Density of excess modes below the first phonon mode in four-dimensional glasses

Glasses are known to possess low-frequency excess modes beyond the Debye prediction.For decades,it has been assumed that evolution of low-frequency density of excess modes D(ω) with frequency ω follows a power-law scaling:D(ω)~ω~γ.However,it remains debated on the value of γ at low frequencies below the first phonon-like mode in finitesize glasses.Early simulation studies reported γ=4 at low frequencies in two-(2D),three-(3D),and four-dimensional(4D)glasses,whereas recent observations in 2D and 3D glasses suggested γ=3.5 in a lower-frequency regime.It is uncertain whether the low-frequency scaling of D(ω)~ω^(3.5) could be generalized to 4D glasses.Here,we conduct numerical simulation studies of excess modes at frequencies below the first phonon-like mode in 4D model glasses.It is found that the system size dependence of D(ω) below the first phonon-like mode varies with spatial dimensions:D(ω) increases in2D glasses but decreases in 3D and 4D glasses as the system size increases.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the ω^(3.5)scaling,rather than the ω~4 scaling,works in the lowest-frequency regime accessed in 4D glasses,regardless of interaction potentials and system sizes examined.Therefore,our findings in 4D glasses,combined with previous results in 2D and 3D glasses,suggest a common low-frequency scaling of D(ω)~ ω^3.5) below the first phonon-like mode across different spatial dimensions,which would inspire further theoretical studies.

Evaluation of mitral chordae tendineae length using four-dimensional computed

BACKGROUND Mitral valvuloplasty using artificial chordae tendineae represents an effective surgical approach for treating mitral regurgitation.Achieving precise measurements of artificial chordae tendineae length(CL)is an important factor in the procedure;however,no objective index currently exists to facilitate this measurement.Therefore,preoperative assessment of CL is critical for surgical planning and support.Four-dimensional x-ray micro-computed tomography(4D-CT)may be useful for accurate CL measurement considering that it allows for dynamic three-dimensional(3D)evaluation compared to that with transthoracic echocardiography,a conventional inspection method.AIM To investigate the behavior and length of mitral chordae tendineae during systole using 4D-CT.METHODS Eleven adults aged>70 years without mitral valve disease were evaluated.A 64-slice CT scanner was used to capture 20 phases in the cardiac cycle in electrocardiographic synchronization.The length of the primary chordae tendineae was measured from early systole to early diastole using the 3D image.The primary chordae tendineae originating from the anterior papillary muscle and attached to the A1-2 region and those from the posterior papillary muscle and attached to the A2-3 region were designated as cA and cP,respectively.The behavior and maximum lengths[cA(ma),cP(max)]were compared,and the correlation with body surface area(BSA)was evaluated.RESULTS In all cases,the mitral anterior leaflet chordae tendineae could be measured.In most cases,the cA and cP chordae tendineae could be measured visually.The mean cA(max)and cP(max)were 20.2 mm±1.95 mm and 23.5 mm±4.06 mm,respectively.cP(max)was significantly longer.The correlation coefficients(r)with BSA were 0.60 and 0.78 for cA(max)and cP(max),respectively.Both cA and cP exhibited constant variation in CL during systole,with a maximum 1.16-fold increase in cA and a 1.23-fold increase in cP from early to mid-systole.For cP,CL reached a plateau at 15%and remained elongated until end-systole,whereas for cA,after peaking at 15%,CL shortened slightly and then moved toward its peak again as end-systole approached.CONCLUSION The study suggests that 4D-CT is a valuable tool for accurate measurement of both the length and behavior of chordae tendineae within the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve.

