Physical Frame Time-Slot Switching-A New Switching Technique over DWDM

A novel technique called physical frame time-slot switching （PFTS） is discussed and its technical and application aspects are analyzed. The format of the ethernet media access control （MAC） frame is borrowed in defining the physical frame for PFTS and the transmission time for the maximum size of the MAC frame is defined as a physical frame time-slot （PFT）. Consequently, user data can be fed into PFTS and switched in a single layer sub-network in an asynchronous mode.

Application of time series modeling to a national reference frame realization

This paper presents an option for modern dynamic terrestrial reference system realization in Uzbekistan for user needs. An additive model is explored to predict patterns of time series and investigate means of constructing forecast time series models in the future. The main components(trend, periodical, and irregular) of the KIUB(DORIS) and KIT3, TASH, MADK, and MTAL(GNSS) international stations coordinate time series were investigated. It was shown that seasonal nonlinear trends occurred both in the height(U) component of all stations and the east(E) component of high mountainous stations such as MTAL and MADK. The seasonal periodical portion of the time series determined from the additive model has a complicated pattern for all sites and can be explained as both hydrological signals in the region and improvement of observational quality. Amplitudes of the best-fitting sinusoids in the North component ranged between 1.73 and 8.76 mm; the East component ranged between 0.82 and 11.92 mm; and the Up component ranged between 3.11 and 40.81 mm. Regression analysis of the irregular portion of the height component of the two techniques at the Kitab station using tropospheric parameters(pressure and temperature) was confirmed as only 57% of the stochastic portion of the time series.

Special Relativity in Three-Dimensional Space-Time Frames

In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute quantities. Space and time are treated as independent quantities and can be discussed sepa-rately. With his theory of relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are de-pendent and must be treated inseparably. Minkowski adopted a four-dimensional space-time frame and indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time by adding a constraint for an event interval. Since space and time are inseparable, a three-dimensional space-time frame can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. The formula for time dilation, length contraction, and the Lorenz transformation can be derived from graphs utilizing this new frame. The proposed three-dimensional space-time frame is an alternate frame that can be used to describe motions of objects, and it may improve teaching and learning Special Relativity and provide additional insights into space and time.

Intrusion Detection System for PS-Poll DoS Attack in 802.11 Networks Using Real Time Discrete Event System

Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to preserve energy without any frame losses. After the STA wakes up, it sends a null data or PS-Poll frame to retrieve frame(s) buffered by the access point(AP), if any during its sleep period. An attacker can launch a power save denial of service(PS-DoS) attack on the sleeping STA(s) by transmitting a spoofed null data or PS-Poll frame(s) to retrieve the buffered frame(s) of the sleeping STA(s) from the AP causing frame losses for the targeted STA(s). Current approaches to prevent or detect the PS-DoS attack require encryption,change in protocol or installation of proprietary hardware. These solutions suffer from expensive setup, maintenance, scalability and deployment issues. The PS-DoS attack does not differ in semantics or statistics under normal and attack circumstances.So signature and anomaly based intrusion detection system(IDS) are unfit to detect the PS-DoS attack. In this paper we propose a timed IDS based on real time discrete event system(RTDES) for detecting PS-DoS attack. The proposed DES based IDS overcomes the drawbacks of existing systems and detects the PS-DoS attack with high accuracy and detection rate. The correctness of the RTDES based IDS is proved by experimenting all possible attack scenarios.

Reality of Space and Time

In Newton’s classical physics, space and time are treated as absolute, independent quantities and can be discussed separately. In Special Relativity, Einstein proved that space and time are relative and dependent and therefore must not be treated separately. Minkowski adopted four-dimensional space-time frames (4-d s-t frames), which indirectly revealed the dependency of space and time with the addition of a constraint for an event interval. We are not able to visualize 4-d s-t frames. Since space and time are inseparable, three-dimensional space-time frames (3-d s-t frames) can be constructed by embedding time into space to directly show the interdependency of space and time. Time contraction and length contraction can also be depicted graphically using 3-d s-t frames. We have much better understanding reality of space and time in 3-d s-t frames. This will lead to Contextual Reality for better understanding the universe.

