基于EMD和Multi-fractal spectrum的BP水机故障诊断

为了准确判断水轮机组的故障,提高水轮机组诊断的精确性,建立了EMD-Multi-fractal spectrum和改进BP神经网络相结合的机组振动故障诊断模型.选取水轮发电机组不同工况下的轴系正常、轴承油膜涡动、转子部件不平衡、转子不对中等状态,采集各状态下的振动信号.经过经验模态分解得到振动信号波各种故障信号的EMD分量,根据信号波形趋势图由EMD系数提取出波形样本,再由多重分形谱算法提取波形样本的特征值alpha(q),f(q),将该特征向量作为BP神经网络的输入进行分类识别.将训练好的神经网络应用于全部样本,得到测试正确率为100%.该模型用波形提取信号特征代替了传统的频谱特性,并结合先进的多重分形谱进行诊断识别,为水轮发电机组故障诊断提供了一种新的思路.应用信号采集于水电厂运行的水轮机,根据诊断的结果对轴系各个部件进行局部校正,通过检测发现振动和摆度都大大减弱.该方法提高了检测精度,增强了人机交互性,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.

Self-Affine Multifractal Spectrum and Levy Stability Index from NA27 Data

A self-affine analysis of multiparticle production in pp collisions at 400 GeV/c was performed by using the method of continuously varying scale and the method of the factorial moments of continuous order.The self-affine generalized fractal dimensions and multifractal spectrum have been obtained.The self-affine multifractal spectrum is concave downward with a maximum at q=0,f(α(0))=D(0)=1.D(q)decreases with increasing q showing that there is self-affine multifractal behaviour in multiparticle production at the 400GeV/c pp collisions.The Levy indexμ>1 indicates that a non-thermal phase transition may exist in the pp collisions at 400 GeV/c.

Study of the anomaly of seismic fractal spectrum before strong earthquakes

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Distinction of self-synchronous scrambled linear blockcodes based on multi-fractal spectrum

This study proposes a novel multi-fractal spectrumbasedapproach to distinguish linear block codes from its selfsynchronousscrambled codes. Given that the linear block codeand self-synchronous scrambled linear block code share the propertyof linear correlation, the existing linear correlation-basedidentification method is invalid for this case. This drawback can becircumvented by introducing a novel multi-fractal spectrum-basedmethod. Simulation results show that the new method has highrobustness and under the same conditions of bit error, the lowerthe code rate, the higher the recognition rate. Thus, the methodhas significant potential for future application in engineering.

碱激发对粉煤灰混凝土强度及微观结构的影响

为探究常温条件碱激发对粉煤灰混凝土强度及其微观结构的影响,本研究利用1.2模数钠水玻璃激发不同掺量粉煤灰配制混凝土试件,通过抗压强度试验、核磁共振试验和红外光谱试验,结合分形理论研究其宏观力学性能与微观孔隙结构与物质组成的变化规律。研究发现:适量钠水玻璃有助于N-A-S-H凝胶生成,使微观结构更加致密、提高混凝土早期抗压强度。碱当量4%、粉煤灰替代率40%的微观孔隙结构最优,28 d龄期抗压强度达46.45 MPa。基于分形理论建立核磁共振和红外光谱与其分形维数的关系,将碱激发粉煤灰混凝土微观特征量化。进一步,通过灰关联熵分析发现红外光谱分形维数D_(S)和0~0.02μm区间的孔隙是影响抗压强度的主要因素。此外,建立了GM(1,3)混凝土抗压强度预测模型,来反映碱激发粉煤灰混凝土的微观孔结构和化学生成物对其抗压强度的影响,为提高粉煤灰在混凝土中的利用率提供理论支撑。

基于分形理论的城市轨道交通客流动态特征研究

随着城市轨道交通的发展,其站点与线路设施将逐渐完善,并引发客流的变化。为评价轨道交通客流的动态特征,针对轨道交通客流时空不确定的特点,采用半径-面积法,分析轨道交通客流进/出站维数与其分枝维数,探究轨道交通建设过程中客流分维的短时与长期变化特征。为研究轨道客流的自仿射特性,采用功率谱分析法,计算自仿射记录维数。以苏州市轨道交通为例,发现客流的全天变化趋势可用分形维数量化分析。采用功率谱分析方法逐一求解不同时间段下的自仿射记录维数,发现平峰期的客流空间衰减率更高,同质性更低。研究成果可为进一步解析与优化轨道交通的利用效率与服务能力提供理论指导。

