A method for predicting the water-flowing fractured zone height based on an improved key stratum theory

In the process of using the original key stratum theory to predict the height of a water-flowing fractured zone(WFZ),the influence of rock strata outside the calculation range on the rock strata within the calculation range as well as the fact that the shape of the overburden deformation area will change with the excavation length are ignored.In this paper,an improved key stratum theory(IKS theory)was proposed by fixing these two shortcomings.Then,a WFZ height prediction method based on IKS theory was established and applied.First,the range of overburden involved in the analysis was determined according to the tensile stress distribution range above the goaf.Second,the key stratum in the overburden involved in the analysis was identified through IKS theory.Finally,the tendency of the WFZ to develop upward was determined by judging whether or not the identified key stratum will break.The proposed method was applied and verified in a mining case study,and the reasons for the differences in the development patterns between the WFZs in coalfields in Northwest and East China were also fully explained by this method.

Height of fractured zone inside overlying strata under high-intensity mining in China

The height of fractured zone(HFZ) at the high-intensity longwall mining panel plays a vital role in the safety analysis of coal mining under bodies of water. This paper described definitions of the highintensity mining. The processes of overburden failure transfer(OFT) were analyzed, which were divided into the development stage and the termination stage. Through theoretical analysis, the limited suspension-distance and the limited overhanging distance were proposed to judge the damage of each stratum. Mechanical models of strata suspended integrity and overhanging stability were established.A theoretical method to predict the HFZ at the high-intensity longwall mining panel was put forward based on the processes of OFT. Taking a high-intensity longwall mining panel(No. 11915 panel) as an example, the theoretical method proposed, the engineering analogy and the empirical formulas in the Regulation were used to predict the HFZ. The results show that the theoretical result is consistent with the engineering analogies' result and empirical formulas' result. The rationality and reliability of the theoretical method proposed is verified.

Formation mechanism and height calculation of the caved zone and water-conducting fracture zone in solid backfill mining

To study the heights of the caved zone and water-conducting fracture zone in backfill mining,the failure mechanism of strata during backfill mining was analyzed,and a method for determining the heights of the two zones was proposed based on key strata theory.The movement and failure regularity of the strata above the backfilling panel were revealed through numerical simulation.Considering the geologic conditions of the CT101 backfilling panel,the height of the fracture zone was determined using the proposed method along with empirical calculation,numerical simulation,and borehole detection.The results of the new calculation method were similar to in situ measurements.The traditional empirical formula,which is based on the equivalent mining height model,resulted in large errors during calculation.The findings indicate the reliability of the new method and demonstrate its significance for creating reference data for related studies.

Wave Height Distribution for Spilling Waves in and outside the Surf Zone

The wave characteristics affecting coastal sediment transport include wave height, wave period and breaking wave direction. Wave height is a critical factor in determining the amount of sediment transport in the coastal area. The force of sediment transport is much more intense under breaking waves than under non-breaking waves. Breaking waves exhibit various patterns, principal- ly depending on the incident wave steepness and the beach slope. Based on the equations of con- servation of mass, momentum and energy, a theoretical model for wave deformation in and outside the surf zone was obtained, which is used to calculate the wave shoaling, wave set-up and set- down and wave height distributions in and outside the surf zone. The analysis and comparison were made about the breaking point location and the wave height decay caused by the wave breaking and the bottom friction. Flume experiments relating to the spilling wave height distribution across the surf zone were conducted to verify the theoretical model. Advanced wave maker, data sampling de- vices and data processing system were utilized in the flume experiments with a slope covered by sands of different diameters to facilitate the observation and research on the wave transformation and breaking. The agreement between the theoretical and experimental results is good.

A new statistical model of wave heights based on the concept of wave breaking critical zone

When waves propagate from deep water to shallow water, wave heights and steepness increase and then waves roll back and break. This phenomenon is called surf. Currently, the present statistical calculation model of surf was derived mainly from the wave energy conservation equation and the linear wave dispersion relation, but it cannot reflect accurately the process which is a rapid increasing in wave height near the broken point. So, the concept of a surf breaking critical zone is presented. And the nearshore is divided as deep water zone, shallow water zone, surf breaking critical zone and after breaking zone. Besides, the calculation formula for the height of the surf breaking critical zone has founded based on flume experiments, thereby a new statistical calculation model on the surf has been established. Using the new model, the calculation error of wave height maximum is reduced from 17.62% to 6.43%.

