Simulation of Fragment Impact on Multi-Layer Targets Using Contact Method

Cased explosives generate highly energetic fragments as their casing breaks up. Due to the complexity of casing fragment related behavior such as embedment, perforation and ricochet, it may be insufficient to use equivalent triangular pressure loading in fragment impact simulations. This simplified method may over- or under-predict the target response. Recently, a procedure using contact techniques has been proposed to overcome such difficulties. It has been shown that the new method has the inherent capability in modeling the multi-piece and multi-hit fragment impact problems in a more realistic way. To investigate the applicability of the proposed method to simulations involving multi-layer penetration, the selected problems of fragment impact on multi-layer targets are described in this paper. It is demonstrated that this method is capable of predicting the complicated multi-layer structural response caused by fragment impact and penetration. Modeling procedures and some technical issues are also discussed.

Research on the Fragment Impact Resistance of a Composite Mast

Due to the unique structural mode and material property of a composite sandwich plate, related research such as fragment impact resistance of a composite mast is short of publication and urgent in this field. In this paper, the commonly accepted sandwich core board theory was modified. Damage caused by a fragment attack was simulated onto a sandwich plate model built with solid and shell elements. It was shown that shear failure and vast matrix cracking are the main reasons for outer coat damage, and tension failure and partial matrix cracking are the cause for inner coat damage. Additionally, according to complexities in actual sea battles, different work conditions of missile attacks were set. Ballistic limit values of different fragment sizes were also obtained, which provides references for enhancing the fragment impact resistance of a composite mast.

The Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

This report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation problems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have become highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urbanization, invaded by non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and by subdividing farmlands into subsequent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possible. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ability of most resources in East Africa becomes scarcer, and those remaining become “privatized” by more powerful community members—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further by affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. This review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation problems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania including neighboring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a substantial increase in population density. The study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture by average farm sizes within the intervals of five years by highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especially for Kenya. This can only mean that small farms kept becoming smaller and smaller and that there were more small-scale farmers. The results further depicted that the major and commonly cultivated food crops among the East African countries include maize, sorghum, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas, Irish potatoes, beans, peas, etc., with maize yields (Mt/ha) in 2003 for Uganda being the highest (1.79 Mt/ha) and the lowest in Rwanda (0.77 Mt/ha) respectively. Therefore, from the review results, recommendations are being made as to how the negative impacts of land fragmentation on agricultural productivity can be reduced or mitigated. One way is by community sensitization and awareness about the importance of land consolidation and its proposition on farm productivity.

Dynamic response of UHMWPE plates under combined shock and fragment loading

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)fiber composite has been extensively used to construct lightweight protective structures against ballistic impacts,yet little is known about its performance when subjected to combined blast and fragment impacts.Built upon a recently developed laboratory-scale experimental technique to generate simulated combined loading through the impact of a fragment-foam composite projectile launched from a light gas gun,the dynamic responses of fullyclamped UHMWPE plates subjected to combined loading were characterized experimentally,with corresponding deformation and failure modes compared with those measured with simulated blast loading alone.Subsequently,to explore the underlying physical mechanisms,three-dimensional(3D)numerical simulations with the method of finite elements(FE)were systematically carried out.Numerical predictions compared favorably well with experimental measurements,thus validating the feasibility of the established FE model.Relative to the case of blast loading alone,combined blast and fragment loading led to larger maximum deflections of clamped UHMWPE plates.The position of the FSP in the foam sabot affected significantly the performance of a UHMWPE target,either enhancing or decreasing its ballistic resistance.When the blast loading and fragment impact arrived simultaneously at the target,its ballistic resistance was superior to that achieved when subjected to fragment impact alone,and benefited from the accelerated movement of the target due to simultaneous blast loading.

Safety Assessment of Aircraft Fuel Tank Access Cover under the Impact Load by Tire Fragments

According to relevant airworthiness standards, the aircraft fuel tank access cover must withstand the impact by tire fragments, and minimize the penetration and deformation, which is critical for flight safety. To assess the safety of an aircraft fuel tank access cover subjected to tire fragments, a study of dynamic response was presented in this paper using the Finite element(FE) software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. To obtain the reliable mechanical characteristics of tire tread rubber, a series of material tests have been conducted. Then the proposed rubber material model is validated by comparing the numerical simulations with the experimental results of aluminium alloy plate impact. The simulation results indicate that the rubber fragment and alloy plate will undergo the largest deformation when impact angle is equal to 90°. Finally, the proposed FE model and modelling approaches are extended to the numerical simulation of a full-scale aircraft fuel tank access cover impact. The numerical simulations are carried out with impact velocity of 71.1 m/s and impact angle of 40.5°. The simulation results indicate that the aluminium alloy by precision casting is more likely to rupture, and the middle region of the access cover is vulnerable to fragment impact. This research proposes a reliable rubber model applying to various strain rates. Considering the influence of impact regions, the dynamic response and various failure patterns of fuel tank access cover are acquired. The findings of this paper can be used to improve the future aircraft safety design.