Simulation of spatially coupling dynamic response of train-track time-variant system

There exist three problems in the calculation of lateral vibration of the train-track time-variant system athome and abroad and the method to solve them is presented. Spatially coupling vibration analysis model of train-track time-variant system is put forward. Each vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 26 degrees of freedomand the action of coupler is also considered. The track structure is modeled as an assembly of track elements with 30degrees of freedom, then the spatially coupling vibration matrix equation of the train-track time-variant system is es-tablished on the basis of the principle of total potential energy with stationary value and the "set-in-right-position"rule. The track vertical geometric irregularity is considered as the excitation source of the vertical vibration of thesystem, and the hunting wave of car bogie frame is taken as the excitation source of lateral vibration of the system.The spatially coupling vibration matrix equation of the system is solved by Wilson-θ direct integration method. Theapproximation of the calculated results to the spot test results demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of thepresented analysis method. Finally, some other vibration responses of the system are also obtained.

双段摇摆墙-框架结构的动力特性

针对高层摇摆墙-框架结构,可将摇摆墙分段铰接以降低其刚度及内力需求。为分析双段摇摆墙-框架结构的动力特性,探究摇摆墙的合理分段位置,基于弯曲梁-剪切质量模型建立单、双段摇摆墙-框架结构的等效动力方程,在此基础上对比分析摇摆墙分段位置对结构周期、振型及底部剪力的影响规律,开展有限元算例验证理论分析的合理性。研究发现:弯曲梁-剪切质量模型可以合理反映摇摆墙分段位置变化条件下整体结构动力响应规律。摇摆墙分段位置位于墙体中下部时,结构二阶模态贡献显著,受此影响,结构周期较单段摇摆墙-框架延长幅度较高,结构基底剪力下降。反之,当分段位置位于结构中上部时,结构变形以一阶模态为主,基底剪力较单段摇摆墙-框架提升。

Shaking table experimental study of recycled concrete frame-shear wall structures

In this study, four 1/5 scaled shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of recycled concrete frame-shear wall structures with different recycled aggregates replacement rates and concealed bracing detail. The four tested structures included one normal concrete model, one recycled coarse aggregate concrete model, and two recycled coarse and fi ne aggregate concrete models with or without concealed bracings inside the shear walls. The dynamic characteristics, dynamic response and failure mode of each model were compared and analyzed. Finite element models were also developed and nonlinear time-history response analysis was conducted. The test and analysis results show that the seismic performance of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete frame-shear wall structure is slightly worse than the normal concrete structure. The seismic resistance capacity of the recycled concrete frame-shear wall structure can be greatly improved by setting up concealed bracings inside the walls. With appropriate design, the recycled coarse aggregate concrete frame-shear wall structure and recycled concrete structure with concealed bracings inside the walls can be applied in buildings.

信息流广告的原生性策略研究--背景信息效价与广告时间框架如何影响广告效果

信息流广告设计具有原生性要求,即广告与背景信息应相互融合。以往文献对原生性策略的探讨普遍基于劝说知识模型和图式理论,广告与背景信息的融合主要通过隐蔽广告披露和图式一致性来实现,很容易让信息受众产生被操纵感。本研究提出基于解释水平匹配的原生性策略,即通过广告信息的解释水平与背景信息启动的解释水平保持一致来实现融合。通过一项现场实验、一项预实验和三项模拟新闻资讯流的仿真实验,本研究揭示了媒体背景信息效价与广告时间框架在解释水平上的匹配效应及相应的中介机制和边界条件。研究发现:当背景新闻为积极正面(消极负面)时,采用长期(短期)框架来强调产品收益的信息流广告更有说服力;感知诊断性中介了上述匹配效应;时间约束调节了上述匹配效应。即当存在时间约束时,背景信息效价和广告时间框架的匹配对广告信息说服力的影响更强。