Height prediction of water flowing fractured zones based on BP artificial neural network

Factures caused by deformation and destruction of bedrocks over coal seams can easily lead to water flooding(inrush)in mines,a threat to safety production.Fractures with high hydraulic conductivity are good watercourses as well as passages for inrush in mines and tunnels.An accurate height prediction of water flowing fractured zones is a key issue in today's mine water prevention and control.The theory of leveraging BP artificial neural network in height prediction of water flowing fractured zones is analysed and applied in Qianjiaying Mine as an example in this paper.Per the comparison with traditional calculation results,the BP artificial neural network better reflects the geological conditions of the research mine areas and produces more objective,accurate and reasonable results,which can be applied to predict the height of water flowing fractured zones.

Pilot Free Trade Zones:Taking Reform and Opening-up to New Heights

CONSTRUCTION of Pilot Free Trade Zones(PFTZs)is a strategic measure of China’s reform and opening-up policy.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC),it has taken the policy’s effectiveness to new heights.

Height Detection and Analysis of Water Flowing Fractured Zone of Coal Face

Taking 91105 working face as the research object, the observation method of water flowing fractured zone and the layout of mining holes were determined by analyzing the field geological structure. It was shown that the fractured zone height and the ratio given by the measured method were 52.33 and 12.46, respectively. By the numerical simulation method with the software of UDEC, the fractured zone height and the ratio were 42.5 and 10.12. By comparison of measured height data and UDEC numerical simulation, there were some differences between the measured height and the calculated results of UDEC numerical simulation method. The method of simulation can be used as the technical basis for the design of waterproof coal pillar in the future.

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁失稳机理分析

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁灾变易诱使支架-围岩系统失衡,导致围岩稳定性控制复杂化,故煤壁灾变防控对保障工作面安全生产十分关键,而科学化防控技术的前提是明晰煤壁失稳孕育机制,为此采用数值计算及理论分析法展开研究。研究结果表明:大倾角大采高工作面煤壁承压倾向分区异化,下部区域应力集中程度较中部、上部高,集中区范围由下至上减小,垂向中部应力值较低,应力极值及走向位置与回采距具有正相关性,煤壁揭露前后邻域承压环境会突变,且承压态随煤体破坏演变异化,煤体承压结构会由非连续态经压实过渡为类连续状,而后整体移动至阈值后发生破断结构离散化。煤壁前方塑性区随采动作用不同幅度扩展,其稳定性受制于回采距及速度,低速回采、回采距离增加时煤壁稳定性逐步降低,塑性破裂发育区煤体为支承压力等动载、静载主承体,煤壁失稳是支承压力与扰动区内煤体自身抗压性能动态失衡,由运移、变形等承压行为量变诱发煤体结构质变而破断失稳,承压非对称性及多向耦合造成煤壁失稳分区及范围倾向扩展。

基于相似模拟试验的顶板导水裂隙带高度及发育形态研究

目的 为研究采动影响下顶板导水裂隙带高度及其发育形态,方法 以司马煤矿三采区1303工作面为研究对象,开展相似模拟试验,并以此为基础,对顶板的岩性组合加以改变,结合数字照相量测系统对不同岩性组合顶板导裂带高度和发育形态进行分析,并进行理论验证。结果 结果表明:(1)工作面推进长度为160 m时,硬岩岩性顶板模型、硬-软岩岩性组合顶板模型以及软岩岩性顶板模型的导水裂隙带最大发育高度分别为69.6,55.6,61.1 m;(2)3种模型的导水裂隙带发育形态分别为底角50°的正梯形、前底角62°后底角60°的近似正梯形、前底角50°后底角60°的梯形;(3)根据模型试验和数据统计结果,给出适用于长治二岗山断褶带以南井田导水裂隙带发育高度预测式;(4)运用材料力学方法分析垮落角形成规律,垮落角与导水裂隙带发育高度呈反正切函数关系,并计算得到3种模型导水裂隙带前底角发育角度,分别为49.24°,61.21°和51.12°。通过导高计算公式得到3种模型导水裂隙带发育高度分别为74.1,51.1,59 m,均与相似模拟试验结果吻合。结论 研究结果对各类岩性顶板煤矿导水裂隙带发育高度预测具有参考意义。

