Therefore,it is significant to analyze the problems existing in the internal control of monetary funds and provide corresponding solutions to them.

Evaluation of the Impact of Refined Quality Control Management Model on the Qualified Rate of Disinfection and Sterilization of Surgical Instruments in the Sterilization Supply Center

Objective:To evaluate the application value of a refined quality control management model for a sterilization supply center.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the work situation of the sterilization supply center from January 2021 to January 2023.The work situation before January 31,2022,was classified as the control group;a routine quality control management model was implemented,and the work situation after January 31,2022,was classified as the observation group.The quality of medical device management and department satisfaction between the two groups were compared.Results:The timely recovery and supply rate,classification and cleaning pass rate,disinfection pass rate,packaging pass rate,sterilization pass rate,and department satisfaction score in the observation group were all higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Implementing a refined quality control management model in the sterilization supply center can improve the quality management level of medical devices and department satisfaction and is worthy of promotion.

Different effects of 24 dietary intakes on gastroesophageal reflux disease: A mendelian randomization

BACKGROUND In observational studies,dietary intakes are associated with gastroesophageal re-flux disease(GERD).AIM To conduct a two-sample mendelian randomization(MR)analysis to determine whether those associations are causal.METHODS To explore the relationship between dietary intake and the risk of GERD,we extracted appropriate single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide asso-ciation study data on 24 dietary intakes.Three methods were adopted for data analysis:Inverse variance weighting,weighted median methods,and MR-Egger's method.The odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI)were used to eva-luate the causal association between dietary intake and GERD.RESULTS Our univariate Mendelian randomization(UVMR)results showed significant evidence that pork intake(OR,2.83;95%CI:1.76-4.55;P=1.84×10–5),beer intake(OR,2.70,95%CI:2.00-3.64;P=6.54×10–11),non-oily fish intake(OR,2.41;95%CI:1.49-3.91;P=3.59×10–4)have a protective effect on GERD.In addition,dried fruit intake(OR,0.37;95%CI:0.27-0.50;6.27×10–11),red wine intake(OR,0.34;95%CI:0.25-0.47;P=1.90×10-11),cheese intake(OR,0.46;95%CI:0.39-0.55;P=3.73×10-19),bread intake(OR,0.72;95%CI:0.56-0.92;P=0.0009)and cereal intake(OR,0.45;95%CI:0.36-0.57;P=2.07×10-11)were negatively associated with the risk of GERD.There was a suggestive asso-ciation for genetically predicted coffee intake(OR per one SD increase,1.22,95%CI:1.03-1.44;P=0.019).Multi-variate Mendelian randomization further confirmed that dried fruit intake,red wine intake,cheese intake,and cereal intake directly affected GERD.In contrast,the impact of pork intake,beer intake,non-oily fish intake,and bread intake on GERD was partly driven by the common risk factors for GERD.However,after adjusting for all four elements,there was no longer a suggestive association between coffee intake and GERD.CONCLUSION This study provides MR evidence to support the causal relationship between a broad range of dietary intake and GERD,providing new insights for the treatment and prevention of GERD.

Current status and construction scheme of smart geothermal field technology

To address the key problems in the application of intelligent technology in geothermal development,smart application scenarios for geothermal development are constructed.The research status and existing challenges of intelligent technology in each scenario are analyzed,and the construction scheme of smart geothermal field system is proposed.The smart geothermal field is an organic integration of geothermal development engineering and advanced technologies such as the artificial intelligence.At present,the technology of smart geothermal field is still in the exploratory stage.It has been tested for application in scenarios such as intelligent characterization of geothermal reservoirs,dynamic intelligent simulation of geothermal reservoirs,intelligent optimization of development schemes and smart management of geothermal development.However,it still faces many problems,including the high computational cost,difficult real-time response,multiple solutions and strong model dependence,difficult real-time optimization of dynamic multi-constraints,and deep integration of multi-source data.The construction scheme of smart geothermal field system is proposed,which consists of modules including the full database,intelligent characterization,intelligent simulation and intelligent optimization control.The connection between modules is established through the data transmission and the model interaction.In the next stage,it is necessary to focus on the basic theories and key technologies in each module of the smart geothermal field system,to accelerate the lifecycle intelligent transformation of the geothermal development and utilization,and to promote the intelligent,stable,long-term,optimal and safe production of geothermal resources.

Revenue management method and critical techniques of railway passenger transport

Purpose–Revenue management(RM)is a significant technique to improve revenue with limited resources.With the macro environment of dramatically increasing transit capacity and rapid railway transport development in China,it is necessary to involve the theory of RM into the operation and decision of railway passenger transport.Design/methodology/approach–This paper proposes the theory and framework of generalized RM of railway passenger transport(RMRPT),and the thoughts and methods of the main techniques in RMRPT,involving demand forecasting,line planning,inventory control,pricing strategies and information systems,are all studied and elaborated.The involved methods and techniques provide a sequential process to help with the decision-making for each stage of RMRPT.The corresponding techniques are integrated into the information system to support practical businesses in railway passenger transport.Findings–The combination of the whole techniques devotes to railway benefit improvement and transit resource utilization and has been applied into the practical operation and organization of railway passenger transport.Originality/value–The development of RMRPT would provide theoretical and technical support for the improvement of service quality as well as railway benefits and efficiency.