Emission of Intermediate Mass Fragments as a Function of Impact Parameter for ^(40)Ar+^(nat)Ag Collision at 30 MeV/u

Exclusive intermediate mass fragments（IMFs）are measured at forward angles forthe 40Ar+nalAg reaction at 30 MeV/u.The impact parameter is determined using the totaltransverse momentum method and linear momentum transfer method.IMFs emitted at forwardangles mainly come from projectile fragmentation in peripheral collisions,while IMFs in centralcollision mainly come from decay of hot target-like sources.IMFs from both projectile-like andtarget-like sources are observed in mid-central collision.In addition,the third component,non-equilibrium mid-rapidity components are observed in central,mid-central and peripheralcollisions.

PROGRESSIVE FRAGMENT MODELING OF FAILURE WAVE IN CERAMICS UNDER PLANAR IMPACT LOADING

Polycrystalline ceramics have heterogeneous meso-structures which result in high singularity in stress distribution. Based on this, a progressive fragment model was proposed which describes the failure wave formation and propagation in shocked ceramics. The governing equation of the failure wave was characterized by inelastic bulk strain with material damage and fracture. And the inelastic bulk strain consists of dilatant strain from nucleation and expansion of microcracks and condensed strain from collapse of original pores. Numerical simulation of the free surface velocity was performed in good agreement with planar impact experiments on 92.93% aluminas at China Academy of Engineering Physics. And the longitudinal, lateral and shear stress histories upon the arrival of the failure wave were predicted, which present the diminished shear strength and lost spall strength in the failed layer.

岩崩坡面撞击碎裂特征离散元模拟

岩崩坡面撞击破碎是运动轨迹难以预测的重要原因,其中坡体几何特征是影响破碎块体运动变化特征的关键因素。为了研究岩崩撞击破碎过程及坡体几何特征对岩崩块体运动特征的影响,利用离散单元法(PFC^(2D))模拟技术,通过统计典型岩崩灾害点岩体结构与坡体几何特征,建立了岩崩自由落体-撞击破碎-运动堆积模型,剖析了在不同坠落高度、撞击角度条件下岩崩坡面撞击碎裂过程,获得了块体运动速度、裂纹数量和冲击力变化曲线,同时采用双参数Weibull分布对碎裂块体破碎程度进行了描述。实验结果表明:破裂过程分为接触-解体、挤压-碎裂及独立运动3个阶段;岩体碎裂由撞击点开始,沿结构面先出现解体,再产生新断裂面的岩石破碎;块体速度、裂纹数量和冲击力的骤变均发生在接触-解体与挤压-碎裂阶段,块体速度骤降,呈现出“阶梯效应”,冲击力骤升,表现为“双峰现象”,同时随着坠落高度增加或撞击角度减小,“阶梯效应”与“双峰现象”更为明显;同一撞击角度条件下,坠落高度的增加使得撞击动能增加,进而增大了破碎程度,导致粒径分布范围与特征粒径尺寸的减小;同一坠落高度下,撞击角度的增加,意味着接触面积的减小,进而降低了破碎程度,导致粒径分布范围与特征粒径尺寸的增大。研究成果对揭示岩崩坡面撞击碎裂机理及预测块体运动轨迹提供了技术支撑。

基于自适应FEM-SPH耦合算法的飞机典型部位破片冲击战伤的数值研究

针对飞机典型部位在遭到高速破片攻击后结构整体的战伤状态及破片的剩余行为开展数值模拟。应用LS-DYNA软件,结合有限单元方法(finite element method,FEM)和光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)两者的优势,建立自适应的FEM-SPH耦合模拟方法,并构建2种飞机典型部位的计算模型,采用六面体网格局部细化方法实现了核心位置的精确模拟,并进行试验来验证数值模型;开展了一系列高速冲击战伤模拟,对比了不同工况下破片高速冲击结构后形成的碎片云和破口形貌,并对破片的剩余速度和质量进行分析,确定了破片在结构蒙皮上的临界跳飞角。结果表明:自适应FEM-SPH耦合算法的计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,能够对破片高速冲击战伤进行有效准确模拟;碎片云分布形状随破片速度增加变得狭长,冲击角度会改变碎片云和结构破口形状朝向;碎片云高度和扩散速度随破片速度或角度的变化趋势基本一致并都呈线性关系;破片的速度减少量不随初始速度变化,质量减少量则与冲击速度正相关,两者与冲击角度都负相关;破片临界跳飞角与冲击速度大小基本呈线性关系。