山区大跨T型刚构桥设计要点

以巫镇高速公路后溪河大跨T型刚构桥为研究对象,采用大型有限元程序Midas Civil建立主桥计算模型,对主桥承载力、受压区高度、主梁应力、主墩施工稳定、计算长度等方面进行分析探讨。结果表明:1)主梁结构尺寸及配束合理,承载力具有较高的冗余度;2)箱梁底板厚度可适当降低,无需强制满足x≤ξbh 0,进而达到减轻结构自重的目的;3)主墩刚度适宜,施工大悬臂阶段稳定性较好;4)主墩进行强度、裂缝验算时,计算长度宜通过有限元屈曲分析,由欧拉临界力反算。

河流下多煤层开采安全性及保护技术

我国新疆地区干旱缺水,艾维尔沟河作为新疆一条具有重要地理特征和环境影响的河流,其对于流经区域的经济、生态都具有重要意义,因此在艾维尔沟河下进行煤炭开采时,既要保证矿井安全也要保证河流的正常使用。采用理论分析、数值模拟等方法对河流下多煤层开采安全性及河流保护技术进行研究,通过理论计算得到多煤层开采条件下,覆岩导水裂隙带发育高度(11401工作面为41.9 m、1502工作面为110 m、11401工作面为113.8 m)并绘制剖面示意图;同时,采用数值模拟方法对覆岩导水裂缝发育形态及高度进行确定,最终基于导水裂隙带高度(117.8 m)与最小煤层埋藏深度(191.5 m)的相互关系,确定河流下开采是安全的可行的。在保证河流下煤层安全开采的前提下,通过分析离层注浆原理,并结合采动影响特征参数及工程现场,提出了以离层注浆为主,河道防渗及优化开采设计为辅的多手段对采动影响范围内地表特定目标的精准保护技术。根据实际采矿地质条件,采用概率积分法计算试采工作面开采前后河道位置处地表移动变形,计算结果显示:采用离层注浆精准保护技术后,河道的最大水平变形值(2 mm/m)未超出允许坝体的极限变形值(2.5 mm/m),所以采用离层注浆精准保护技术可以实现,井下安全开采的同时,保证河道的正常使用。通过对河流下多煤层开采的安全性及保护技术的分析研究,为矿山绿色开采提供参考和借鉴。

基于多源遥感数据的福建省海岸带县域森林生态质量评价

【目的】森林生态质量是从生态角度反映森林质量的内涵,对森林的生态功能和生态服务、生长状况以及自我调节功能进行综合测度,以期提高森林改善生态环境、维护生态平衡的能力。【方法】利用中、高分辨率多源遥感数据,获取大范围尺度下能表征森林生态质量的关键指标信息,在此基础上,分析福建省海岸带40个县域的森林生态质量状况。首先,基于2016年2 m分辨率多源遥感数据为主要数据源,利用双层尺度集模型选定最佳分割尺度,多分类器集成算法集,自动选择最优分类算法进行森林类型提取,并结合2020年Sentinel遥感数据及森林分类产品,更新2020年福建省海岸带森林类型精细分布图;其次,利用LandTrendr算法衍生的干扰开始时间特征推算现存森林年龄,通过GEDI冠层高度产品获取海岸带森林冠层高度分布图;在以上关键森林质量指标提取基础上,对遥感手段获取的8项森林生态质量评价指标进行主成分分析,获得福建省海岸带县域森林生态质量综合评价结果。【结果】2020年福建海岸带40个县域约50%的县域森林生态质量处于优良水平,其中仙游县、闽侯县、南安市、霞浦县、柘荣县及厦门海沧区、思明区、集美区、同安区等森林生态质量为优;森林生态质量较差的县域有惠安县、秀屿区、石狮市、福安市、平潭实验区、诏安县。【结论】结合中、高分辨率多源遥感数据,能够发挥遥感大范围监测优点,客观评价福建省海岸带40个县域的森林生态质量;研究结果表明2020年福建沿海县域森林生态质量还存在较大的提升空间,需要针对存在的问题采取相应森林管理措施提升森林生态质量。