Fractal Surface Synthesis Based on Two Dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform

The discrete Fourier transform（DFT） is used for fractional Brownian motion（FBM） surface synthesis in tribology（i.e., contact, sliding, and sealing, etc）. However, the relationship between fractal parameters（fractal dimension and scale factor） and traditional parameters, the influence of fractal parameters on surface appearance, have not been deeply discussed yet. These lead to some kind of difficulty to ensure the synthesized surfaces with ideal fractal characteristic, required traditional parameters and geometric appearance. A quantitative relationship between fractal parameters and the root mean square deviation of surface （Sq） is derived based on the energy conservation property between the space and frequency domain of DFT. Under the stability assumption, the power spectrum of a FBM surface is composed of concentric circles strictly, a series of FBM surfaces with prescribed Sq could be synthesized with given fractal dimension, scale factor, and sampling numbers, but the ten-point height（Sz）, the skewness（Ssk） and the kurtosis（Sku） are still in random, where the probability distributions of Sz and Ssk are approximately normal distribution. Furthermore, by iterative searching, a surface with desired Abbott-Firestone curve could be obtained among those surfaces. An intuitive explanation for the influence of fractal dimension and scale factor on surface appearance is obtained by discussing the effects on the ratio of energy between high and low frequency components. Based on the relationship between Sq and surface energy, a filtering method of surface with controllable Sq is proposed. The proposed research ensures the synthesized surfaces possess ideal FBM properties with prescribed Sq, offers a method for selecting desired Abbott-Firestone curve of synthesized fractal surfaces, and makes it possible to control the Sq of surfaces after filtering.

The minimal spanning tree method for calculating seismic multi-fractal

There are many methods to calculate seismic fractal at present. However, there are still more or less questions to every method. In this paper, we introduce a new way to calculate seismic fractal-the minimal spanning tree. We make an important improvement for this method. By studying some seismic events of four regions including Wushi, Wusu, Tangshan and Haicheng, we obtain that before the strong earthquake occurrence, the multi-fractal spectrum of the space-time distribution of earthquakes changes from centralized to loose. The result shows that the complexity of fractal structure and the inhomogeneity of the space-time distribution of earthquakes are both increasing. By studying the numerical simulation of point sets, we draw the conclusion that the physical essence of multi-fractal spectrums before and after a strong earthquake occurrence is a changing process from homogeneous to inhomogeneous, from simple to complex.

Seismicity pattern of the Betic Cordillera(southern Spain) derived from the fractal properties of earthquakes and faults

Several studies on earthquake occurrence and associated faulting have demonstrated that both phenomena have a scale-invariant behavior which can be analyzed by means of a set of non-integer dimensions （Dq） describing their fractal properties and the calculation ofmulti-fractal spectra. It is the case that the behavior of these spectra is asymptotic at the ends of the variation interval of q, which is a real number that enters into the definition of the partition function of the dataset. The difference between the extreme values, called multi-fractal spectrum slope, is used to investigate the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of earthquakes and fault systems. In this paper we focus on the Betic Cordillera, southeastern Spain, which is commonly considered the contact between the Eurasian and African plates and has an important seismic activity in the context of the Iberian Peninsula. Some of the most conspicuous Iberian earthquakes, such as the 1829 mb6.3 Torrevieja and the 1884 mb6.1 Alhama de Granada earthquakes occurred in this mountain range and both reached intensity X. The pre- sent work implies a new analysis based on the slope of multi-fractal spectra and referred to the historical seismicity of the re- gion, specifically b-value （frequency distribution of earthquakes respect to magnitude）, epicentral location, seismic energy and faulting. On this basis we propose a seismotectonic zonation that is contrasted with the stress state and the geodynamical evolution of the Betic Cordillera.

Analysis of the fractal intrinsic quality in the ionization of Rydberg helium and lithium atoms

We study the fractal rhythm in the ionization of Rydberg helium and lithium atoms in an electric field by using the semiclassical method. The fractal structures present a nested relationship layer by layer in the initial launch angles of the ionized electrons versus the escape time, which is defined as the rhythm attractor, and exhibit similar rhythm endings. The gradually enhanced chaotic regions of the escape time plots tend to broaden as the scaled energy increases. In addition,the fractal rhythm changes synchronously with the oscillations of the kinetic energy spectrum. We note that the intrinsic quality of the fractal rhythm is closely related to the kinetic energy distribution, that is, the inherent dynamic properties of the Hamiltonian equations have an impact on the fractal regularities. In addition, different ionizing closed trajectories exhibit iterate properties and the inherent beauty of symmetry. Our results and analysis can not only reveal new laws in the ionization of Rydberg atoms, but also promote the establishment of the dynamic mechanism of fractals.