典型加筋壁板近爆距冲击波-破片毁伤研究

为了研究Ω型加筋壁板在近距离爆炸冲击下的毁伤特性和破片—冲击波联合作用规律,通过爆炸冲击实验及数值仿真,研究了冲击波和破片单独作用、联合作用和不同先后顺序作用下靶板的损伤差异。研究结果表明:近距爆炸产生联合作用时,冲击波和破片互为干扰,破片动能相比破片单一作用时最大降幅可达10.1%,靶板最大挠度相比冲击波单一作用时可降低25.8%;对于Ω型加筋板,仅有破片打击作用时形变量较小,但破片造成的穿孔损伤将极大降低靶板抵抗冲击波作用的能力。当冲击波作用于穿孔损伤后的靶板时,靶板最大挠度相比冲击波单一作用时可增大96.5%。研究结果可为防护结构设计提供参考。

高性能纤维叠层的抗破片冲击性能研究

为了获得高性能纤维叠层防护材料的抗破片冲击性能,设计并开展了弹道冲击试验,对芳纶Ⅲ纤维无纬布和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维无纬布在不同叠层方式下的复合材料靶片进行研究。结果发现:芳纶Ⅲ纤维无纬布在破片冲击过程中表现出较好的抗剪切性能,UHMWPE纤维无纬布则在破片冲击过程中表现出较好的抗拉伸性能;2种无纬布2:2层数交替叠层方式的复合材料靶片抗破片冲击性能优于3∶3、1∶1、4∶4层数交替叠层方式;芳纶Ⅲ纤维无纬布和UHMWPE纤维无纬布的质量比为1∶2时,其复合材料靶片抗破片冲击性能最佳;迎弹面为芳纶Ⅲ纤维无纬布的靶片比迎弹面为UHMWPE纤维无纬布的靶片具有更好的抗破片冲击性能。研究结果可为个人防弹、防爆等防护装备的结构设计提供实验和理论依据。

陶瓷防护结构对引信抗破片冲击性能影响研究

针对引信受破片撞击时的安全性问题,提出了一种引信防护结构,通过在引信传爆管壳和引信壳体之间增加一层防护陶瓷,使得引信在受到破片撞击时能够通过陶瓷吸收部分动能,从而提升引信的安全性能。通过仿真与试验对比的方法,分析了无防护、氧化铝陶瓷和碳化硅陶瓷防护结构的抗破片撞击性能。结果表明:增加碳化硅陶瓷防护结构可使引信在破片撞击下的传爆药峰值压力降低82.6%,见证板凹痕直径降低4.8%,优于氧化铝陶瓷防护时的81.8%和2.58%。陶瓷防护能够有效提升引信抗破片冲击能力,碳化硅陶瓷的抗冲击效果优于氧化铝陶瓷。

14种二苯醚类除草剂的质谱裂解行为规律

通过分析14种二苯醚类除草剂(Diphenyl Ether Herbicides,DpEH)在EI源中的质谱图,对DpEH裂解生成的特征碎片离子及其断裂方式做了比较研究。DpEH的质谱裂解有以下规律:(1)游离基中心定域在二苯醚的氧原子上,可发生四元环过渡态的氢重排反应或i-断裂;(2)游离基中心定域在硝基的氮原子上,可发生i-断裂,失去二氧化氮自由基或者在加热状态下形成激发态,发生α-断裂,失去一氧化氮自由基;(3)苯环上带正电荷且有氯取代基的离子,可生成碎片离子m/z[M-35]和m/z[M-36];(4)其他如含有三氟甲基的易失去氟自由基,含有羧基的易失去中性分子CO。借助DpEH在质谱中的特征碎片离子和特征断裂规律可对此类除草剂作出鉴别和确认,并提供定量定性离子选择的理论基础。

冻结砂岩爆破破岩的能量耗散特性

为探究冻结岩体的冲击力学性能,并提出寒区爆破开挖工程中合理的爆破炸药单耗,针对寒区典型分布的砂岩,采用室内分离式霍普金森压杆试验与理论分析相结合的方法,开展了冻结砂岩冲击力学性能及爆破破岩能量耗散特性研究。结果表明:(1)冻结状态砂岩的动态抗压强度和动态弹性模量相比常温状态整体有所提升,而应变峰值整体有所下降。对比静载与动载试验结果,相同物理参数下,砂岩的抗压强度差距不大,而动态弹性模量明显高于静态弹性模量。(2)常温状态砂岩和冻结状态砂岩试件的耗散能量均随含水率的增大而逐渐减低,且冻结状态砂岩的耗散能量高于常温状态。相比常温状态,冻结砂岩在含水率为0、0.25ω、0.50ω、0.75ω、1.00ω时,其耗散能量增幅分别为21.6%、64.9%、80.3%、78.2%、83.3%。(3)相同含水率下,冻结状态砂岩的炸药单耗均高于常温状态,在含水率为0、0.25ω、0.50ω、0.75ω、1.00ω时,冻结状态砂岩爆破炸药单耗相比常温状态分别增加20.4%、61.3%、60.0%、55.6%、66.7%。(4)将常温与冻结状态砂岩爆破炸药单耗数值进行拟合,得到不同状态砂岩爆破破岩的单耗修正模型,可为寒区爆破工程提供参考。