Four-Dimensional Mathematics Creates the Super Universe

In the common theory of the Universe, the redshift of the light wavelength from distant stars indicates the speed of the star. In this study, the model of the Universe is the surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere, and the shape of the Universe results in the most of the redshift of light wavelength. Therefore, there is no dark energy accelerating the Universe. The surface of the four-dimensional sphere is a volume, and this volume is a good model for the Universe. The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere has been explained by a model of four-dimensional cube, within which the forming of surface volume can be easily shown. The model of four-dimensional cube containing six side cubes is ingenious for explaining the structure of the four-dimensional Universe, but it is not enough because the four-dimensional cube has not six side cubes, but eight side cubes. Therefore, in this study a better method has been created to construct the four-dimensional cube. Our three-dimensional Universe is the surface of the four-dimensional sphere Universe. The volume of our three-dimensional Universe is finite, and beneath it is the infinite volume four-dimensional Super Universe. Two important basic formulae have been derived: The surface volume of the four-dimensional sphere is π3R3 in which R is the radius of the sphere, and the fourth-power volume of the four-dimensional sphere is 1/4 π3R4. The volume of the Universe has been calculated π3R3 = 62 × 1030 ly3. Time as the fourth dimension of the space takes effect only near the speed of light, and therefore it has been ignored in this study.

Effect Evaluation of CBL Combined with Rain Classroom Teaching Method in Medical Statistics

Objective: To explore the application effect of CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method in medical statistics courses. Methods: The undergraduate students of medical imaging technology in 2019 and 2020 in a university were selected as the research objects. A cluster sampling method was used to select 79 undergraduate students from 2019 in the control group and 75 undergraduate students from 2020 in the experimental group. Traditional teaching method and CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method was used in the control group and experimental group respectively. The final examination scores of the two groups were compared. In experimental group, the correlation between the average score in the rain classroom and the final examination score was tested, and the teaching effect was evaluated. Results: The average score of final examination in experimental group and control group was 79.13 ± 10.32 points and 71.54 ± 14.752 points, respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (Z = 2.586, P = 0.012);the final examination scores of the students in the experimental group were positively correlated with the average scores of the rain classroom (r = 0.372, P = 0.001), and the proportion of satisfaction in the experimental group was 94.7%. Conclusion: The CBL combined with rain classroom teaching method can improve the teaching effectiveness of medical statistics courses.

The Impact of Classroom Evaluation on Chinese Learning Motivation:A Comparative Study of Oral Feedback and Written Comments

Classroom evaluation plays a critical role in shaping students’learning experiences,influencing not only their academic performance but also their motivation and engagement.In the context of primary Chinese language learning,oral feedback and written comments are two prevalent evaluation methods.This paper explores how these different types of feedback impact students’motivation,learning outcomes,and participation.By comparing the immediacy of oral feedback with the systematic nature of written comments,this study seeks to provide insights into how educators can utilize classroom evaluations more effectively to foster motivation in Chinese language learners.The findings indicate that both feedback methods have unique strengths,and a balanced approach may optimize learning outcomes.

Innovative Research on the Application of Flexible Learning in Classroom Teaching at Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in Thailand

This article aims to introduce an innovative approach to classroom student participation and academic performance in a flexible learning environment at Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in Thailand.To achieve this goal,a series of theories,concepts,and related research were reviewed and a comprehensive model of relevant factors was constructed.The research design adopted a mixed methods approach,utilizing quantitative research to test the relationships between variables in the model,followed by qualitative research to gain a deeper understanding of how these factors affect students’grades.Combining the results of quantitative and qualitative research can provide guidance for improving the performance of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University students in flexible learning systems in Thailand.

Analysis and Strategy Research on Influencing Factors of Classroom Teaching Quality in Higher Vocational Colleges

In this study,the questionnaire“Influencing Factors of Classroom Quality in Higher Vocational Education”was self-compiled.By using the questionnaire survey method,the research conclusion was drawn that the main factors affecting the classroom teaching quality in higher vocational education were teaching and student factors,teacher factors,and classroom factors based on 2,683 samples.According to the research results,the measures to improve the quality of classroom teaching are put forward,in order to provide guidance for improving the quality of teaching in higher vocational colleges.