被囚禁在文本内的叙述动力——以理查逊的理论与其编选的文集为中心

叙述动力(学)是叙述研究中比较重要的一个话题。以布赖恩·理查逊编选的《叙述动力(学)》等为例,主要论述两方面的问题:一是说明建立在文本基础之上,即纯粹从叙述结构内部的运动中构建起来的叙述动力(学)虽然也自成一体,但毕竟它还是偏狭的,不能全面、系统地反映和揭示出叙述规律;二是在梳理和总结以理查逊为代表的这类叙述动力(学)不足的同时,提出叙述动力(学)研究应该打破这种完全以文本为依据的形式主义结构,把叙述动力(学)与文本外的一些要素,如作者的创作灵感、创作动机对文本框架构思的影响,读者的阅读、审视、感悟等一系列与认知相关的活动等,纳入相关的研究框架中。总之,叙述动力(学)并非一种封闭性的文本内循环运动的结果,而是三大系统——作者、文本、读者之间相互联系和互为作用的结果。

Time, Length, and Mass Are Derived Quantities

Fundamental units of measurements are kilograms, meters, and seconds—in regards to mass length, and time. All other measurements in mechanical quantities including kinetic quantities and dynamic quantities are called derived units. These derived units can be expressed in terms of fundamental units, such as acceleration, area, energy, force, power, velocity and volume. Derived quantities will be referred to as time, length, and mass. In order to explain that fundamental units are not equivalent with fundamental quantities, we need to understand the contraction of time and length in Special Relativity. If we choose the velocity of light as fundamental quantity and length and time as derived quantities, then we are able to construct three-dimensional space-time frames. Three-dimensional space-time frames representing time with polar coordination, time contraction and length contraction can be shown graphically.

Electrodynamics in Noninertial Reference Frames

The electrodynamics both in RF with prescribed law of motion and in FR with prescribed structure is considered. Parallel comparison for solutions in “uniformly accelerated” NRF M?ller system and in uniformly accelerated rigid NFR in the space of the constant curvature is carried out. The stationary criterion is formulated. On the basis of this criterion, one of the “eternal physical problems” concerning the field at uniformly accelerated charge motion is considered. The problems of electromagnetic wave spreading, Doppler’s effect and field transformations are discussed.

The Explanation of the Michelson-Morley Experiment Results by Means Universal Frame of Reference

It is commonly thought that the Michelson-Morley experiment from 1887 and Kennedy-Thorndike experiment from 1932 demonstrated that the universal frame of reference (ether) does not exist and that the velocity of light in vacuum is absolutely constant. The analysis of this experiment led to the creation of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR). The article explains why Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments could not detect the universal frame of reference. In this article, a different transformation of time and position than the Lorentz transformation is derived on the basis of the geometric analysis of the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments. The transformation is derived based on the assumption that the universal frame of reference (UFR) exists. UFR is a frame of reference in which the velocity of light is constant in every direction. In inertial frames of reference moving in the UFR, the velocity of light may be different. The article has derived the formula for relative speed and patterns for the maximum and minimum speed of light that can be measured in the inertial system. Finally, the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation has been explained by using the presented theory. According to the body kinematics model presented in this article, anisotropy of cosmic microwave background is the Doppler effect for observer moving in the UFR.

Time-Hopping Sequence Design for Virtual Full Duplex via Rapid On-Off-Division Duplex

To achieve virtual full-duplex(VFD)communication using half-duplex radios,the rapid on-off-division(RODD)technique has been proposed in recent years.The time-hopping(TH)sequence is critical to controlling self-interference introduced in the paradigm.By constructing the collision model with a symbol level time scale,the periodic collision correlation function properties are introduced as the performance metric for the TH sequence in the RODD system.To achieve the best VFD performance,an optimization-based method for TH sequence design is proposed.In addition,the conventional TH frame structure design for RODD system is improved.Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate that the proposed approach can significantly increase system performance.Results indicate that the TH sequence design is very effective for the RODD system.