高速列车脱落冰块冲击力特性试验研究

由于高速列车脱落冰块质量大、速度高,巨大的冲击力可能会造成轨道结构损伤,因此掌握高速列车脱落冰块冲击力特性是研究轨道损伤破坏的前提和基础.本文利用轻气炮驱动预制的圆柱形冰块,垂直冲击力传感器直接获取冲击力,研究冲击速度对冲击力特性的影响规律,同时运用高速摄像机研究冰块的冲击破碎特征.试验结果表明:在相同加载气压下,完整冰块的冲击力波形基本一致,冲击速度、峰值力和上升沿时间的最大偏差不超过7.6%,冲击力试验系统可靠稳定;速度在150 km/h到350 km/h范围内,冲击力波形基本一致,冰块破坏模式和破碎状态基本相同,随着冲击速度的增加,冲击作用时间越短,冲击力峰值随速度的增加而线性增大,总冲量随动能的增加而线性增加,而上升沿时间则变化不大,在32~40μs内波动;冲击力峰值随冰块动能与总冲量的增加而线性增加,最大线性偏离度基本在10%以内.

破片撞击环境下的引信传爆药柱多层复合防护结构

针对破片撞击环境下如何对引信传爆药柱进行安全防护,以降低传爆药柱响应等级的问题,根据陶瓷材料防护机理及引信传爆药柱的结构特征,设计了引信传爆药柱金属-陶瓷材料-金属多层复合防护结构。通过数值模拟对比了不同陶瓷材料的多层复合防护结构的防护性能,结果表明,相比无防护结构的引信,碳化硅陶瓷材料的多层复合防护结构的防护效果最优,引信传爆药柱内部峰值压力与破片撞击速度显著降低。通过破片撞击试验验证了碳化硅陶瓷材料的多层复合防护结构的有效性,能够有效降低破片撞击环境下引信传爆药柱的响应等级。

结构复合含能破片对柴油油箱的引燃试验研究

围绕Al/PTFE含能材料及其结构复合含能破片对柴油目标的引燃性问题,分别用动态冲击试验和枪发射试验研究了Al/PTFE、铝热剂及其混合配比材料的冲击反应特性及结构复合含能破片对柴油油箱的引燃性能。结果表明:Al/CuO比Al/PT-FE具有更低的反应激发速率,通过在Al/PTFE中添加Al/CuO能显著降低含能材料的冲击反应阈值。枪发射引燃柴油试验显示,分别以Al/PTFE、Al/PTFE-Al/CuO和Al/PTFE-2Al/CuO作为内部装料时,复合破片对柴油油箱持续引燃的速度阈值分别为1246、1171、1098 m/s。混合配比含能破片具有更高引燃能力的原因在于Al/CuO的加入降低了含能材料的整体发火阈值,同时提升了Al/PTFE的释能效率。

高能液动锤超硬岩快速钻进成套装备与技术

当煤矿井下瓦斯抽放孔钻孔施工中遇到f≥12的岩层时,采用PDC钻头的回转切削效率极低。为解决煤矿井下硬岩钻进的技术难题,提出了煤矿井下高能液动锤的成套配置方案。采用该技术方案开展了井下钻孔试验。试验结果表明,在石英砂岩(10≤f≤12)中,机械钻速18.63~32.84 m/h;在硅质泥岩(12≤f≤17)中,平均机械钻速21.91 m/h。为煤矿井下硬岩钻进提供了一种新技术,可提高煤矿硬岩钻进效率。

弹体破片不同角度冲击蒙皮产生的应力波特征分析

在低空作战时直升机蒙皮易被杀爆弹破片击穿,损伤程度影响飞行安全与任务决策。为了有效支撑蒙皮弹击监测工作,针对不同角度冲击导致损伤程度不同的问题,开展不同角度冲击应力波特征研究。本文中建立了弹体破片冲击蒙皮有限元模型,通过仿真分析和弹体破片冲击模拟实验相互验证,获取弹体破片冲击应力波信号;利用时频分析的方法,分析冲击应力波信号的主要成分,确定其信号模态种类和频带范围;提取信号能量及不同模态波包峰值特征,建立应力波信号特征与冲击角度的关系。研究结果表明,不同角度冲击产生的应力波信号3个波包峰值规律不同,不同方位的信号能量差异较大,且随冲击角度增大逐渐趋于一致,该结果为直升机弹击监测提供了一定的参考依据。

超高速撞击薄板的球形弹丸临界破碎速度分析

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