Research and Discussion on Flipped Classroom Combined with Case-Based Learning in Pharmacoeconomics Teaching

Objective:To explore the application effect of flipped classroom combined with case-based learning teaching methods in pharmacoeconomics teaching.Methods:The students majoring in clinical pharmacy in 2019 were selected as the study subjects,and the cost-effectiveness analysis of different dosage forms of Yinzhihuang in the treatment of neonatal jaundice was selected as the teaching case.The flipped classroom combined with case-based learning teaching method was used to carry out theoretical teaching to the students.After the course,questionnaires were distributed through the Sojump platform to evaluate the teaching effect.Results:The results of the questionnaire showed that 85.71%of the students believed that the flipped classroom combined with case-based learning teaching method was helpful in mobilizing the learning enthusiasm and initiative,and improving the comprehensive application ability of the knowledge of pharmacoeconomics.92.86%of the students think that it is conducive to the understanding and memorization of learning content,as well as the cultivation of teamwork,communication,etc.Conclusion:Flipped classroom combined with case-based learning teaching method can improve students’knowledge mastery,thinking skills,and practical application skills,as well as optimize and improve teachers’teaching levels.

Analysis of the Application Value of Virtual Reality Combined with Flipped Classroom Teaching Mode in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Teaching

Objective:To analyze the value of using virtual reality combined with the flipped classroom teaching model in teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR).Methods:Two classes of our nursing program were randomly selected for the study from September 2022 to September 2023,Class A(52 students,conventional teaching method)and Class B(52 students,virtual reality combined with flipped classroom teaching mode).The assessment scores and independent learning ability scores of the students in the two classes were compared.Results:CPR theory and operation scores,passing rate,and independent learning ability scores of Class B were higher than those of Class A(P<0.05).Conclusion:the use of virtual reality combined with the flipped classroom teaching mode in CPR teaching is conducive to the improvement of students’assessment scores and independent learning ability.

Research on Practical Teaching of Ideological and Political Courses in Colleges and Universities and Collaborative Education in the Second Classroom

In today’s society,the need for talent training is of utmost importance due to rapid development.To achieve high-quality talent training,we need to focus on building a collaborative education mechanism.Practical teaching and the second classroom,which serve as important carriers of educational talents,must align their educational goals and complement each other.This article explores the collaborative education mechanism of the second classroom and practical teaching for the ideological and political courses in colleges and universities.It proposes reasonable construction measures to provide some guidelines for teaching work.

Application of Cooperative Learning and Flipped Classrooms in University Basketball Courses in China

This study investigates the application of the teaching model combining cooperative learning and flipped classrooms in university basketball courses in China.By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional basketball teaching model and students’satisfaction with the course,the necessity of implementing cooperative learning and flipped classrooms is proposed.The study planned in detail the implementation strategies before class,in the classroom,and after class,and compared them with the control group through an experimental design.The experimental results showed that the new teaching mode demonstrated significant advantages in terms of learning outcomes,student satisfaction,and teacher evaluation.This study provides a valuable reference for the future reform of the physical education curriculum.

Coupling Ensemble Kalman Filter with Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation

This study examines the performance of coupling the deterministic four-dimensional variational assimilation system （4DVAR） with an ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF） to produce a superior hybrid approach for data assimilation. The coupled assimilation scheme （E4DVAR） benefits from using the state-dependent uncertainty provided by EnKF while taking advantage of 4DVAR in preventing filter divergence： the 4DVAR analysis produces posterior maximum likelihood solutions through minimization of a cost function about which the ensemble perturbations are transformed, and the resulting ensemble analysis can be propagated forward both for the next assimilation cycle and as a basis for ensemble forecasting. The feasibility and effectiveness of this coupled approach are demonstrated in an idealized model with simulated observations. It is found that the E4DVAR is capable of outperforming both 4DVAR and the EnKF under both perfect- and imperfect-model scenarios. The performance of the coupled scheme is also less sensitive to either the ensemble size or the assimilation window length than those for standard EnKF or 4DVAR implementations.