Identification of the interactive region by the homology of the sequence spectrum

The base sequence in genome was governed by some fundamental principles such as reverse-complement symmetry, multiple fractality and so on, and the analytical method of the genome structure, the “Sequence Spectrum Method (SSM)”, based on the structural features of genomic DNA faithfully visualized these principles. This paper reported that the sequence spectrum in SSM closely reflected the biological phenomena of protein and DNA, and SSM could identify the interactive region of protein-protein and DNA-protein uniformly. In order to investigate the effectiveness of SSM we analyzed the several protein-protein and DNA-protein interaction published primarily in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method proposed here was based on the homology of sequence spectrum, and it advantageously and surprisingly used only base sequence of genome and did not require any other information, even information about the amino-acid sequence of protein. Eventually it was concluded that the fundamental principles in genome governed not only the static base sequence but also the dynamic function of protein and DNA.

Fractal Dimension Analysis Based Aging State Assessment of Insulating Paper with Surface Microscopic Images

The insulating paper of the transformer is affected by many factors during the operation,meanwhile,the surface texture of the paper is easy to change.To explore the relationship between the aging state and surface texture change of insulating paper,firstly,the thermal aging experiment of insulating paper is carried out,and the insulating paper samples with different aging times are obtained.After then,the images of the aged insulating paper samples are collected and pre-processed.The pre-processing effect is verified by constructing and calculating the gray surface of the sample.Secondly,the texture features of the insulating paper image are extracted by box dimension and multifractal spectrum.Based on that,the extreme learning machine(ELM)is taken as the classification tool with texture features and aging time as the input and output,to train the algorithm and construct the corresponding relationship between the texture feature and the aging time.After then,the insulating paper with unknown aging time is predicted with a trained ELMalgorithm.The numerical test results show that the texture features extracted from the fractal dimension of the micro image can effectively characterize the aging state of insulating paper,the average accuracy can reach 91.6%.It proves that the fractal dimension theory can be utilized for assessing the aging state of insulating paper for onsite applications.

Fractal Reconstruction of Log Curve

Sedimentary cyclothems at different scales show formations’ fractal structure which can be reflected on logs. The slope of the power spectrum of log is related to the fractal dimension of formations. The fractal dimensions from two logs with similar vertical resolutions are the same. Using fractal interpolating algorithm density log can be reconstructed. The reconstructed log can be compared with core density in washout intervals.

Texture Filters and Fractal Dimension on Image Segmentation

Texture analysis is important in several image segmentation and classification problems. Different image textures manifest themselves by dissimilarity in both the property values and the spatial interrelationships of their component texture primitives. We use this fact in a texture discrimination system. This paper focuses on how to apply texture operators based on co-occurrence matrix, texture filters and fractal dimension to the problem of object recognition and image segmentation.

基于混隐色特征背景引导融合的伪装效能评估

现有迷彩伪装效能评估方法重点关注目标与背景在颜色、纹理等特征上的相似度,未能从伪装策略角度分析目标边缘和表面的融合程度,无法准确评估复杂环境下目标的伪装效果。本文提出一种基于混隐色特征背景引导融合的伪装效能评估模型,利用多重分形理论和Gabor滤波器估计目标轮廓和表面破坏程度;引入特征拥塞指数计算背景复杂度,通过逻辑斯蒂方程自适应调整评估特征权重,提高模型对环境变化的适应性。实验表明,该模型在Search_2数据集上的搜索时间相关性系数(皮尔逊相关系数、斯皮尔曼相关系数、均方根误差)分别达到0.888、0.773、0.054,在自建CamData数据集上分别达到0.835、0.805、0.126,评估结果与人眼搜索实验结果符合性较高,能够有效表征目标在不同复杂场景下的伪装效能。

区域人居单元的概念、机制与特征

中国传统人居环境具有城乡连续一体的特征,表现为“城镇—乡村—田野”的连续空间谱系。中国在经历了城乡二元发展之后,进入了“城乡中国”的区域一体化阶段。面向区域城市化的外部趋势,基于“城乡中国”的本土背景,提出“区域人居单元”概念,从文化地理学视角分析区域人居单元的驱动因子和形成机制,围绕单元系统、单元区划、风貌特色,揭示区域人居单元的基本特征,该概念可以为区域国土空间设计明确具体的实践对象,在区域尺度上为解决“千城一面”问题提供思路。