坚硬覆岩预裂弱化改性效应及导水裂缝带控制机理

针对深部煤层开采坚硬覆岩条件下导水裂缝带控制问题,充分借鉴坚硬顶板预裂弱化技术,提出预裂弱化坚硬主控覆岩控制导水裂缝带高度的新方法。综合采用实验室试验、理论分析、数值模拟等方法,研究了坚硬主控覆岩预裂弱化改性效应,详细阐述了不同弱化层位对导水裂缝带的控制机理,并进行了实测验证。研究结果表明:预制裂缝可以使坚硬岩石往强度低的方向进行转变,并将完整岩样的劈裂破坏特征转变为以预制裂缝为主控的张拉剪切破坏,坚硬岩石的破坏程度由剧烈趋于缓和;揭示了预制裂缝对坚硬岩体的弱化改性效应,计算得到应力与裂缝耦合的损伤变量,定性的分析了弱化程度与岩性转变的关系,改性后岩体能量存储能力降低,耗散能力增强;数值模拟了不同弱化层位对导水裂缝带的控制效果,综合对比覆岩破坏形态、裂隙数量及破坏高度动态演化规律,发现“马鞍形”破坏形态随着弱化层位的升高而逐渐减弱,覆岩裂隙数量演化基本呈现“缓增−突增”的演化趋势,未弱化以及中、高位弱化覆岩破坏高度动态演化近似呈现“S”形,而中位弱化呈“半抛形”,综合分析得出低位弱化对导水裂缝带的控制效果最好;在分析高、中、低位坚硬岩层破坏特征的基础上,揭示了不同预裂弱化层位控制导水裂缝带发育机理;钻孔实测孟村矿顶板压裂条件下的“两带”发育高度,对比发现预裂弱化条件下裂采比降低,初步验证了顶板预裂弱化对导水裂缝带发育的抑制性。研究成果将为深部矿区耦合灾害防控、水资源及生态保护等领域提供理论和科学依据。

倾斜煤层覆岩运移规律及“上三带”高度计算

为分析常村煤矿倾斜煤层覆岩运移规律及“上三带”高度,基于1501综采工作面地质条件,采用理论经验公式对垮落带和导水裂隙带进行计算,利用UDEC数值模拟对采空区煤层顶板覆岩最大主应力分布、覆岩位移和垂向应力分布进行模拟计算,并在工作面设置11条测线,分析不同位置、不同高度覆岩下沉值,通过对比分析,得出“上三带”高度。结果表明:经验公式计算1501综采工作面垮落带范围11.5~26.0 m,导水裂隙带范围42.4~77.0 m;随着工作面宽度的增加,应力集中程度也增加,覆岩位移呈不对称形态。最后在工作面合适位置设计探查钻孔对“上三带”进行探查,结果证实经验公式计算、数值模拟结论与钻探探查成果基本吻合,可以作为工作面安全回采的论证依据。

基于LDA-RBF及综合赋权法的顶板突水危险性评价

为了解决龙凤煤矿9号煤层开采过程中顶板突水危险性问题,采用线性判别分析法(LDA)构建1种LDA-RBF神经网络导水裂隙带发育高度预测模型,并基于改进CRITIC评价法结合层次分析法(AHP)建立了CRITIC-AHP综合赋权法,分别评价矿区顶板采裂危险性及含水层富水性等级;通过ArcGis地理信息处理技术,将采裂危险性分区与富水性分区叠加,得到9号煤层顶板突水危险性综合分区图。结果表明:LDA-RBF神经网络预测模型结构简单且拟合精度更高,9号煤层导水裂隙带发育预测高度为50.4 m,已超过区域内大部分含水层底界标高,表明大部分区域存在较高的采裂危险性;而改进后的综合赋权法避免了评价结果主客观性过强的问题,其富水性分区结果与钻孔实际涌水量相符;突水危险区主要在矿区中北部呈条状分布,这是该区域含水层富水性较强和采裂危险性较高共同作用的结果,因此,在实际开采中应对以上区域予以重视。