Testing a Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Method Using an Improved Intermediate Coupled Model for ENSO Analysis and Prediction

A four-dimensional variational （4D-Var） data assimilation method is implemented in an improved intermediate coupled model （ICM） of the tropical Pacific. A twin experiment is designed to evaluate the impact of the 4D-Var data assimilation algorithm on ENSO analysis and prediction based on the ICM. The model error is assumed to arise only from the parameter uncertainty. The ＂observation＂ of the SST anomaly, which is sampled from a ＂truth＂ model simulation that takes default parameter values and has Gaussian noise added, is directly assimilated into the assimilation model with its parameters set erroneously. Results show that 4D-Var effectively reduces the error of ENSO analysis and therefore improves the prediction skill of ENSO events compared with the non-assimilation case. These results provide a promising way for the ICM to achieve better real-time ENSO prediction.

Four-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Experiments for a Heavy Rain Case During the 2002 IOP in China

A heavy rainfall event along the mei-yu front during 22-23 June 2002 was chosen for this study. To assess the impact of the routine and additional IOP (intensive observation period) radiosonde observations on the mesoscale heavy rainfall forecast, a series of four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation and model simulation experiments was conducted using nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 and the MM5 4DVAR system. The effects of the intensive observations in the different areas on the heavy rainfall forecast were also investigated. The results showed that improvement of the forecast skill for mesoscale heavy rainfall intensity was possible from the assimilation of the IOP radiosonde observations. However, the impact of the IOP observations on the forecast of the rainfall pattern was not significant. Initial conditions obtained through the 4DVAR experiments with a 12-h assimilation window were capable of improving the 24-h forecast. The simulated results after the assimilation showed that it would be best to perform the intensive radiosonde observations in the upstream of the rainfall area and in the moisture passageway area at the same time. Initial conditions created by the 4DVAR led to the low-level moisture convergence over the rainfall area, enhanced frontogenesis and upward motion within the mei-yu front, and intensified middle- and high-level unstable stratification in front of the mei-yu front. Consequently, the heavy rainfall forecast was improved.

Real-Time Four-Dimensional Trajectory Generation Based on Gain-Scheduling Control and a High-Fidelity Aircraft Model

Aircraft ground movement plays a key role in improving airport efficiency,as it acts as a link to all other ground operations.Finding novel approaches to coordinate the movements of a fleet of aircraft at an airport in order to improve system resilience to disruptions with increasing autonomy is at the center of many key studies for airport airside operations.Moreover,autonomous taxiing is envisioned as a key component in future digitalized airports.However,state-of-the-art routing and scheduling algorithms for airport ground movements do not consider high-fidelity aircraft models at both the proactive and reactive planning phases.The majority of such algorithms do not actively seek to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions.This paper proposes a new approach for generating efficient four-dimensional trajectories(4DTs)on the basis of a high-fidelity aircraft model and gainscheduling control strategy.Working in conjunction with a routing and scheduling algorithm that determines the taxi route,waypoints,and time deadlines,the proposed approach generates fuel-efficient 4DTs in real time,while respecting operational constraints.The proposed approach can be used in two contexts:①as a reactive decision support tool to generate new trajectories that can resolve unprecedented events;and②as an autopilot system for both partial and fully autonomous taxiing.The proposed methodology is realistic and simple to implement.Moreover,simulation studies show that the proposed approach is capable of providing an up to 11%reduction in the fuel consumed during the taxiing of a large Boeing 747-100 jumbo jet.

Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging incirrhosis

Since its introduction in the 1970’s,magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)has become a standard imaging modality.With its broad and standardized application,it is firmly established in the clinical routine and an essential element in cardiovascular and abdominal imaging.In addition to sonography and computer tomography,MRI is a valuable tool for diagnosing cardiovascular and abdominal diseases,for determining disease severity,and for assessing therapeutic success.MRI techniques have improved over the last few decades,revealing not just morphologic information,but functional information about perfusion,diffusion and hemodynamics as well.Four-dimensional(4D)flow MRI,a time-resolved phase contrast-MRI with three-dimensional(3D)anatomic coverage and velocity encoding along all three flow directions has been used to comprehensively assess complex cardiovascular hemodynamics in multiple regions of the body.The technique enables visualization of 3D blood flow patterns and retrospective quantification of blood flow parameters in a region of interest.Over the last few years,4D flow MRI has been increasingly performed in the abdominal region.By applying different acceleration techniques,taking 4D flow MRI measurements has dropped to a reasonable scanning time of 8 to 12 min.These new developments have encouraged a growing number of patient studies in the literature validating the technique’s potential for enhanced evaluation of blood flow parameters within the liver’s complex vascular system.The purpose of this review article is to broaden our understanding of 4D flow MRI for the assessment of liver hemodynamics by providing insights into acquisition,data analysis,visualization and quantification.Furthermore,in this article we highlight its development,focussing on the clinical application of the technique.