基于多重分形理论的再生水灌溉下土壤粒度分析

再生水灌溉是缓解水资源矛盾的有效途径,为表征再生水灌溉后土壤粒度分布(Soil particle size distribution,PSD)特性,通过室内土柱模拟试验,设置生活污水(W1)、再生水1(W2)和再生水2(W3)共计3种灌溉水质,并以自来水(W4)作为对照,采用马尔文激光粒度仪测定灌溉1 a后各处理土壤颗粒百分比,运用分形理论分析了4种水质处理下土壤PSD的分形特征。结果表明:(1)4种水质处理下土壤PSD呈单峰分布;与W4处理相比,W1、W2、W3处理下土壤黏粒含量增加0.40%~6.38%,砂粒含量降低1.58%~13.80%,土壤非均匀性增强,但各处理间差异不显著。(2)再生水灌溉下土壤颗粒呈细粒化趋势,土壤PSD多重分形参数增大,土壤PSD趋于不均匀。在0~10 cm土层,W3处理下土壤PSD多重分形参数容量维数D(0)、信息维数D(1)、相关维数D(2)和多重分形奇异谱宽Δα(q)最大,分别为0.943、0.837、0.823和1.035;在10~20 cm土层,W2处理下D(0)、D(1)、D(2)和Δα(q)最大,分别为0.943、0.851、0.852和1.009。(3)土壤PSD的多重分形参数D(0)、D(1)、D(2)、Δα(q)和α(0)与土壤黏粒含量呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,土壤分形特征由土壤中黏粒与砂粒的相对含量控制。研究表明,在试验期内,再生水灌溉下土壤PSD的空间异质性与非均匀性增大,可以通过多重分形参数进行定量表征。

低横动量Υ(1S)介子在强子气体中的分布

Υ(1S)是高能重离子碰撞中的干净探针,其研究具有重要意义.强子气体中Υ(1S)的分布受到集体流、量子效应和强相互作用三种效应的影响.此前的模型均只分析了其中一到两种效应而忽略了其他效应,将忽略的效应放入到了拟合参数中.本文从新的视角提出了两体分形模型,从物理计算而非参数拟合的方法开展研究.本文认为Υ(1S)与最相近的介子形成两体结构,与介子内部的两夸克结构具有自相似性.引入环境影响因子qfqs来描述上述三种效应影响;引入伴随因子q2来描述b,b之间的相互作用和上述三种效应的影响.通过求解概率与熵方程,得到不同碰撞条件下qfqs与q2的值.将qfqs代入到分布函数中,得到低横动量区的横动量谱并与实验对比,结果表明理论与实验符合良好.还分析了qfqs随温度的变化关系,并发现qfqs>1,这是由环境效应减少了Υ(1S)的微观状态数所致.另外,计算显示qfqs随着系统温度的降低而减小,这与随着系统膨胀强子气体影响减弱的现象相一致.

锅炉燃烧火焰的脉动频率特征

锅炉燃烧火焰包含信息众多,其中脉动频率和锅炉运行时的效率有着密切联系,进而对锅炉经济运行有实际指导意义。以某660 MW机组锅炉稳定燃烧时炉膛火焰为研究对象,借助于图像处理和频谱分析技术,从火焰面积变化的角度处理得到锅炉稳定燃烧时火焰平均脉动频率,并结合锅炉运行时工况数据,建立了平均脉动频率与锅炉运行时负荷、热效率、飞灰含碳量之间的关系。在一定范围内,平均脉动频率越大,其对应工况的负荷往往也越大,热效率越高,飞灰含碳量越少。

十字分形地震超材料隔震性能

为了解决基于表面波理论的地震超材料带隙窄的问题,设计了一种基于十字分形柱的低频宽带隙地震超材料,并通过数值模拟计算其频散曲线,发现三阶十字分形地震超材料的相对带宽高达60%.对不同阶数十字分形地震超材料的频散曲线进行比较研究,以阐明分形地震超材料带隙扩展的机理.通过材料参数分析,研究不同材料参数对带隙宽度及位置的影响.为验证所设计的地震超材料对实际地震波的屏蔽效果,进行频域和时域分析.通过对El Centro地震波和Taft地震波的瞬态动力学分析发现,三阶十字分形地震超材料可以将2种地震表面波位于带隙频率范围内的加速度幅值降低50%以上,具有良好的隔震性能.