程潮铁矿崩落法开采对上覆岩体变形的影响研究

针对程潮铁矿开展工程地质调查,采用离散元分析软件UDEC建立其二维地质剖面模型,在假设其上部水平矿房未开采的条件下,模拟了程潮铁矿无底柱分段崩落法开采-480m、-500m相邻分段的过程,研究单一分段及相邻分段开采导致的围岩“冒落带、导水裂隙带”的分布规律及范围,探索程潮铁矿单分段矿房开采时其上覆岩体形成的导水裂隙带高度范围y随采长x的变化函数,分析无底柱分段崩落法不同分段矿房开采对于上覆岩体变形及影响机理,为类似开采技术条件矿山安全生产提供参考。

榆树泉矿煤层开采覆岩破坏物理模拟试验研究

为研究煤层开采覆岩破坏情况,以榆树泉矿为工程背景,采用物理相似模拟试验,分析了煤层开采过程中覆岩的破坏规律,结合经验公式计算,确定了煤层开采覆岩导水裂隙带高度。结果显示,随着煤层开采,覆岩裂隙在纵向上的发育速度减缓,横向裂隙发育速度加快,范围扩大,且近工作面处的裂隙逐步向破碎型裂隙发展。覆岩形态在横向、纵向以及整体上呈现出先扩展延伸而后趋于稳定的特点,覆岩形态最终趋于“马鞍形”。覆岩位移量随着距煤层工作面垂直距离的增加而减小,并且位移量由两侧向中部递减。模拟导水裂隙带的发育最大高度为65 m,与经验公式计算的结果吻合,裂采比约为16。研究结果可为榆树泉矿顶板水害防治提供科学依据。

大采高综采覆岩“两带”高度综合探测研究

为获取大采高综采“两带”高度,促进煤炭资源安全、高效开采,以斜沟煤矿为工程背景,综合运用经验公式预估、现场试验探测和数值仿真计算,对18102工作面8#煤综采时的覆岩“两带”高度演化开展研究。结果表明:拟合得到的经验公式仅考虑了采厚因素影响,用于预测“两带”发育高度存在一定的局限性;现场钻探压水试验和瞬变电磁探测综合探测得到覆岩垮落带高度34.6 m,导水裂隙带高度74.8 m;分析了大采高综采时覆岩破坏高度、围岩应力场变化和位移场变化,“两带”高度数值计算结果与试验探测结果吻合良好。研究结果可为类似条件矿山的顶板管理、露头防(隔)水煤岩柱留设等提供参考。

近距离煤层重复采动覆岩破坏规律及“两带”发育高度分析

为研究近距离煤层重复采动下覆岩破坏规律与“两带”发育高度,预防工作面开采过程中由导水漏风通道引起的工作面顶板漏水、采空区自燃等各种安全事故,以鄂尔多斯市某煤矿为工程背景,采用井下窥视法和数值模拟对近距离煤层开采后覆岩破坏规律以及“两带”发育高度进行分析,揭示了规律形成的原因。研究结果表明:在近距离煤层重复采动影响下,“两带”发育高度远超过上煤层开采,下煤层推进80 m时裂隙带最大发育高度为88 m,与地表贯通形成导水漏风通道;初次采动与重复采动时的裂采比分别为19.33、29.33;裂隙带的发育呈台阶式上升,阶段间的变化表现为激跳形式;覆岩的破坏表现为“拱形→帽形→马鞍形→外O内蝶形”;数值模拟及拟合公式所预测的“两带”发育高度与实测值之间误差率为1%左右,验证了预测的准确性,可为相似工作面的开采以及相似工程提供借鉴。