Generating one-,two-,three-and four-scroll attractors from a novel four-dimensional smooth autonomous chaotic system

A new four-dimensional quadratic smooth autonomous chaotic system is presented in this paper, which can exhibit periodic orbit and chaos under the conditions on the system parameters. Importantly, the system can generate one-, two-, three- and four-scroll chaotic attractors with appropriate choices of parameters. Interestingly, all the attractors are generated only by changing a single parameter. The dynamic analysis approach in the paper involves time series, phase portraits, Poincare maps, a bifurcation diagram, and Lyapunov exponents, to investigate some basic dynamical behaviours of the proposed four-dimensional system.

Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits for a Four-Dimensional System

Consider a four-dimensional system having a two-dimensional invariant surface. By analyzing the solutions of bifurcation equations, this paper studied the bifurcation phenomena of a k multiple closed orbit in the invariant surface. Sufficient conditions for the existence of periodic orbits generated by the k multiple closed orbit were given.

Novel four-dimensional autonomous chaotic system generating one-,two-,three- and four-wing attractors

In this paper, we propose a novel four-dimensional autonomous chaotic system. Of particular interest is that this novel system can generate one-, two, three- and four-wing chaotic attractors with the variation of a single parameter, and the multi-wing type of the chaotic attractors can be displayed in all directions. The system is simple with a large positive Lyapunov exponent and can exhibit some interesting and complicated dynamical behaviours. Basic dynamical properties of the four-dimensional chaotic system, such as equilibrium points, the Poincare map, the bifurcation diagram and the Lyapunov exponents are investigated by using either theoretical analysis or numerical method. Finally, a circuit is designed for the implementation of the multi-wing chaotic attractors. The electronic workbench observations axe in good agreement with the numerical simulation results.

Four-Dimensional Computerized Tomography (4D-CT) Reconstruction Based on the Similarity Measure of Spatial Adjacent Images

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of a 4D-CT reconstruction method based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measure. Methods:A motor driven sinusoidal motion platform made in house was used to create one-dimensional periodical motion that was along the longitudinal axis of the CT couch. The amplitude of sinusoidal motion was set to an amplitude of ±1 cm. The period of the motion was adjustable and set to 3.5 s. Phantom objects of two eggs were placed in a Styrofoam block, which in turn were placed on the motion platform. These objects were used to simulate volumes of interest undergoing ideal periodic motion. CT data of static phantom were acquired using a multi-slice general electric (GE) LightSpeed 16-slice CT scanner in an axial mode. And the CT data of periodical motion phantom were acquired in an axial and cine-mode scan. A software program was developed by using VC++ and VTK software tools to resort the CT data and reconstruct the 4D-CT. Then all of the CT data with same phase were sorted by the program into the same series based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measure among them, and 3D reconstruction of different phase CT data were completed by using the software. Results:All of the CT data were sorted accurately into different series based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measures among them. Compared with the unsorted CT data, the motion artifacts in the 3D reconstruction of sorted CT data were reduced significantly, and all of the sorted CT series result in a 4D-CT that reflected the characteristic of the periodical motion phantom. Conclusion:Time-resolved 4D-CT reconstruction can be implemented with any general multi-slice CT scanners based on the similarity principle of spatial adjacent images and mutual information measure.The process of the 4D-CT data acquisition and reconstruction were not restricted to the hardware or software of the CT scanner and has the feasibility ,which extensive applicability.