适用于多跳TSN网络节点的帧抢占分片与重组方法

当前标准时间敏感网络中,帧抢占分片与重组机制仅适用于网络节点间。而可抢占帧在多跳时间敏感网络传输过程中,可能会多次出现帧抢占分片与重组,导致网络节点处理开销增加及转发效率降低的问题。设计了一种适用于多跳时间敏感网络节点传输的帧抢占分片与重组方法,通过择机分片、增加以太网地址、一次分片与重组、分片大小适当、保护带长度折中等措施,可减少多次帧抢占分片与重组带来的开销,提高网络节点转发效率,降低时间敏感流的时延和抖动,保障其传输时延的确定性。

基于语音节奏差异的情感识别方法

语音情感识别在金融反欺诈等领域有着重要的应用前景,但是语音情感识别的准确率提升变得越来越困难。现有基于语谱图的语音情感识别等方法难以捕捉节奏差异特征,从而影响识别效果。文中基于语音节奏特征的差异性,提出了能量帧时频融合的语音情感识别方法。其关键是,针对语音中高能量区域进行频谱筛选,以高能语音帧的分布和时频变化来体现个体的语音节奏差异。在此基础上建立基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和循环神经网络(RNN)的情感识别模型,实现对频谱的时域和频域变化特征的提取与融合。在公开数据集IEMOCAP上进行实验,结果表明,该基于语音节奏差异的语音情感识别与基于语谱图的方法相比,在加权准确率WA和非加权准确率UA指标上分别平均提升了1.05%和1.9%;同时也表明个体的语音节奏差异对提升语音情感识别效果具有重要作用。

附设黏滞阻尼器的RC框架结构抗震韧性评估

为研究黏滞阻尼器对钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)框架结构抗震韧性影响,基于增量动力时程分析方法,对附设黏滞阻尼器的RC框架结构开展抗震韧性能力评估。结合FEMA P-58以及我国抗震韧性评价标准,将主要受损构件的修复费用、修复时间曲线以及易损性信息按实际情况进行相应修正,并对无控结构和有控结构的修复费用、修复时间和人员伤亡等主要抗震韧性指标进行对比分析,明确了黏滞阻尼器对RC框架结构抗震韧性的影响。研究表明,在RC框架结构中适当设置黏滞阻尼器不仅能够减小结构地震响应、降低结构破坏概率,还能有效提升结构抗震韧性。

基于坐标时间序列的地心运动分析与预测

地心运动会影响地球参考框架原点的准确性,是地球参考框架进行非线性维持必须考虑的因素之一,因此提出对地心运动进行多尺度的建模和预测,以实现毫米级地球参考框架的建立和维持。采用网平移法计算的地心运动、全球地球物理流体中心(global geophysical fluids center,GGFC)和国际GNSS服务(international gnss service,IGS)第三次重处理(IGSR03)提供的3组地心运动数据,首先对其一致性和差异进行了分析,然后分别利用谐波模型和Diff-LSTM模型对地心运动进行了长期和短期的建模与预测,结果显示,GGFC地心运动的预测精度优于1.5 mm,而Diff-LSTM模型的地心运动预测结果在短期内优于谐波模型,当预测步长为17时,GGFC和IGSR03的地心运动预测精度均能达到甚至优于1 mm。表明地心运动的预测精度能够满足基于地球质量中心(center of mass of the total earth system,CM)的瞬时地球参考框架的建立与维持。

基于ANSYS的连续刚构桥地震响应分析

以某连续刚构桥为工程背景,基于ANSYS建立全桥有限元模型,由规范反应谱生成人工地震波,分别采用直接加速度法与大质量法对结构进行地震反应时程分析,分析方法与研究结果对实际工程有一定借鉴作用。

UE4游戏动画实时渲染优化技术研究

为优化虚幻引擎4(UE4)中游戏动画图像纹理的实时渲染性能与效果,提出一种新的渲染技术。该技术在UE4中用于配置游戏动画角色及其环境,使用3Dmax构建三维模型,在模型导入UE4过程中应用基于片元着色器的加权混合邻帧反走样算法,实现平滑过渡的细节层次(LOD),对UE4渲染的影响与音效进行综合设计。结果表明:该技术能显著提升渲染质量,角色轮廓与纹理清晰,平均图像处理时间为0.18 s,优于其他方法,且渲染效果不受游戏动画图像尺寸变化的影响。